Within the field of neurotechnology, Neurofeedback (NFB), also called neurotherapy, neurobiofeedback or EEG biofeedback (EEGBF) is a therapy technique which presents the user with real-time information about activity within their brain, as measured by electrical or blood-flow sensors on the scalp.

Brain activity is monitored and processed to provide feedback to the user in one of several ways, for example a video game rocket ship might accelerate when desired brainwaves are produced (positive feedback), or a film or music might pause when undesired brainwaves are produced (negative feedback). The user then uses this feedback to develop the brainwaves they wish to create and as a consequence, learn to gain more control over their brainwaves and therefore how they think and feel in every day situations. Neurofeedback has been used to help a range of conditions including ADHD and addictions.

General

Software Type Version Operating systems Developer License FDA cleared Supported Devices
BioGraph Infiniti Neurofeedback/Biofeedback 6.1.0 Windows Thought Technology Ltd, Dr. Hal Myers Proprietary Yes Thought Technology[1]
Brain-Trainer Neurofeedback 1.1.5 Windows Brain-Trainer International, Inc. Proprietary FDA 510(k) not required
BrainBay Neurofeedback: MIDI, particle display ? Windows Chris Veigl and Jeremy Wilkerson GPL[2] No Neurobit Optima,

Neurobit Optima+ and more

BrainFeedback Pro Neurofeedback v12 Windows Deymed Diagnostic Proprietary Yes Deymed[3]
BrainMaster Neurofeedback, Biofeedback, and QEEG; optional live z-scores (ANI or BrainDX), Live sLORETA Projector. various including BrainAvatar. Third-party SW includes: NeuroGuide, BioExplorer, BioERA, BrainPaint, SKIL, LENS, EEGer, BrainTrain, OpenVibe, EEGStudio Windows BrainMaster Technologies, Inc. Proprietary; includes optional no-cost Application Programming Interfaces (API) FDA 510(k) clearance, ISO 13485 certification, and CE marking in Europe Brainmaster[1] 2E, 2EW, 2EB, Atlantis, Discovery, MINI-Q
BrainPaint Evidence Based Neurofeedback, with a validated[4] and replicated[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
symptom based evaluation tool.		 2.0
Includes BrainPrint, Alpha Theta, Brain-Heart Coherence, Couples Synchrony, Nonlinear, Slow Cortical Potential, Coherence training and all other frequency rewards and inhibits.		 N/A BrainPaint, Inc. William C. Scott Proprietary FDA 510(k) clearance, ISO 13485 certification, and CE marking in Europe Brainmaster[1] 2E, 2EW, 2EB, Atlantis, Discovery
BWView Brainwave viewer 1.0.5 Linux, Windows Jim Peters GPL[20] No Free
Cygnet Neurofeedback/Biofeedback


Neurofeedback: Frequency-band and SCP protocols according to Othmer,
particularly: SMR-Beta, ILF 1+2 channel, Synchrony, Alpha Theta.
with EEG NeuroAmp one or two channel protocols, with x23 or x39 optional 19 or 31 channels

Biofeedback: pIR HEG training with passive-infrared triple sensor pIRx3;
HRV, GSR, Temp with Combination Sensor.

 2.0 Windows (any version) Developer: BEE Systems GmbH
Manufacturer: Corscience GmbH&CoKG
Distribution: BEE Medic Europe, BEE Medic EMEA, BEE Medic USA		 Proprietary FDA class II, CE class IIa; including Cygnet Bio/Neurofeedback Software NeuroAmp[21] Bio/Neurofeedback device plus add-ons:
  • NeuroAmp x23 (23-channel digital EEG device)
  • NeuroAmp x39 (39-channel digital EEG device)
  • pIRx3 (3-channel passive infrared sensor)
  • tactile feedback
  • Combination Sensor (HRV, GSR, Temperature)[22]
eBioo Neurofeedback & Analysis

one-, two- and four channel training,
Amplitude-, relative Amplitude-, Coherence-,
Band-Ratio-, Asymmetry-inhibit-Training
and more ..

 1.5 Windows Soft-dynamics, Geoffrey Arens Proprietary[23] No – not stated or in FDA database Pocket Neurobics,[24] Neurobit Optima,[25] Brainmaster[1]
EEGDigiTrack Neurofeedback & Analysis 15.0.5.0 Windows ELMIKO BioSignals Ltd. Proprietary Safety class according to EN60601-1 - Class IIa, type BF Manufactured by ELMIKO Biosignals Ltd.:

EEG-2,

EEG-3,

EEG-4,

EEG-5,

ExG-32

Manufactured by Braintronics:

EEG-1166 Amplifier,

EEG-1142 Amplifier,

EEG-1042 Amplifier[26]

EEGer4 Neurofeedback & Analysis 4.3.0 Windows EEG Software Proprietary[27] Yes[28] J&J,[1] Telediagnostic Systems,[1] Phoenix Neuro Systems,[1] 
Thought Technology,[1] Brainmaster,[1] Brainquiry,[25]
Pocket Neurobics,[24] external analog amplifiers,  NeuroampII,  Optima
eProbe Neuro-Biofeedback Clinic 7.0; Home use 7.0 Windows ScienceBeam[29] Proprietary CE, ISO 13485 eWave, eLab, , QEEG, EEG2-EEG128 channels

eWave, eLab, eWave+

ElectricGuru Neurofeedback 0.4 Windows Rob Sacks Open source[30] No Free
EventIDE Visual environment for designing behavioral experiments and mental games with real-time neurofeedback control and signal processing. 1.0 Windows Okazolab Ltd Proprietary[31] No The majority of popular bio-amplifiers
LENSware Neurofeedback & Analysis 3 Windows OchsLabs Proprietary FDA Class II Exempt Ochslabs A200 amplifier
Myndlift[32] Neurofeedback: Single-active channel, amplitude training - home-based remote training  ? Android, iOS Myndlift LTD Proprietary No Muse
Narbis Narbis Neurofeedback Smart Glasses 1.0 Android Narbis Proprietary "FDA Class II 510(k) Exempt

CE, IEC 62368-1:2014 (Second Edition), CFR 47 FCC Part 15 Subpart B EN 61000-3-2:2014 EN 61000-3-3:2013 EN 61326-1:2013"

 Narbis Bluetooth Smart Glasses [33]
NeuroField Neurofeedback & Analysis 8.7.5 Windows NeuroField, Inc. Proprietary FDA Class II[34] X3000 Plus[35] and Q20 EEG[36][37]
neuromore Studio Customizable Biofeedback, protocol designing and automated therapy solution 1.2.0 Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, iOS neuromore Inc. Open source and commercial[38] No
NeurOptimal Neurofeedback 3.0 Windows Valdeane W. Brown, Ph.D. Proprietary[39] Unknown – not stated or in FDA database zAmp[25] from Zengar
OpenViBE BCI, Visual Designer, Analysis, Neurofeedback 0.18 Linux, Windows INRIA AGPL-3 No OpenBCI, OpenEEG, others (as of 2018)[40]
SmartMind Neurofeedback v2010 Windows BrainTrain, Inc. Proprietary Unknown – not stated or in FDA database Smartmind,[25] Brainmaster,[1] Thought Technology,[1] J&J[1] 
Pocket Neurobics,[24] NeuroSky[25]
Vilistus Neurofeedback/Biofeedback v5.2.5 Windows Stephen Clark Proprietary No Vilistus

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Multiple FDA-cleared devices
  2. ↑ Veigl, Chris (18 October 2022). "ChrisVeigl/BrainBay". GitHub.
  3. ↑ s.r.o, DEYMED Diagnostic. "BrainFeedback | DEYMED Diagnostic". DEYMED Diagnostic - Neurodiagnostic EEG, EMG, PSG & TMS devices.
  4. ↑ Scott, William C.; Kaiser, David; Othmer, Siegfried; Sideroff, Stephen I. (7 July 2009). "Effects of an EEG Biofeedback Protocol on a Mixed Substance Abusing Population". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 31 (3): 455–69. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.582.363. doi:10.1081/ADA-200056807. PMID 16161729. S2CID 6931394.
  5. ↑ Keith, Julian R.; Rapgay, Lobsang; Theodore, Don; Schwartz, Jeffrey M.; Ross, Jae L. (March 2015). "An assessment of an automated EEG biofeedback system for attention deficits in a substance use disorders residential treatment setting". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 29 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1037/adb0000016. PMC 5495545. PMID 25180558.
  6. ↑ Dehghani-Arani, Fateme; Rostami, Reza; Nadali, Hosein (20 April 2013). "Neurofeedback Training for Opiate Addiction: Improvement of Mental Health and Craving". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 38 (2): 133–141. doi:10.1007/s10484-013-9218-5. PMC 3650238. PMID 23605225.
  7. ↑ Arani, Fateme Dehghani; Rostami, Reza; Nostratabadi, Masoud (July 2010). "Effectiveness of Neurofeedback Training as a Treatment for Opioid-Dependent Patients". Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. 41 (3): 170–177. doi:10.1177/155005941004100313. PMID 20722354. S2CID 35834162.
  8. ↑ Egner, T; Gruzelier, JH (January 2004). "EEG biofeedback of low beta band components: frequency-specific effects on variables of attention and event-related brain potentials". Clinical Neurophysiology. 115 (1): 131–9. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00353-5. PMID 14706480. S2CID 5855076.
  9. ↑ Dalkner, Nina; Unterrainer, Human F.; Wood, Guilherme; Skliris, Dimitris; Holasek, Sandra J.; Gruzelier, John H.; Neuper, Christa (26 September 2017). "Short-term Beneficial Effects of 12 Sessions of Neurofeedback on Avoidant Personality Accentuation in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 1688. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01688. PMC 5622970. PMID 29018397.
  10. ↑ Lackner, Nina; Unterrainer, Human F.; Skliris, Dimitris; Wood, Guilherme; Wallner-Liebmann, Sandra J.; Neuper, Christa; Gruzelier, John H. (27 September 2015). "The Effectiveness of Visual Short-Time Neurofeedback on Brain Activity and Clinical Characteristics in Alcohol Use Disorders". Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. 47 (3): 188–195. doi:10.1177/1550059415605686. PMID 26415612. S2CID 34971632.
  11. ↑ Horrell, Timothy; El-Baz, Ayman; Baruth, Joshua; Tasman, Allan; Sokhadze, Guela; Stewart, Christopher; Sokhadze, Estate (16 August 2010). "Neurofeedback Effects on Evoked and Induced EEG Gamma Band Reactivity to Drug-Related Cues in Cocaine Addiction". Journal of Neurotherapy. 14 (3): 195–216. doi:10.1080/10874208.2010.501498. PMC 2957125. PMID 20976131.
  12. ↑ Unterrainer, Human F.; Lewis, Andrew J.; Gruzelier, John H. (2013). "EEG-Neurofeedback in psychodynamic treatment of substance dependence". Frontiers in Psychology. 4: 692. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00692. PMC 3787602. PMID 24098295.
  13. ↑ Rostami, R.; Dehghani-Arani, F. (19 April 2015). "Neurofeedback Training as a New Method in Treatment of Crystal Methamphetamine Dependent Patients: A Preliminary Study". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 40 (3): 151–161. doi:10.1007/s10484-015-9281-1. PMID 25894106. S2CID 42223626.
  14. ↑ "Quantitative Electroencephalography-Guided Versus Scott/Peniston Neurofeedback With Substance Use Disorder Outpatients" (PDF). www.aapb.org/files/publications/biofeedback/2007/biof_winter_pilot_study.pdf.
  15. ↑ Nooner, Kate B.; Leaberry, Kirsten D.; Keith, Julian R.; Ogle, Richard L. (17 May 2016). "Clinic Outcome Assessment of a Brief Course Neurofeedback for Childhood ADHD Symptoms". The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 44 (3): 506–514. doi:10.1007/s11414-016-9511-1. PMID 27189699. S2CID 7386924.
  16. ↑ Ros, T.; Frewen, P.; Théberge, J.; Michela, A.; Kluetsch, R.; Mueller, A.; Candrian, G.; Jetly, R.; Vuilleumier, P.; Lanius, R. A. (12 September 2016). "Neurofeedback Tunes Scale-Free Dynamics in Spontaneous Brain Activity". Cerebral Cortex. 27 (10): 4911–4922. arXiv:1512.09133. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw285. PMID 27620975.
  17. ↑ Nicholson, Andrew A.; Ros, Tomas; Frewen, Paul A.; Densmore, Maria; Théberge, Jean; Kluetsch, Rosemarie C.; Jetly, Rakesh; Lanius, Ruth A. (February 2016). "Alpha oscillation neurofeedback modulates amygdala complex connectivity and arousal in posttraumatic stress disorder". NeuroImage: Clinical. 12: 506–516. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.07.006. PMC 5030332. PMID 27672554.
  18. ↑ Kluetsch, R. C.; Ros, T.; Théberge, J.; Frewen, P. A.; Calhoun, V. D.; Schmahl, C.; Jetly, R.; Lanius, R. A. (August 2014). "Plastic modulation of PTSD resting-state networks and subjective wellbeing by EEG neurofeedback". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 130 (2): 123–136. doi:10.1111/acps.12229. PMC 4442612. PMID 24266644.
  19. ↑ Mazur, L. M.; Campbell, A.; Comitz, E.; Planting, D.; Lowen, S.; Mosaly, P. R.; Belger, A.; Chera, B. S.; Marks, L. B. (2017). "Positive effects of neurofeedback intervention on radiation oncology physicians' workload during go/no-go performance test". Le Travail Humain. 80 (1): 113–32. doi:10.3917/th.801.0113.
  20. ↑ "BWView -- recorded brainwave viewing application". uazu.net.
  21. ↑ FDA-cleared device
  22. ↑ "Bee Medic | Technologies for mental health". www.beemedic.com.
  23. ↑ "Soft-dynamics.com eBioo ® - Neurofeedback Software & Equipment". www.soft-dynamics.com.
  24. 1 2 3 Multiple NON-FDA-cleared devices
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Status Unknown
  26. ↑ "ELMIKO BIOSIGNALS sp. z o.o."
  27. ↑ "EEG Store".
  28. ↑ "EEGER4 MODEL 4.3". Devices@FDA. 6 February 2013.
  29. ↑ "Eprobe".
  30. ↑ "Realization.org: ElectricGuru(TM)". realization.org.
  31. ↑ "OkazoLab".
  32. ↑ Whitehead, Jocelyne C.; Neeman, Ron; Doniger, Glen M. (8 July 2022). "Preliminary Real-World Evidence Supporting the Efficacy of a Remote Neurofeedback System in Improving Mental Health: Retrospective Single-Group Pretest-Posttest Study". JMIR Formative Research. 6 (7): e35636. doi:10.2196/35636. PMC 9308076. PMID 35802411.
  33. ↑ "Narbis Bluetooth Smart Glasses".
  34. ↑ "Establishment Registration & Device Listing". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  35. ↑ "X3000 Plus – NeuroField – The Energetic Wave of the Future". Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  36. ↑ "Q20 EEG – NeuroField – The Energetic Wave of the Future". Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  37. ↑ "X3000 Plus and Q20 EEG – NeuroField – The Energetic Wave of the Future". Archived from the original on 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  38. ↑ "neuromore Studio". neuromore co. 18 October 2022.
  39. ↑ "NeurOptimal® Neurofeedback & Brain Training Systems for Personal & Professional Use".
  40. ↑ "Acquisition devices and drivers in OpenViBE". OpenViBE. 25 April 2013.

See also

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