Negara Islam Indonesia
نݢارا إسلام ايندونيسيا
دار الإسلام إندونيسيا
DI/TII
1949–1962
Flag of Negara Islam Indonesia
Flag
Coat of arms of Negara Islam Indonesia
Coat of arms
StatusTidak diakui
CapitalJakarta
GovernmentDarul Islam, Islamisme
Imam 
• 1949–1962
Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo
History 
• Established
1949
• Dideklarasikan
7 August 1949
• Pemberontakan Daud Beureueh di Aceh
1953–1962
• Pemberontakan Amir Fatah di Jawa Tengah
1950–1959
• Pemberontakan Kahar Muzakar di Sulawesi Selatan
1950–1965
• Pemberontakan Ibnu Hadjar di Kalimantan Selatan
1950–1962
• Disestablished
2 September 1962
Preceded by		Succeeded by
NICA
Republik Indonesia
Republik Indonesia

Indonesian Islamic State (abbreviated NII; also known as[1] the name Darul Islam or DI which means "Islamic State") is a rebel group in Indonesia which aims to establish an Islamic state in Indonesia. It began on 7 August 1949 by a group of Muslim militia, coordinated by a Muslim politician, Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo in Cisampang Village, Ciawiligar, Kawedanan Cisayong, Tasikmalaya, West Java. This group recognizes Islamic sharia as a valid source of law. This movement has produced splinters and branches that range from Jemaah Islamiyah to non-violent religious groups.

This movement aimed to make the Republic of Indonesia which at that time had just proclaimed its independence and existed during the war with the Dutch Kingdom as a theocratic state with Islamic religion as the basis of the state. In its proclamation that "The law that applies in the Islamic State of Indonesia is Islamic Sharia Law", even more clearly in the law it is stated that "The state is based on Islam" and "The highest law is Al Quran and Al Hadith". The proclamation of the Islamic State of Indonesia firmly stated the state's obligation to make laws based on Islamic law, and a strong rejection of ideologies other than the Koran and Al Hadith, which they called "infidel law".

Movement

Text of the proclamation of the founding of the Islamic State of Indonesia.

In its development, NII recruited new students who came from outside Java to mendakterin (brainwashing), DI spread to several regions, especially West Java (along with bordering areas in Central Java), South Sulawesi , Aceh and South Kalimantan .[2][3] To protect the train, the Cavalry of Siliwangi Military Command VI (now Kodam III) escorted the train with engineless panzers driven by West German Krupp D-52 steam locomotives. The Panzer contained TNI members who were ready with their weapons. If there is fighting between the TNI and DI/TII ahead, the train must stop at the nearest stop. The armed rebellion that lasted 13 years has hindered the community's economic growth. Thousands of mothers became widows and thousands of children became orphans. An estimated 13,000 Sundanese people, members of village security organizations (OKD) and soldiers died. The DI/TII member who died is not known exactly.[4]

After Kartosoewirjo was arrested TNI and executed in 1962, this movement became divided, but continued to exist secretly even though it was declared an illegal organization by the Indonesian government.[5][6]

Daud Beureu'eh's DI/TII movement

The DI/TII rebellion in Aceh began with the "Proclamation" Daud Beureu'eh that Aceh was part of the "Indonesian Islamic State" under the leadership of Imam Kartosuwirjo on 20 September 1953 .[7]

Daud Beureu'eh once held the position of "Military Governor of Aceh" when the first Dutch military aggression began on 21 July 1947, to defend Indonesian independence. The area of military control given to him by the Indonesian Government includes the Aceh Residency, Langkat Regency and Tanah Karo. The rank received by Daud Beureu'eh is Major General with leadership over armed forces belonging to Indonesian National Army.[8]

As Military Governor he has full authority over the defense of the Aceh region and controls all government apparatus, both civil and military. As a cleric and former Military Governor, Daud Beureuh was able to gain followers. Daud Beureuh also succeeded in influencing Aceh Government officials, especially in the Pidie area. For some time Daud Beureuh and his subordinates were able to control parts of Aceh.

After assistance arrived from North Sumatra and Central Sumatra, ABRI (TNI-POLRI) security restoration operations immediately began. After being pushed out of the big cities, Daud Beureuh continued his rebellion in the forests. The final resolution of the Daud Beureuh Rebellion was carried out with a "Deliberation for Harmony of the Acehnese People" in December 1962 on the initiative of the Commander of Kodam I/Iskandar Muda, Colonel General Makarawong.[9]

Ibnu Hadjar's DI/TII movement

In October 1950 DI/ TII was also recorded as carrying out a rebellion in South Kalimantan led by Ibnu Hadjar. The rebels caused disruption by attacking ABRI (TNI-POLRI) unit posts. In dealing with the DI/TII gang, the government initially took a peaceful approach to Ibnu Hadjar by giving him the opportunity to surrender and be accepted as a member of ABRI. Ibnu Hadjar pretended to surrender, but after surrendering he ran away again and carried out another rebellion so that the government was finally forced to assign ABRI troops (TNI-POLRI) to arrest Ibnu Hadjar. At the end of 1959 Ibnu Hadjar and all his gang members were caught and sentenced to death.[10][11][12]

Amir Fatah's DI/TII movement

Amir Fatah is the figure who gave birth to DI/TII Central Java. Initially he was loyal to the Republic of Indonesia, but then his attitude changed to support the DI/TII Movement. This change in attitude was caused by several reasons. First, there are ideological similarities between Amir Fatah and S.M. Kartosuwirjo, both of whom are staunch supporters of Islamic ideology. Second, Amir Fatah and his supporters consider that the Indonesian Government and TNI officials serving in the Tegal-Brebes area have been influenced by "Leftists" and are interfering with the struggle of Muslims. Third, due to the influence of "Leftists", the Indonesian Government and TNI were deemed to not appreciate the struggle of Amir Fatah and his supporters during that time in the Tegal-Brebes area. Even the power he had established before the Second Military Aggression had to be handed over to the TNI under Wongsoatmojo. Fourth, there was an order for his arrest by Major Wongsoatmojo.[13]

DI/TII Kahar Muzakkar Movement

The government plans to disband the South Sulawesi Guerrilla Unity (KGSS) and distribute its members to the community. It turned out that Kahar Muzakkar demanded that the South Sulawesi Guerrilla Unit and other guerrilla units be included in one brigade called the Hasanuddin Brigade under his leadership. The demand was rejected because many of them were not eligible for military service. The government took the policy of channeling the former guerrillas into the National Tjadangan Corps (CTN). When he was appointed as Acting Deputy Commander of the Army and Tetorium VII, Kahar Muzakkar and his followers fled into the forest carrying full weapons and causing disturbances. Kahar Muzakkar changed the name of his troops to the Indonesian Islamic Army and declared it part of DI/TII Kartosuwiryo on 7 August 1953. On 3 February 1965, Kahar Muzakkar was shot dead by ABRI (TNI-POLRI) troops in a shootout.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Arifianto, Bambang. "'Mekkah' dan 'Madinah' di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, Jejak Pilu Konflik DI/TII dan TNI di Kawasan Cigalontang – Pikiran-Rakyat.com – Halaman all". www.pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  2. ↑ Robert Cribb. 2000. Historical Atlas of Indonesia. Halaman 162.
  3. ↑ "Relevansi Darul Islam Untuk Masa Kini". crisisgroup.org. 16 August 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  4. ↑ "History of Railways in Indonesia". keretapi.tripod.com. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  5. ↑ "NII Has New Target, Pattern". Kompas.com. kompas.com. 25 April 2011. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  6. ↑ "Q&A: Indonesia's Terrorism Expert on the Country's Homegrown Jihadis". world.time.com. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  7. ↑ Damanik, Ahmad Taufan (December 2010). Hasan Tiro: Dari Imajinasi Negara Islam ke Imajinasi Etno-Nasionalis (PDF). Jakarta: iedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) dan Acheh Future Institute (AFI). p. 15. ISBN 978-602-8866-01-9.
  8. ↑ Abubakar, Al Yasa` (2020). Alidar, E.M.K. (ed.). Pelaksanaan Syariat Islam di Aceh sebagai Otonomi Khusus yang Asimetris: Sejarah dan Perjuangan (PDF). Banda Aceh: Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh. p. 99. ISBN 978-602-58950-5-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  9. ↑ "Keterangan Pemerintah tentang peristiwa Daud Beureuh : [diutjapkan dalam rapat pleno terbuka Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat Republik Indonesia tanggal 28 Oktober 1953] ; Djawaban Pemerintah [atas pemandangan umum Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat mengenai keterangan Pemerintah] tentang peristiwa Daud Beureuh : [diutjapkan oleh Perdana Menteri dalam rapat pleno terbuka Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat tanggal 2 Nopember 1953] / [Ali Sastroamidjojo]" (PDF). 1953.
  10. ↑ Saputra, Dheny Irwan (25 June 2013). "Mencari Ibnu Hajar dalam Sejarah". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). banjarmasin.tribunnews.com. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  11. ↑ Singh, Bilveer (2007). The Talibanization of Southeast Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. p. 31.
  12. ↑ Sjamsuddin, Nazaruddin (1985). The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 247.
  13. ↑ "Gerakan DI/TII Amir Fatah 1949–1950 : suatu pemberontakan kaum Santri di Daerah Tegal-Brebes" (PDF). University of Indonesia Library. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  14. ↑ Zurbuchen, Mary (2005). Beginning to remember : The past in the indonesian present. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Note

  • Dijk, C. van (Cornelis) Rebellion under the banner of Islam: the Darul Islam in Indonesia The Hague: M. Nijhoff,1981.ISBN 90-247-6172-7
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