Delphinium tricorne

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Delphinium
Species:
D. tricorne
Binomial name
Delphinium tricorne

Delphinium tricorne, known by the common names dwarf larkspur[1] or spring larkspur,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the Ranunculaceae (buttercup) family. It is native to the central and eastern United States, where it is the most common Delphinium found.[3]

Description

D. tricorne is a perennial plant that grows to a height of 15–45 centimetres (6–18 in), with a thin flowering stalk rising from a group of basal leaves. There are a few alternate leaves along the stalk. All the leaves are grayish green to green, and deeply divided into about 5 lobes that are then each divided further into 2 or 3 secondary lobes. The basal leaves are up to 10 centimetres (4 in) long and across.[4]

The inflorescence is a raceme at the end of the stalk consisting of 6 to 24 flowers that are violet, blue, white, or a mixture of these colors.[5] The flowers have 4 to 5 sepals and a long, narrow spur in the back. They are 1–1.5 inches (3–4 cm) long.[6]

Etymology

The genus name, Delphinium, comes from the Greek word for "dolphin", and may refer to the shape of the flowers. The specific epithet, tricorne, is Latin for "with three horns", which describes the shape of the fruit.[5]

Distribution and habitat

D. tricorne is native in the United States from Nebraska to the west, Pennsylvania to the east, Alabama and Mississippi to the south, and Minnesota to the north.[1] It is found in rich mesic forests, often over calcareous rocks.[7]

Ecology

The plant is pollinated by bumblebees and hummingbirds, and several other species of bees visit the flowers for nectar and pollen.[8]

Toxicity

The diterpenoid alkaloids lycoctonine and tricornine (otherwise known as lycoctonine-18-O-acetate) have been isolated from D. tricorne.[9] The toxicology and pharmacology of lycoctonine have been quite well studied, but there is only limited information available concerning the biological properties of tricornine.[10] Both alkaloids have neuro-muscular blocking properties,[11] and D. tricorne should be treated as a potentially poisonous plant. This species has long been regarded as poisonous to livestock.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org.
  2. ↑ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org.
  3. ↑ Flora of North America
  4. ↑ "Dwarf Larkspur (Delphinium tricorne)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info.
  5. 1 2 Denison, Edgar (2017). Missouri Wildflowers (Sixth ed.). Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-887247-59-7.
  6. ↑ "Vascular Plants of North Carolina". auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov.
  7. ↑ "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
  8. ↑ Macior, Lazarus Walter (November 1975). "The Pollination Ecology of Delphinium Tricorne (Ranuncul Aceae)". American Journal of Botany. 62 (10): 1009–1016. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1975.tb11765.x.
  9. ↑ S. W. Pelletier and J. Bhattacharyya (1977) Phytochemistry 16 1464.
  10. ↑ M. H. Benn and J. M. Jacyno (1983). In Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Vol. 1, (S. W. Pelletier, Ed.) pp. 153-210, New York: Wiley.
  11. ↑ See Wikipedia entry for methyllycaconitine.
  12. ↑ V. K. Chesnut (1898) USDA Farmer's Bull. 86 11-13.
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