Elcanidae
Temporal range:
Unidentified female elcanid included in Burmese amber, showing metatibial spurs
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Superfamily: †Elcanoidea
Family: †Elcanidae
Handlirsch, 1906
Type genus
Elcana
Giebel, 1856 [synonym of Panorpidium]
Subfamilies and genera

See text

Elcanidae are an extinct family of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic orthopterans. Members of the family are distinguished by the presence of spurs on the distal part of the metatibia, unique among orthopterans, these have been suggested to have been used for controlling gliding,[1] swimming aids,[2] or for jumping on water.[3] The group combines characteristics from both major groups of orthopterans, with long antennae and nymphal morphology similar to Ensifera, but with wing venation and adult morphology more similar to Caelifera.[4] Elcanidae is part of Elcanoidea, which is thought to have diverged from living orthopterans by the beginning of the Permian, around 300 million years ago.[5] The family also includes Permelcanidae, known from the Early-Late Permian. The relationship of Elcanoidea to Ensifera and Caelifera is currently unresolved.[4] Elcanids are known from the Late Triassic to Paleocene of Eurasia, North and South America. Some members of the group exhibited aposematic coloration.[6]

Sinoelcana minuta
Jurassic, China
Elcanonympha diana nymph
Wings of Parelcana pulchmacula

Taxonomy

  • subfamily Archelcaninae Gorochov, 2011[7]
    • Archelcana Sharov, 1968[8]
      • Archelcana durnovaria Whalley, 1985[9] – Charmouth Mudstone Formation, England, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
      • Archelcana ornata Zherikhin, 1985[10] – Cheremkhovskaya Formation, Russia, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
      • Archelcana shurabica Sharov, 1968 – Sagul Formation, Kyrgyzstan, Toarcian
      • Indeterminate remains attributed to the genus are also known from the latest Triassic of Germany[11]
    • Jeholelcana Fang et al. 2018b[12]
    • Parelcana Handlirsch, 1906[13]
      • Parelcana anglicana Handlirsch, 1939[14] – Blue Lias, United Kingdom, Early Jurassic (Hettangian)
      • Parelcana dubia Handlirsch, 1939 – United Kingdom, Late Triassic (Rhaetian)
      • Parelcana pulchmacula Tian et al., 2019[15] – Daohugou, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
      • Parelcana tenuis Handlirsch, 1906 – Green Series, Germany, Toarcian
    • Sibelcana Gorochov, 1990[16]
      • Sibelcana rossica Gorochov, 1990 – Glushkovo Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
      • Sibelcana transbaicalica Gorochov, 1990 – Ukurei Formation, Russia, Tithonian
    • Synelcana Zessin, 1988[17]
      • Synelcana muelleri Zessin, 1988 – Green Series, Germany, Toarcian
  • subfamily Elcaninae Handlirsch, 1906
    • Cratoelcana Martins-Neto, 1991[18] – Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
      • Cratoelcana damianii Martins-Neto, 1991
      • Cratoelcana zessini Martins-Neto, 1991
    • Ellca Kočárek, 2020[1]
    • Eubaisselcana Gorochov, 1986[19] – Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
      • Eubaisselcana mongolica Gorochov, 1986
      • Eubaisselcana sharovi Gorochov, 1986
    • Minelcana Gorochov et al., 2006[20]
    • Panorpidium Westwood, 1854[22]
      • Panorpidium bimaculatum Gorochov et al., 2006[20] – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
      • Panorpidium maculosum Zhou et al. 2022[23] Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
      • Panorpidium proximum Gorochov et al., 2006 – Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
      • Panorpidium parvum Gorochov et al., 2006 – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)
      • Panorpidium sibirica Sharov, 1968[8] – Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
      • Panorpidium spica Kim et al., 2021[3] – Jinju Formation, South Korea, Early Cretaceous (Albian)
      • Panorpidium tessellatum Westwood, 1854 – Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
      • Panorpidium yixianensis Fang et al., 2015[24] – Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
    • Probaisselcana Gorochov, 1989[25]
      • Probaisselcana cretacea Gorochov et al., 2006[20] – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Hauterivian
      • Probaisselcana euryptera Tian et al., 2019[2] – Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
      • Probaisselcana karatavica Sharov, 1968[8] – Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)
      • Probaisselcana oculata Hu & He, 2023[26] - Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
  • Incertae sedis
    • Burmelcana Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010[27]
      • Burmelcana longirostris Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Cascadelcana Fang et al., 2018a[4]
    • Cenoelcanus Schubnel et al., 2020[28]
    • Elcanonympha Heads et al., 2018[29]
      • Elcanonympha diana Heads et al., 2018 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Hispanelcana Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010 – Álava amber, Escucha Formation, Spain, Albian
      • Hispanelcana alavensis Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
      • Hispanelcana arilloi Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
      • Hispanelcana lopezvallei Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
    • Longioculus Poinar et al., 2007[30]
      • Longioculus burmensis Poinar et al., 2007 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Hukawnelca Uchida, 2021[31]
      • Hukawnelca gracile Uchida, 2021 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Caelielca Uchida, 2021[31]
      • Caelielca spinocrus Uchida, 2021 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Monitelcana Xu et al., 2022[6]
      • Monitelcana penalveri Xu et al., 2022 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian

References

  1. 1 2 Kočárek P (December 2020). "A diminutive elcanid from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, Ellca nevelka gen. et sp. nov., and the function of metatibial spurs in Elcanidae (Orthoptera)". Cretaceous Research. 116: 104574. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104574. S2CID 225028485.
  2. 1 2 Tian H, Gu JJ, Huang F, Zhang H, Ren D (July 2019). "A new species of Elcaninae (Orthoptera, Elcanidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Liutiaogou, Inner Mongolia, NE China, and its morphological implications". Cretaceous Research. 99: 275–280. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.03.010. S2CID 134966211.
  3. 1 2 Kim, Do-Yoon; Lee, Mirinae; Nam, Gi-Soo; Park, Tae-Yoon S. (April 2021). "The first orthopteran fossils from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Jinju Formation of Korea: ethological implications for elcanids". Cretaceous Research. 125: 104843. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104843. ISSN 0195-6671.
  4. 1 2 3 Fang Y, Muscente AD, Heads SW, Wang B, Xiao S (2018-05-25). "The earliest Elcanidae (Insecta, Orthoptera) from the Upper Triassic of North America". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (6): 1028–1034. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.20. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 133821611.
  5. ↑ Poschmann, Markus J.; Nel, André; Raisch, Manfred (2023-05-31). "A new archaeorthopteran insect from the Early Permian of the Saar-Nahe Basin, SW Germany, and the earliest record of Elcanoidea (Orthoptera)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 308 (2): 181–187. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2023/1136. ISSN 0077-7749.
  6. 1 2 Xu, Chunpeng; Luo, Cihang; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Fang, Yan; Wang, Bo (2022-03-28). "Aposematic coloration from Mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 377 (1847): 20210039. doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0039. PMC 8819367. PMID 35124999. S2CID 246608514.
  7. ↑ Gorochov AV (2011). "New family-group taxa in the infraclass Polyneoptera (Insecta): making the names, proposed early, available" (PDF). Zoosystematica Rossica. 20: 159–160. doi:10.31610/zsr/2011.20.1.159.
  8. 1 2 3 Sharov AG (1968). "Filogeniya ortopteroidnykh nasekomykh" [Phylogeny of orthopteroid insects]. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 118: 1–216.
  9. ↑ Whalley PE (1985). "The systematics and palaeogeography of the Lower Jurassic insects of Dorset, England". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology. 39 (3): 107–189.
  10. ↑ Zherikhin VV (1985). "Yurskie pryamokrylye yuzhnoy Sibiri i zapadnoy Mongolii (Gryllida=Orthoptera)" [Jurassic Orthoptera of southern Siberia and western Mongolia (Grillida = Orthnoptera).]. Yurskie Nasekomye Sibiri I Mongolii (in Russian): 171–184.
  11. ↑ Barth G, Ansorge J, Brauckmann C (December 2011). "First record of the genus Ipsvicia (Hemiptera: Ipsviciidae) outside Gondwana - an Australian genus from the Upper Triassic of Germany". Polish Journal of Entomology / Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 80 (4): 645–657. doi:10.2478/v10200-011-0050-z. ISSN 0032-3780. S2CID 84850244.
  12. ↑ Fang Y, Heads SW, Wang H, Zhang H, Wang B (August 2018). "The first Archelcaninae (Orthoptera, Elcanidae) from the Cretaceous Jehol Biota of Liaoning, China". Cretaceous Research. 86: 129–134. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.02.008. S2CID 134206028.
  13. ↑ Handlirsch A (1906). "Die Fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der Rezenten Formen, parts I-IV." [The fossil insects and the phylogeny of the recent forms]. Ein Handbuch fur Palaontologen und Zoologen [A manual for palaontologists and zoologists] (in German). pp. 1–640.
  14. ↑ Handlirsch A (1939). "Neue Untersuchungen über die fossilen Insekten mit Ergänzungen und Nachträgen sowie Ausblicken auf phylogenetische, palaeogeographische und allgemein biologische Probleme. II Teil" [New investigations into the fossil insects with additions and supplements as well as perspectives on phylogenetic, palaeogeographical and general biological problems. II part.]. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien [Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna] (in German). 49: 1–240.
  15. ↑ Tian H, Gu JJ, Yin XC, Ren D (2019-12-09). "The first Elcanidae (Orthoptera, Elcanoidea) from the Daohugou fossil bed of northeastern China". ZooKeys (897): 19–28. doi:10.3897/zookeys.897.37608. PMC 6914707. PMID 31857785.
  16. ↑ Gorochov V (1990). "Orthopterans, Gryllida, in Pozdne-Mezozoyskie Nasekomye Vostochnogo Zabaykal'ya" [Orthnopterans, Grillida, in Late Mesozoic Insects of Eastern Transbaikalia]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta [USSR Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Paleontological Institute] (in Russian). 239: 210–214.
  17. ↑ Zessin W (1988). "Neue Saltatoria (Insecta) aus dem Oberlias Mitteleuropas" [New Saltatoria (Insecta) from the Upper Liaison of Central Europe]. Freiberger Forschungshefte C [Freiberg Research Books C] (in German). 419: 107–121.
  18. ↑ Martins-Neto RG (1991). "Sistemática dos Ensifera (Insecta, Orthopteroida) da formação Santana, Cretáceo Inferior do Nordeste do Brasil" [Systematics of the Ensifera (Insecta, Orthopteroida) from the Santana, Lower Cretaceous formation in Northeastern Brazil.]. Acta Geologica Leopoldensia (in Portuguese). 14 (32): 5–160. doi:10.11606/D.44.1990.tde-26082015-144345.
  19. ↑ Gorochov AV (1986). "Grasshoppers. Gryllida (=Orthoptera), in Nasekomye v rannemelovykh ekosistemakh zapadnoy Mongolii". The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition. 28: 171–174.
  20. 1 2 3 Gorochov AV, Jarzembowski EA, Coram RA (2006-10-01). "Grasshoppers and crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England". Cretaceous Research. 27 (5): 641–662. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.03.007. ISSN 0195-6671.
  21. ↑ Giebel CG (1856). "Die Insecten und Spinnen der Vorwelt mit steter Berücksichtigung der lebenden Insekten und Spinnen". Die Fauna der Vorwelt. 2: 1–511.
  22. ↑ Westwood JO (1854). "Contributions to fossil entomology". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 10 (1–2): 378–396. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1854.010.01-02.43. S2CID 129712238.
  23. ↑ Zhou, Qian; Xu, Chunpeng; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Xiao, Chuantao (2022-08-01). "A new species of Elcanidae (Insecta: Orthoptera) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber". Cretaceous Research. 136: 105226. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105226. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 248105782.
  24. ↑ Fang Y, Wang B, Zhang H, Wang H, Jarzembowski EA, Zheng D, Zhang Q, Li S, Liu Q (January 2015). "New Cretaceous Elcanidae from China and Myanmar (Insecta, Orthoptera)". Cretaceous Research. 52: 323–328. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.05.004.
  25. ↑ Gorochov AB (1989). "Novye taksony prjamokrylyx semejstv Bintoniellidae, Xenopteridae, Permelcanidae, Elcanidae, i Vitimiidae (Orthoptera, Ensifera) iz mezozoja azii" [New taxa of the Orthopteran families Bintoniellidae, Xenopteridae, Permelcanidae, Elcanidae, and Vitimiidae (Orthoptera, Ensifera) from the Mesozoic Asia]. Vestnik Zoologii (in Russian). 1989 (4): 20–27.
  26. ↑ Hu, T.-H.; He, Z.-Q. (2023). "A new species of genus Probaisselcana (Orthoptera: Elcanidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Cretaceous Research: 105671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105671.
  27. ↑ Peñalver E, Grimaldi DA (2010-01-01). "Latest occurrences of the Mesozoic family Elcanidae (Insecta: Orthoptera), in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar and Spain". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. N.S. 46 (1–2): 88–99. doi:10.1080/00379271.2010.10697641. ISSN 0037-9271. S2CID 84115545.
  28. ↑ Schubnel, Thomas; Desutter, Laure; Garrouste, Romain; hervé, sophie; Nel, André (2020). "Paleocene of Menat Formation, France, reveals an extraordinary diversity of orthopterans and the last known survivor of a Mesozoic Elcanidae". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65. doi:10.4202/app.00676.2019. ISSN 0567-7920.
  29. ↑ Heads SW, Thomas MJ, Wang Y (December 2018). "A new genus and species of Elcanidae (Insecta: Orthoptera) from Cretaceous Burmese amber". Zootaxa. 4527 (4): 575–580. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4527.4.8. PMID 30651491. S2CID 58668337.
  30. ↑ Poinar G, Gorochov AV, Buckley R (2007). "Longioculus burmensis, n. gen., n. sp. (Orthoptera: Elcanidae) in Burmese amber". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 109: 649–655.
  31. 1 2 Uchida, Kei (2021-11-17). "Two new genera of the Elcanidae (order: Orthoptera) from middle Cretaceous Burmese amber of northern Myanmar". Cretaceous Research. 131: 105092. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105092. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 244377365.
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