Determiner spreading in Albanian

Determiner spreading is found in Albanian where two definite articles are used for just one referent boy.^[4] As shown in (1) and (2), the ordering of the noun and the adjective does not matter, as long as the determiner falls before the adjective.

In Albanian, either of these sentence constructions in (1) and (2) are grammatical to mean the good boy. In both of the sentences the determiner i marks the referent boy. It is noted that the determiner i is a morphological entity to mark the adjectival class rather than definiteness of the noun, as is found in Greek below.^[6]

Modern Greek

In Modern Greek, determiner spreading is not obligatory, and it contrasts with a non-spreading example in (3):^[7]

(3)

The sentence above has an ambiguous meaning explained by the last two lines in the sentence above in (3). Both the meanings (i) and (ii) are grammatical with non-determiner spreading. However when DS is introduced, the sentence no longer takes on an ambiguous meaning. Determiner spreading in the example in (4) has eliminated the ambiguity, rendering the second meaning in (ii) to be ungrammatical.

(4)

"the pen the silver" adapted from Alexiadou, A., et al. 2007:367 drawn using mshang syntactic tree generator.

The question that is being posed in (5) requires an answer to differentiate which kind of pen, silver or gold. The response in (6) shows determiner spreading occurring because the adjective is a "restrictive modifier".^[10]

(5)

(6)

Researchers believe that determiner spreading only occurs when the phrase has an "intersective reading".^[13] Meaning that the focus of the sentence is the kind of pen rather than the pen itself. The determiner spreading is syntactically how a speaker can give stress to a phrase in Modern Greek. It has been suggested that the same result of focus on the type of pen can be acquired semantically by giving focus to the adjective, as marked by capital letters in (7).

(7)

A commonality between the Greek examples we have seen thus far is that determiner spreading is obligatorily definite Article (grammar) in Greek. Another language specific observation is that the determiner precedes the adjective. Researchers suggest that in order for an adjective to appear post-nominally, the determiner must precede the adjective to be grammatical in Greek. The examples below in (8) and (9) reinforce this observation showing (8) to be ungrammatical where meghalo follows spiti with no determiner intervening.

"the big house" adapted from Phoevos Panagiotidis, E., & Marinis, T. 2011:290 drawn using mshang syntax tree generator.

(8)

(9)

An alternative structure to the tree above (see "the silver pen" tree), is shown to the right in "the big house". Researchers have described this structure as a predicative configuration in which the DP in SpecDP to spiti is acting as the subject of the higher DP.^[17]

Swedish

"the big car" adapted from Santelmann, L. 1993:174 drawn using mshang syntax tree generator.

In contrast with the optional DS in Greek, Swedish phrases that have an adjective show obligatory determiner spreading.^[18] Example (10) is marked as ungrammatical because it is monadic with respect to DS - there is only one determiner. By suffixing the noun with the determiner -en in example (11), the phrase becomes grammatical.

(10)

(11)

One proposed analysis of the structure of DS in Swedish suggests that den-support, is used to support definite DPs when D cannot be satisfied in any other way. It is used as a type of feature support for definiteness; when the definite noun carries stress, den is inserted for support to the DP. The determiner den and the determiner suffix -en are in complementary distribution. This proposed structure is shown in the syntactic tree to the right; where the den has already been inserted and the -en is experiencing downward movement to suffix the noun bil.^[21]