Location

The Cordillera Central páramo is found in the upper regions of the Andes in northern Peru and southern Ecuador. The ecoregion has an area of 1,217,294 hectares (3,008,000 acres).^{[1][lower-alpha 1]} The páramo covers ridges and mountains in the high basins of the Piura and Cajamarca regions of Peru and in the south of Ecuador.^[2] The northern part of the ecoregion is surrounded by the Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests ecoregion. Further south it adjoins or is surrounded by Tumbes–Piura dry forests, Marañón dry forests, Peruvian Yungas, Ucayali moist forests, Sechura Desert and Central Andean wet puna.^[3]

Terrain

The Cordillera Central páramo begins at the treeline around 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) of elevation and extends upward to the permanent snowline at about 4,500 metres (14,800 ft). Some mountains are volcanic in origin from the Tertiary period, but there are also Paleozoic metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, Paleocene batholiths and areas of Precambrian rock. Terrain includes steep slopes on the high peaks, and flat or rolling tablelands cut by deep valleys in which the climate is milder. Soils are wet or marshy, with rocky regions and rock outcroppings. The páramo is the source of many streams that run down the east and west slopes of the Andes and provide an important source of water to the human populations lower down. In Peru it supplies the Quirós, Huancabamba and Chinchipe rivers.^[2]

Climate

The Köppen climate classification is "Cfb": warm temperate, fully humid, warm summer.^[4] The climate is cold, wet and very cloudy, with high rainfall. Temperatures generally fall below freezing at night.^[2]

Flora

Vegetation includes tussock grasses and cushion plants, shrubs and sedges, often with an under-layer of lichens and moss.^[1] The lower levels of páramo merge into dwarf transitional forest and montane cloud forest. The characteristic vegetation consists of plants of the genera Calamagrostis, Agrostis and Hypericum, There are also shrubs of genera such as Polylepis and Escallonia. The isolated position of the páramos has resulted in high levels of endemism among the diverse plant species. There are 300 genera of spermatophytes with 1,000–1,500 species, of which about 60% are endemic. Notable species of flora include Cinchona officinalis and Schmardaea microphylla.^[2]

Fauna

The fauna of the plateau include species that originated from the Amazon basin, from the tropical Andes and from the northern desert areas. Mammals include mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), little red brocket (Mazama rufina), spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), northern pudú (Pudu mephistophiles) and small-eared shrews (genus Cryptotis).^[2] The mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque) is endangered.^[7] The ecoregion has three endemic bird species. Endangered birds include the bearded guan (Penelope barbata) and red-faced parrot (Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops).^[2] The rufous-breasted warbling finch (Poospiza rubecula) is also endangered.^[7]

Other fauna include the Huancabamba whorltail lizard (Stenocercus huancabambae), the frogs Astrotheca galeata, Gastrotheca lateonata, Lynchius parkeri, Gastrotheca nebulanastes and genus Eleutherodactylus and butterflies of the genera Dismorphia, Pagyris and Veladyris.^[2] Endangered amphibians include Atelopus peruensis, Hyloxalus elachyhistus, Lynchius parkeri, Pristimantis simonsii, Telmatobius brevipes, Telmatobius degener and Telmatobius thompsoni.^[7]