Congregibacter litoralis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Cellvibrionales
Family:
Halieaceae
Genus:
Congregibacter
Species:
C. litoralis
Binomial name
Congregibacter litoralis
(Eliers 1999)
Type strain
KT71

Congregibacter litoralis KT71 is a gram-negative Gammaproteobacteria part of the NOR5/OM60 Clade discovered in seawater from Heligoland, an island in the North Sea by H. Eilers from the Max Planck Institute for Microbiology.[1][2][3] C. litoralis KT71 is described as a pleomorphic bacterium and has a size of 2 x 0.5 μm.[2] When grown in culture, C. litoralis KT71 has a generation time of 4.5 hours and prefers to grow on complex substrates where the sole carbon source is undefined, though it can utilize some sole carbon sources because they are most likely used by the organism for its central metabolism.[1][2][4]

Classification

Phylogeny

Congregibacter litoralis KT71 was one of the first cultured members of OM60/NOR5 clade and is part of the aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAnPs), a group of bacteria that include marine and freshwater Gamma- and Alphaproteobacteria.[1][2][3][4] Within the environment, members of the OM60/NOR5 clade are cosmopolitan in ocean environments, but seem to have a greater abundance in euphotic coastal marine areas.[5] In April 2015, C. litoralis KT71 was classified into the newly proposed Order of Cellvibrionales and Family Halieaceae.[6] Within the OM60/NOR5 clade, Congregibacter litoralis KT71 clusters, based on the 16S rRNA gene with the genera Congregibacter, Haliea, Halioglobus, Luminiphilus, and Pseudohaliea.[6]

Discovery and isolation

KT71 was first isolated from a surface water sample taken near Helgoland, an island in the North Sea by Eilers et al. in August 1999.[1] To isolate the organism, Eliers et al. used direct plating on complex low-nutrient media called MPM developed by Schut et al.[1][4] MPM was designed to mimic seawater. However, Eilers et al. modified this to adjust the pH to 7.5 and reduced NH4Cl and KH2PO4 to 50 and 1.5 μM, respectively.[1] Briefly, seawater was plated onto MPM and modified MPM and allowed to grow for 37 days. During the 37 days, colonies were picked and placed into liquid MPM culture.[1]

Basic genomic information

In 2004, C. litoralis KT71 was picked for whole genome sequencing.[2] To sequence the organism, plasmid and fosmid libraries were prepared with insert sizes of 4 and 40 kb. The clonal sequences were sequenced by an Applied Biosystems 3730XL DNA sequencer at the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation Joint Technology Center. From this, it was determined that C. litoralis KT71 had a genome size of 4.35Mbp with a GC content of 57.7%.[1] Moreover, the genome contains 3933 coding genes.[2] KT71's assembled genome was assessed for protein coding regions using the Prokaryotic Genomes Automatic Annotation Pipeline (PGAAP) from the National Center for Biotechnology Information.[7] Once completed, genome annotation of the open reading frames was done with GenDB v2.2 annotation system.[7]

Metabolism

Congregibacter litoralis KT71 is an aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotroph (AAnPs).[2][8] In general terms, this means that KT71 is a strict aerobic organism with preference for low-oxygen environments. To find these environments, KT71 uses a flagellum combined with chemotaxis to move towards low-oxygen areas.[2] Though it does contain a complete photosynthesis superoperon, KT71 cannot grow autotrophically.[2][8] Instead, KT71 uses light for light-dependent cyclic electron transport through its photosystem to generate a proton gradient.[2][8] To determine the metabolism of KT71, the organism was grown in mineral medium containing: 35.0 g of sea salts, 0.1 g of NH4Cl, 0.05 g of K2HPO4, and 10 ml of a vitamin solution.[7] The mineral medium was then supplemented with various carbon compounds to determine the ability for KT71 to use in its metabolism.[7][8] From this it was determined that KT71 can grow well with carbon sources such as glutamate, pyruvate, and fatty acids as well as more complex substrates like yeast extract and trypticase peptone.[7][8] Within its genome, genes, determined from genome annotation, involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, trichloroacetic acid cycle (TCA), citric acid cycle were found which correlated to the metabolism observed in culture.[2][8] Further, KT71 is unable to use glucose as a sole carbon source, which was supported by genome analysis that showed a lack of glucose metabolism genes.[2] Although the supplementation of inorganic sulfur to media did not promote growth, KT71 does contain sulfur-oxidizing (sox) genes that are uniquely arranged in its genome.[2] It is predicted that the potential use of the sox genes would be in the adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS)/ 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) pathway.[2][7]

Importance and role

Importance

Though KT71 and other AAnPs can make up over 10% of the bacterioplanktonic community in oligotrophic oceans, more recent studies have shown them to be less important in open ocean and more important (over 15%) in eutrophic and mesotrophic coastal ocean regions.[2] Further, though AAnPs have been characterized previously in Alphaproteobacteria, KT71 was the first Gammaproteobacteria AAnP to be isolated and suggest a potential for a second group of AAnPs.[2] KT71 will therefore serve as the model organism for this group to help shed light on the importance of Gammaproteobacteria AAnPs in the coastal environment.[2]

Role

When grown in pure culture, it was observed under a microscope that KT71 formed aggregates.[2] These formations were supported by genome analysis in which genes coding for Type IV pili as well as extracellular polysaccharide production were found.[2] It was predicted by Fuchs et al. that KT71 uses the polysaccharide formation to help form marine snow.[2] KT71 uses these particles that are high in nutrients as a source of nutrients or live in a commensal relationship with other bacteria that provide the necessary compounds that KT71 uses for substrates.[2]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Eilers, H.; et al. (2001). "Isolation of Novel Pelagic Bacteria from the German Bight and Their Seasonal Contributions to Surface Picoplankton". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (11): 5134–5142. Bibcode:2001ApEnM..67.5134E. doi:10.1128/aem.67.11.5134-5142.2001. PMC 93282. PMID 11679337.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Fuchs, B.; et al. (2007). "Characterization of a marine Gammaproteobacterium capable of aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (8): 2891–2896. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608046104. PMC 1815277. PMID 17299055.
  3. 1 2 Yurkov, V. V.; Beatty, T. J. (1998). "Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 62 (3): 695–724. doi:10.1128/MMBR.62.3.695-724.1998. PMC 98932. PMID 9729607.
  4. 1 2 3 Schut, F; de Vries, EJ; Gottschal, JC (1993). "Isolation of typical marine bacteria by dilution culture: growth, maintenance, and characteristics of isolates under laboratory conditions". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 (7): 2150–2160. Bibcode:1993ApEnM..59.2150S. doi:10.1128/AEM.59.7.2150-2160.1993. PMC 182250. PMID 16348992.
  5. ↑ Yan, S.; et al. (2009). "Biogeography and phylogeny of the NOR5/OM60 clade of Gammaproteobacteria". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 32 (2): 124–139. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.12.001. PMID 19216045.
  6. 1 2 Spring, S; Scheuner, C; Göker, M; Klenk, HP (2015). "A taxonomic framework for emerging groups of ecologically important marine gammaproteobacteria based on the reconstruction of evolutionary relationships using genome-scale data". Front Microbiol. 6: 281. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00281. PMC 4391266. PMID 25914684.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spring, S (2014). "Function and Evolution of the Sox Multienzyme Complex in the Marine Gammaproteobacterium Congregibacter litoralis". ISRN Microbiology. 2014: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/597418. PMC 4003848. PMID 25006520.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spring, S.; Lünsdorf, H.; Fuchs, B.; Tindall, B. (2009). "The Photosynthetic Apparatus and Its Regulation in the Aerobic Gammaproteobacterium Congregibacter litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov". PLOS ONE. 4 (3): e4866. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4866S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004866. PMC 2654016. PMID 19287491.
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