The Efimov effect is an effect in the quantum mechanics of few-body systems predicted by the Russian theoretical physicist V. N. Efimov[1][2] in 1970. Efimov's effect is where three identical bosons interact, with the prediction of an infinite series of excited three-body energy levels when a two-body state is exactly at the dissociation threshold. One corollary is that there exist bound states (called Efimov states) of three bosons even if the two-particle attraction is too weak to allow two bosons to form a pair. A (three-particle) Efimov state, where the (two-body) sub-systems are unbound, is often depicted symbolically by the Borromean rings. This means that if one of the particles is removed, the remaining two fall apart. In this case, the Efimov state is also called a Borromean state.

Theory

A computer depiction of the quantum effect predicted by Efimov, said to resemble "Russian nesting dolls".

Efimov predicted that, as the pair interactions among three identical bosons approach resonance—that is, as the binding energy of some two-body bound state approaches zero or the scattering length of such a state becomes infinite—the three-body spectrum exhibits an infinite sequence of bound states whose scattering lengths and binding energies each form a geometric progression

where the common ratio

is a universal constant (OEIS OEIS: A242978).[1] Here

is the order of the imaginary-order modified Bessel function of the second kind that describes the radial dependence of the wavefunction. By virtue of the resonance-determined boundary conditions, it is the unique positive value of satisfying the transcendental equation

.

Experimental results

In 2005, for the first time the research group of Rudolf Grimm and Hanns-Christoph Nägerl from the Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Innsbruck experimentally confirmed such a state in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms. In 2006, they published their findings in the scientific journal Nature.[3] Further experimental proof for the existence of the Efimov state has been given recently by independent groups.[4] Almost 40 years after Efimov's purely theoretical prediction, the characteristic periodic behavior of the states has been confirmed.[5][6]

The most accurate experimental value of the scaling factor of the states has been determined by the experimental group of Rudolf Grimm at Innsbruck University as 21.0(1.3),[7] being very close to Efimov's original prediction.

The interest in the "universal phenomena" of cold atomic gases is still growing, especially because of the long-awaited experimental results.[8][9] The discipline of universality in cold atomic gases near the Efimov states is sometimes referred to as "Efimov physics".[10]

In 2014, the experimental group of Cheng Chin of the University of Chicago and the group of Matthias Weidemüller of the University of Heidelberg have observed Efimov states in an ultracold mixture of lithium and caesium atoms,[11][12] which extends Efimov's original picture of three identical bosons.

An Efimov state existing as an excited state of a helium trimer was observed in an experiment in 2015.[13]

Usage

The Efimov states are independent of the underlying physical interaction and can in principle be observed in all quantum mechanical systems (i.e. molecular, atomic, and nuclear). The states are very special because of their "non-classical" nature: The size of each three-particle Efimov state is much larger than the force-range between the individual particle pairs. This means that the state is purely quantum mechanical. Similar phenomena are observed in two-neutron halo-nuclei, such as lithium-11; these are called Borromean nuclei. (Halo nuclei could be seen as special Efimov states, depending on the subtle definitions.)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Ефимов, В. И. (1970). Слабосвязанные состояния трех резонансно взаимодействующих частиц [Weakly Bound States of Three Resonantly Interacting Particles]. Ядерная Физика [Nuclear Physics] (in Russian). 12 (5): 1080–1090.
  2. ↑ Efimov, V. (1970). "Energy levels arising from resonant two-body forces in a three-body system". Physics Letters B. 33 (8): 563–564. Bibcode:1970PhLB...33..563E. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(70)90349-7.
  3. ↑ T. Kraemer; M. Mark; P. Waldburger; J. G. Danzl; C. Chin; B. Engeser; A. D. Lange; K. Pilch; A. Jaakkola; H.-C. Nägerl; R. Grimm (2006). "Evidence for Efimov quantum states in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms". Nature. 440 (7082): 315–318. arXiv:cond-mat/0512394. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..315K. doi:10.1038/nature04626. PMID 16541068. S2CID 4379828.
  4. ↑ Knoop, S.; Ferlaino, F.; Mark, M.; Berninger, M.; Schöbel, H.; Nägerl, H. -C.; Grimm, R. (2009). "Observation of an Efimov-like trimer resonance in ultracold atom–dimer scattering". Nature Physics. 5 (3): 227. arXiv:0807.3306. Bibcode:2009NatPh...5..227K. doi:10.1038/nphys1203. S2CID 108288673.
  5. ↑ Zaccanti, M.; Deissler, B.; D’Errico, C.; Fattori, M.; Jona-Lasinio, M.; Müller, S.; Roati, G.; Inguscio, M.; Modugno, G. (2009). "Observation of an Efimov spectrum in an atomic system". Nature Physics. 5 (8): 586. arXiv:0904.4453. Bibcode:2009NatPh...5..586Z. doi:10.1038/nphys1334. S2CID 118384878.
  6. ↑ Pollack, S. E.; Dries, D.; Hulet, R. G.; Danzl, J. G.; Chin, C.; Engeser, B.; Lange, A. D.; Pilch, K.; Jaakkola, A.; Naegerl, H. -C.; Grimm, R. (2009). "Universality in Three- and Four-Body Bound States of Ultracold Atoms". Science. 326 (5960): 1683–1685. arXiv:0911.0893. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1683P. doi:10.1126/science.1182840. PMID 19965389. S2CID 6728520.
  7. ↑ Huang, Bo; Sidorenkov, Leonid A.; Grimm, Rudolf; Hutson, Jeremy M. (2014). "Observation of the Second Triatomic Resonance in Efimov's Scenario". Physical Review Letters. 112 (19): 190401. arXiv:1402.6161. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112s0401H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.190401. PMID 24877917. S2CID 16378280.
  8. ↑ Braaten, E.; Hammer, H. (2006). "Universality in few-body systems with large scattering length". Physics Reports. 428 (5–6): 259–390. arXiv:cond-mat/0410417. Bibcode:2006PhR...428..259B. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.03.001. S2CID 14450309.
  9. ↑ Thøgersen, Martin (2009). "Universality in Ultra-Cold Few- and Many-Boson Systems". arXiv:0908.0852 [cond-mat.quant-gas]. Ph.D. thesis.
  10. ↑ Naidon, Pascal; Endo, Shimpei (2017). "Efimov Physics: a review". Reports on Progress in Physics. 80 (5). 056001. arXiv:1610.09805. Bibcode:2017RPPh...80e6001N. doi:10.1088/1361-6633/aa50e8. PMID 28350544. S2CID 206095127. pp. 3–4: the Efimov effect gives rise to a broad class of phenomena that have been referred to as Efimov physics. ... [The term] is however not clearly defined and somewhat subjective.
  11. ↑ Shih-Kuang Tung; Karina Jiménez-García; Jacob Johansen; Colin V. Parker; Cheng Chin (2014). "Geometric Scaling of Efimov States in a Li6−Cs133 Mixture". Physical Review Letters. 113 (24): 240402. arXiv:1402.5943. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.113x0402T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.240402. PMID 25541753. S2CID 21807523.
  12. ↑ R. Pires; J. Ulmanis; S. Häfner; M. Repp; A. Arias; E. D. Kuhnle; M. Weidemüller (2014). "Observation of Efimov Resonances in a Mixture with Extreme Mass Imbalance". Physical Review Letters. 112 (25): 250404. arXiv:1403.7246. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112y0404P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.250404. PMID 25014797. S2CID 24371722.
  13. ↑ Kunitski, Maksim; Zeller, Stefan; Voigtsberger, Jörg; Kalinin, Anton; Schmidt, Lothar Ph. H.; Schöffler, Markus; Czasch, Achim; Schöllkopf, Wieland; Grisenti, Robert E.; Jahnke, Till; Blume, Dörte; Dörner, Reinhard (May 2015). "Observation of the Efimov state of the helium trimer". Science. 348 (6234): 551–555. arXiv:1512.02036. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..551K. doi:10.1126/science.aaa5601. PMID 25931554. S2CID 206635093.
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