Cornus drummondii
Flowers
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Cornales
Family: Cornaceae
Genus: Cornus
Subgenus: Cornus subg. Kraniopsis
Species:
C. drummondii
Binomial name
Cornus drummondii
Natural range of Cornus drummondii
Flower cluster detail

Cornus drummondii, commonly known as the roughleaf dogwood, is a small deciduous tree that is native primarily to the Great Plains and Midwestern regions of the United States. It is also found around the Mississippi River.[3] It is uncommon in the wild, and is mostly found around forest borders. The roughleaf dogwood is used as a buffer strip around parking lots, in the median of highways and near the decks and patios of homes. It can grow to a height of 15 to 25 feet (4.6 - 7.6 m) with a spread of 10 to 15 feet (3.1 - 4.6 m). The roughleaf dogwood flowers during the summer months. It produces near-white four-petaled flowers that are followed by small white fruits, which ripen from August to October. These dogwoods can form a dense thicket that is used as cover for wildlife. Over forty species of birds are known to feed on the fruits.[4]

Description

Cornus drummondii is a deciduous tree in the Cornaceae family. Cornus drummondii produces fruit that ripens from August to October. It is uncommon in the wild, and is mostly found around forest borders. The Roughleaf Dogwood flowers during the summer months.[5] Leaf description: petiole 8–25 mm; blade lanceolate to ovate, 2–12 × 1.2–7.7 cm, base cuneate, truncate, or cordate, apex abruptly acuminate, abaxial surface pale green, hairs curved upward, dense, adaxial surface gray-green, hairs curved upward or appressed; secondary veins 3–4(–5) per side, most arising from proximal 1/2. The leaf is ovate shaped and has a pinnate venation. The leaves are an olive green color. The flowers bloom white and bloom in the months April to July.[6]

Cornus drummondii has low water requirements and grows in shaded or partially shaded areas. Will grow in dry or moist alkaline soil. Cornus drummondii can be grown in sandy, sandy loam, medium loam, clay loam, and clay soils. Unlike many other dogwoods, roughleaf dogwood is very adaptable and can grow in a multitude of conditions.[7][8]

The native habitat for Cornus drummondii are swamps & marshes, wet to dry woods & thickets, lakes & stream banks, and dry limestone hills.

Taxonomy

The species name drummondii is named for Scottish naturalist Thomas Drummond by Carl Anton Von Mey in 1845. Drummond's collection of 750 plant species has been shared throughout museums and scientific institutions throughout the world. The genus name Cornus comes from the Latin word for horn, "Cornu" which is likely in reference to the tree's dense wood.[9]

Horticultural Use

Cornus drummondii should be grown in full sunlight and well drained soil. The Roughleaf Dogwood does not require much water to grow. The Roughleaf Dogwood is used as a buffer planting around parking lots, in the medians of highways and near the decks and patios of homes. The Roughleaf Dogwood is used as an ornamental tree because of its ability to survive with little care once mature because of it's tolerance to pests, low water requirements and tolerance to shade. It can grow to a height of 15 to 25 feet (4.6 - 7.6 m) with a spread of 10 to 15 feet (3.1 - 4.6 m). Cornus drummondii is often planted to attract birds as birds tend to favor the Roughleaf Dogwood fruit.[10]

Distribution

Cornus drummondii can be found in the United States of America as far west and south as Texas , as far east as New York, and as far north as Ontario in Canada.[11][12][13]

Ethnobotany

Cornus drummondii was used by the Native American Tribe Iroquois to treat gonorrhea by infusing switches mixed with the fruit from the tree.[14]

Wetland Indicator Status

Cornus drummondii is considered Facultative (FAC) meaning it can occur in wetland and non-wetland environment.[15]

Wildlife use

There are over 40 species of bird that eat the roughleaf dogwood fruit such as mockingbirds(Mimus polyglottos), bluebirds(Sialia sialis), and cardinals( Cardinalis cardinalis).[16] Other fruit eating animals that use roughleaf dogwood include raccoons, squirrels, deer, rabbits, skunks, and black bears. Birds such as the wood warbler, Yellow-rumped Warbler, kinglets, and flycatchers are known to feast on the fruits in flocks in the fall and winter. Frugivory by birds is a how C. drummondii is commonly dispersed.[17]

Conservation Status

Cornus drummondii is critically imperiled (S1) in Georgia, Minnesota, and New York. C. drummondii is secure(S5) in the states Iowa, Indiana, and Kentucky.[18] There is no status rank (SNR/SU/SNA) for Cornus drummondii in the Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. At the global scale Cornus drummondii is listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[19]

References

  1. ↑ Stritch, L. (2020). "Cornus drummondii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T130048308A174155624. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T130048308A174155624.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Cornus drummondii". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
  3. ↑ "Cornus Drummondii Range Map" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  4. ↑ Gilman, Edward F.; Dennis G. Watson. "Cornus drummondii: Roughleaf Dogwood". Electronic Data Information System. University of Florida IFAS Extension. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
  5. ↑ "Cornus drummondii (Roughleaf dogwood)". CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.16295. S2CID 253929612. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  6. ↑ Ziehr, Robert D.; Rea, Gary L.; Douglas, Joel L.; Spaeth, Kenneth E.; Peacock, George L.; Muir, James P. (2014). "Ontogenesis and nutritive value of warm-season perennial bunch grasses". Tropical Grasslands - Forrajes Tropicales. 2 (2): 188. doi:10.17138/tgft(2)188-196. ISSN 2346-3775.
  7. ↑ "Cornus drummondii (Roughleaf dogwood)". CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.16295. S2CID 253929612. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  8. ↑ Codignola, Luca (2023-01-12), "Giovanni da Verrazzano, Explorer", Atlantic History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0375, ISBN 978-0-19-973041-4, retrieved 2023-12-05
  9. ↑ "Cornus drummondii (Roughleaf dogwood)". CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.16295. S2CID 253929612. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  10. ↑ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The Botanic Garden of Texas". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  11. ↑ "Cornus drummondii (Roughleaf dogwood)". CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.16295. S2CID 253929612. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  12. ↑ Pomey, Marie-Pascale; Denis, Jean-Louis; Bernier, Mélina; Vergnaud, Simon; Préval, Johanne; Saint-Lary, Olivier (2019-04-11). "Innovation in Physician Remuneration in France: What Lessons for Canada?". Health Reform Observer - Observatoire des Réformes de Santé. 7 (1). doi:10.13162/hro-ors.v7i2.3578. ISSN 2291-6369. S2CID 120131939.
  13. ↑ Mitchell, Richard S. (1986). A checklist of New York State plants. Bulletin. Albany, N.Y: University of the State of New York, State Education Dept. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.140104.
  14. ↑ "Douetil, Dane Jonathan, (born 28 July 1960), Group Chief Executive Officer: Minova Insurance Holdings (formerly BMS Associates) Ltd, since 2013; Brit Insurance Holdings N.V. (formerly PLC), 2005–11 (Director, 1999–2011); Chief Executive, Brit Syndicates Ltd, 2002–11; Head, Brit Group Underwriting, 2002–11", Who's Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u45415, retrieved 2023-12-05
  15. ↑ Yang, Piao; Zhao, Lijing; Gao, Yu Gary; Xia, Ye (2023-04-25). "Detection, Diagnosis, and Preventive Management of the Bacterial Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae". Plants. 12 (9): 1765. doi:10.3390/plants12091765. ISSN 2223-7747. PMC 10181079. PMID 37176823.
  16. ↑ "McAtee's 'Plants Useful to Attract Birds and Protect Fruit' Plants Useful to Attract Birds and Protect Fruit W. L. McAtee". The Auk. 27 (4): 481. October 1910. doi:10.2307/4070935. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4070935.
  17. ↑ Willson, Mary F.; Whelan, Christopher J. (May 1993). "Variation of Dispersal Phenology in a Bird‐Dispersed Shrub, Cornus Drummondii". Ecological Monographs. 63 (2): 151–172. doi:10.2307/2937178. ISSN 0012-9615. JSTOR 2937178.
  18. ↑ "Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus florida)Flowering (Cornus florida)", Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 837–838, 2008, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1861, ISBN 978-1-4020-4584-4, retrieved 2023-12-05
  19. ↑ "Salix taxifolia: Stritch, L." IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-03-19. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t126590688a126591130.en. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
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