Coniothyriaceae
Species Coniothyrium ilicis on a holly leaf from Commanster in Belgium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Dothideomycetes
Subclass:
Pleosporomycetidae
Order:
Pleosporales

Luttr. ex M.E.Barr (1987)
Family:
Coniothyriaceae

W.B. Cooke, Revta Biol., Lisb. 12: 289 (1983)
Type genus
Coniothyrium
Corda (1840)[1]

Coniothyriaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Pleosporales in the subclass Pleosporomycetidae and within the class Dothideomycetes.[2][3] They are pathogenic (Necrotrophic (feeding on the dead tissues of plants they have killed) or causing leaf spot) or they can be saprobic on dead branches.[4][5] They are generally a anamorphic species (having an asexual reproductive stage).[6]

Genera

According to Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021;[3]

History

The family was introduced in 1983 to accommodate genus Coniothyrium spp. By 1986, W.B. Cooke had placed the family in Blastopycnidineae suborder.[7]

Later Coniothyriaceae was synonymized to family Leptosphaeriaceae by Kirk et al. (2008).[8][9][10] Coniothyriaceae was then reinstated in order Pleosporales as de Gruyter et al. (2013) revealed the distinct phylogenetic relationship between Coniothyrium palmarum and family Leptosphaeriaceae. This was based on LSU and ITS sequence data and revealed that Coniothyrium palmarum was phylogenetically distant from family Leptosphaeriaceae.[11] Further de Gruyter et al. (2013) transferred some Phoma spp. to Coniothyrium as they claded in the Coniothyriaceae family.[11] Also Coniothyrium minitans and Coniothyrium sporulosum claded in former family Montagnulaceae, the two species were then included in the new genus Paraconiothyrium by Verkley et al. (2004b).[12] Both were later placed in the Paraphaeosphaeria genus, as Paraphaeosphaeria minitans and Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa respectively, both within the Didymosphaeriaceae family.[13] Cortinas et al. (2004) showed that Coniothyrium zuluense was accommodated in family Mycosphaerellaceae. Cortinas et al. (2006),[14] and Crous et al. (2009b) suggested that C. zuluense is well-accommodated in genus Colletogloeopsis (family Phaeosphaeriaceae).[15] Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) reported Colletogloeopsis under family Teratosphaeriaceae.[16][4] On Species Fungorum, Colletogloeopsis zuluensis (M.J. Wingf., Crous & T.A. Cout.) M.-N. Cortinas, M.J. Wingf. & Crous (2006) is a synonym of Teratosphaeria zuluensis.[17] Both genus Coniothyrium and coniothyrium-like species were identified as polyphyletic within Pleosporales order.[4][18]

In 2021, while attempting to sort out the DNA evaluation of fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana, strains of the fungus were isolated from wheat roots and leaves in China. Using protein-coding genes it confirmed the placement of Coniothyriaceae within order Pleosporales.[19]

Wijayawardene et al. 2022 then placed genus Hazslinszkyomyces Crous & R.K. Schumach. within the genus of Staurosphaeria.[3] This is supported by phylogenetic analysis.[20]

In 2023, Wijes., M.S. Calabon, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde added new genus Coniothyrioides (with one species Coniothyrioides thailandica[21]) into the Coniothyriaceae family based on fresh fungal collection from salt marsh habitats in Thailand.[22] This has not yet been verified by other authors.

Description

Genera and species within the Coniothyriaceae family have; an asexual morph which is characterized in having cucurbitaria-like, black and globose shaped ascomata (fruiting body).[5] It is sometimes scattered beneath the host periderm (bark) or on decorticated (debarked) wood.[23] They have a short central ostiole (small hole or opening),[5][23] which is circular and sometimes papillate (covered in small hairs).[4] The conidiophores are reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity.[4]

The peridium (outer layer) is dark brown, 'textura angularis' (a parenchyma-like tissue of very densely packed cells that appear angular in cross section),[23] with thick-walled cells.[4] The hamathecium (i.e., all of the fungal hyphae or other tissues between asci) is branched, septate (divided into partitions) and it has cellular pseudoparaphyses (interascal hypha derived from an ascohymenial development).[23] The asci is 8-spored, cylindrical, bitunicate (double walled) and muriform (divided in regular chambers). The ellipsoidal shaped ascospores are initially hyaline (glass-like/transparent) and brown at maturity.[5] They are slightly paler, conical and narrow at the ends.[23][4] Conidial morphology is varied between genera as macroconidia and microconidia.[23]

Distribution

The Coniothyriaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world, except parts of Canada and Russia.[24] This includes places such as Andalusia (Spain),[20] Iran,[25] China,[14] and Thailand.[22]

For example of widespread distribution; species Coniothyrium ferrarisianum has been isolated from leaves of Daphne mucronata Royle in Iran,[25] it was originally isolated from Acer pseudoplatanus L. in Italy in 1958,[26] and it was later found on Vitis vinifera L. in Canada in 2017,[27] as well as Prunus spp. in Germany in 2020,[28] and also from Olea europaea L. in South Africa in 2020.[29]

References

  1. 1 2 Corda ACJ. (1840). Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum (in Latin). Vol. 4. Prague: J.G. Calve.
  2. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  3. 1 2 3 Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [160]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Saowaluck, Fai (1 November 2016). "Coniothyriaceae - Facesoffungi number: FoF 08070". Faces Of Fungi. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Hongsanan, Sinang; Hyde, Kevin D.; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; McKenzie, Eric H.C.; Sarma, V. Venkateswara; et al. (2020). "Refined families of Dothideomycetes: orders and families incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 105 (1): 17–318 [136]. doi:10.1007/s13225-020-00462-6. S2CID 234656118.
  6. ↑ Pem, Dhandevi; Jeewon, Rajesh; Wedaralalage, Kandawatte; Chethana, Thilini; Hongsanan, Sinang; Doilom, Mingkwan; Suwannarach, Nakarin; Hyde, Kevin David (2021). "Species concepts of Dothideomycetes: classification, phylogenetic inconsistencies and taxonomic standardization". Fungal Diversity. 109: 283–319. doi:10.1007/s13225-021-00485-7. S2CID 256066153.
  7. ↑ William Bridge Cooke The Fungi of Our Mouldy Earth: A Compilation (1986), p. 226, at Google Books
  8. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  9. ↑ Schoch, Conrad L.; Sung, Gi-Ho; López-Giráldez, Francesc; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Hofstetter, Valérie; Robbertse, Barbara; Matheny, P. Brandon; Kauff, Frank; Wang, Zheng; Gueidan, Cécile; Andrie, Rachael M.; Trippe, Kristin; Ciufetti, Linda M.; Wynns, Anja; Fraker, Emily; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Bonito, Gregory; Groenewald, Johannes Z.; Arzanlou, Mahdi; de Hoog, G. Sybren; Crous, Pedro W.; Hewitt, David; Pfister, Donald H.; Peterson, Kristin; Gryzenhout, Marieka; Wingfield, Michael J.; Aptroot, André; Suh, Sung-Oui; Blackwell, Meredith; Hillis, David M.; Griffith, Gareth W.; Castlebury, Lisa A.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Lücking, Robert; Büdel, Burkhard; Rauhut, Alexandra; Diederich, Paul; Ertz, Damien; Geiser, David M.; Hosaka, Kentaro; Inderbitzin, Patrik; Kohlmeyer, Jan; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, Brigitte; Mostert, Lizel; O'Donnell, Kerry; Sipman, Harrie; Rogers, Jack D.; Shoemaker, Robert A.; Sugiyama, Junta; Cole, Richard C.; Summerbell, Wendy; Untereiner, Peter R.; Johnston, Soili; Stenroos, Alga; Zuccaro, Paul S.; Dyer, Peter D.; Crittenden, Mariette S.; Hansen, Karen; Trappe, James M.; Yahr, Rebecca; Lutzoni, François; Spatafora, Joseph W. (April 2009). "The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum–wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits". Systematic Biology. 58 (2): 224−39. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp020. PMID 20525580.
  10. ↑ P. F. Cannon and P. M. Kirk (Editors) Fungal Families of the World (2007), p. 441, at Google Books
  11. 1 2 de Gruyter, J.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Aveskamp, M.M.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (June 2013). "Redisposition of phoma-like anamorphs in Pleosporales". Studies in Mycology. 75 (1): 1–36. doi:10.3114/sim0004. PMC 3713885. PMID 24014897.
  12. ↑ Verkley, G.J.M.; da Silva, M.; Wicklow, D.T.; Crous, P.W. (2004). "Paraconiothyrium, a new genus to accommodate the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans, anamorphs of Paraphaeosphaeria, and four new species". Studies in Mycology. 50: 323–335.
  13. ↑ "Species Fungorum - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  14. 1 2 Cortinas, M.N.; Burgess, T.; Dell, B.; Xu, D.P.; Crous, P.W.; Wingfield, B.D.; Wingfield, M.J. (2006). "First record of Colletogloeopsis zuluense comb. nov., causing a stem canker of Eucalyptus in China". Mycological Research. 110 (Pt 2): 229–236. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2005.08.012. hdl:2263/2666. PMID 16378717.
  15. ↑ Crous, P.W.; Schoch, C.L.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Wood, A.R.; Gueidan, C. (2009). "Phylogenetic lineages in the Capnodiales". Studies in Mycology. 64: 17–47. doi:10.3114/sim.2009.64.02. PMC 2816965. PMID 20169022.
  16. ↑ Quaedvlieg, W.; Binder, M.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Summerell, B.A.; Carnegie, A.J.; Burgess, T.I.; Crous, P.W. (December 2014). "Introducing the Consolidated Species Concept to resolve species in the Teratosphaeriaceae". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 33: 1–40. doi:10.3767/003158514X681981. PMC 4312929. PMID 25737591.
  17. ↑ "Species Fungorum - Names Record". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  18. ↑ Crous, P.W.; et al. (December 2016). "Fungal Planet Description Sheets: 469–557". _Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 37: 218−403. doi:10.3767/003158516X694499. PMC 5315290. PMID 28232766.
  19. ↑ Song, Nan; Geng, Yuehua; Li, Xinghao (2021). "The Mitochondrial Genome of Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana and the Utility of Mitochondrial Genome to Infer Phylogeny of Dothideomycetes". In Kulik, Tomasz; Van Diepeningen, Anne D.; Hausner, Georg (eds.). The Significance of Mitogenomics in Mycology edited by. Frontiers Media SA. pp. 71–73. ISBN 9782889664795.
  20. 1 2 González-Menéndez, Victor; Crespo, Gloria; de Pedro, Nuria; Diaz, Caridad; Martín, Jesús; Serrano, Rachel; Mackenzie, Thomas A.; Justicia, Carlos; González-Tejero, M. Reyes; Casares, M.; Vicente, Francisca; Reyes, Fernando; Tormo, José R.; Genilloud, Olga (2018). "Fungal endophytes from arid areas of Andalusia: high potential sources for antifungal and antitumoral agents (Article number: 9729 )". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 9729. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28192-5. PMC 6021435. PMID 29950656.
  21. ↑ "Species Fungorum - GSD Species". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  22. 1 2 Wijesinghe, Subodini Nuwanthika; Calabon, Mark Seasat; Xiao, Yuanpin; Gareth Jones, E.B.; Hyde, Kevin David (2023). "A novel coniothyrium-like genus in Coniothyriaceae (Pleosporales) from salt marsh ecosystems in Thailand". Studies in Fungi. 8: 1–10. doi:10.48130/SIF-2023-0006. S2CID 256981127.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pem, D.; Hongsanan, S.; Doilom, M.; Tibpromma, S.; Wanasinghe, D.N.; Dong, W.; Liu, N.G.; Phookamsak, R.; Phillips, A.J.L.; Jeewon, R.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2019). "https://www. dothideomycetes. org: an online taxonomic resource for the classification, identification, and nomenclature of Dothideomycetes". Asian Journal of Mycology. 2: 287−97. doi:10.5943/ajom/2/1/19.
  24. ↑ "Coniothyriaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  25. 1 2 Mehrabi-Koushki, Mehdi; Artand, Saeid (December 2022). "First report of Coniothyrium ferrarisianum from Iran". Bot. J. Iran. doi:10.22092/BOT.J.IRAN.2022.360285.1326 (inactive 2023-10-30).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2023 (link)
  26. ↑ Bestagno-Biga, M.L.; Ciferri, R.; Bestagno, G. (1958). "Ordinamento artificiale delle specie del genere Coniothyrium". Sydowia. 12: 258–320.
  27. ↑ Ibrahim, A.; Sørensen, D.; Jenkins, H.A.; Ejim, L.; Capretta, A.; Sumarah, M.W. (2017). "Epoxynemanione A, nemanifuranones AeF, and nemanilactones AeC, from Nemania serpens, an endophytic fungus isolated from Riesling grapevines". Phytochemistry. 140: 16–26. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.04.009. PMID 28441516.
  28. ↑ Bien, S.; Damm, U. (2020). "Prunus trees in Germany, a hideout of unknown fungi". Mycological Progress. 19 (7): 667–690. doi:10.1007/s11557-020-01586-4. S2CID 219589765.
  29. ↑ Spies, C.F.J.; Mostert, L.; Carlucci, A.; Moyo, P.; van Jaarsveld, W.J.; du Plessis, I.L.; van Dyk, M.; Halleen, F. (2020). "Dieback and decline pathogens of olive trees in South Africa". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 45: 196–220. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.08. PMC 8375345. PMID 34456377.
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