Collaboration with the Islamic State refers to the cooperation and assistance given by governments, non-state actors, and private individuals to the Islamic State (IS) during the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War, and Libyan Civil War.
Allegations of state support
Israel
The Syrian government and Iranian officials have accused Israel and the United States government of supporting ISIS by attacking Hezbollah and the Syrian Arab Army as well as arming and giving medical attention to the Islamic State. Israel has strenuously denied accusations of providing arms and medical support to Islamic State fighters.[1][2][3] However Moshe Ya’alon, ex-defense minister of Israel, has stated that IS has ‘apologized’ for a clash in November 2016, communication with IS is illegal under Israeli law - constituting contact with an enemy agent.[4] IDF refused to comment further on the issue[4] Further, according to Israeli daily Yedioth Ahronoth, Knesset member Aida Touma-Suleiman made the assertion - which, she said, were based on UN documents - that Israel purchased oil for IS: “These links have been well documented, with reports surfacing of oil purchases from the Islamic State [i.e., Daesh], which the Israeli government headed by [Prime Minister] Benjamin Netanyahu has done”.[5]
Syria
During the ongoing Syrian civil war, the Syrian opposition and some analysts have accused President Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government of strategically releasing Islamist prisoners during the start of the Syrian crisis in an attempt to strengthen jihadist factions over other rebels.[7][8][9] The Syrian opposition have also accused Assad of having intelligence operatives within the ranks of ISIS,[10] and even directing ISIS attacks.[11][12] However, "despite repeated announcements by opposition figures", there exists "no solid evidence ... that the jihadists as a whole are controlled by the [Syrian] regime.[8]
The Assad government has also been accused of funding ISIL through oil purchases. Western officials stated in 2015 that the Syrian government and ISIS jointly ran a gas plant in Tabqah using intermediates to supply electricity to both government and ISIS-held areas.[13] A report in 2015 suggested that ISIL kept gas flowing to Assad regime-controlled power stations. Furthermore, ISIL allowed grain to pass from Rojava to government-controlled areas at the cost of a 25% levy.[14] ISIL defectors interviewed by academics in 2015 and 2016 reported being "disillusioned by... upsetting alliances that included the sale of wheat stores and oil to Assad, oil some of which later found its way into barrel bombs raining down on Syrian civilians."[15][16] This was confirmed in 2016 in Wall Street Journal reporting of documents extracted by US Special Forces in raids on ISIS operatives.[17][16] In 2017, US and European officials said that oil sales to the Syrian government were ISIL's largest source of revenue.[18][19]
An unpublished IHS Jane's Terrorism and Insurgency Center database analysis showed that only 6% of Syrian government forces attacks were targeted at ISIL from January to November 2014, while in the same period only 13% of all ISIL attacks targeted government forces.[20] Academics who interviewed ISIL defectors in 2015-16 said their interviewees "observed regime forces strangely giving up territory to ISIS without much of a fight, and even leaving their weapons for ISIS rather than destroying them."[15] Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi had disputed such assertions in 2014, arguing that "ISIS has a record of fighting the regime on multiple fronts", many rebel factions have engaged in oil sales to the Syrian regime because it is "now largely dependent on Iraqi oil imports via Lebanese and Egyptian third-party intermediaries", and while "the regime is focusing its airstrikes [on areas] where it has some real expectations of advancing" claims that it "has not hit ISIS strongholds" are "untrue". He concluded: "Attempting to prove an ISIS-regime conspiracy without any conclusive evidence is unhelpful, because it draws attention away from the real reasons why ISIS grew and gained such prominence: namely, rebel groups tolerated ISIS."[21] Similarly, Max Abrahms and John Glaser stated in the Los Angeles Times in December 2017 that "The evidence of Assad sponsoring Islamic State... was about as strong as for Saddam Hussein sponsoring Al Qaeda."[22] According to an April 2017 IHS Markit report, ISIS fought Syrian government forces more than any other opponent between 1 April 2016 and 31 March 2017: "43 percent of all Islamic State fighting in Syria was directed against President Assad's forces, 17 against the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and the remaining 40 percent involved fighting rival Sunni opposition groups".[6]
Turkey
The Turkish government has been criticised for allowing ISIL to use Turkish territory for logistics and channelling recruits.[23][24][25] It has also been accused of selling arms and intelligence to ISIL, as part of its campaign against the People's Protection Units (YPG).[26][27][28][29] That ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's Syrian hideout was found just a few kilometers away from Turkey also raised suspicions whether Turkey was doing enough against ISIL.[30] Iraqi intelligence officers also claimed that they have observed several journeys by relatives of Al Baghdadi between Syria and Turkey.[31][32] Turkey denies the allegations of assisting ISIL, pointing to multiple terrorist attacks ISIL has committed against civilians in Turkey, as well as multiple military confrontations between ISIL and the Turkish government.[27] The Kurdistan Democratic Party in Iraq similarly deny the claim that Turkey is providing aid to ISIL.[26] According to an intelligence adviser quoted by Seymour Hersh, a "highly classified assessment" carried out by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 concluded that Turkey had effectively transformed the secret U.S. arms program in support of moderate rebels, who no longer existed, into an indiscriminate program to provide technical and logistical support for al-Nusra Front and ISIL.[33]
Saudi Arabia
In June 2014, former Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki accused the government of Saudi Arabia of funding ISIL.[34] The Saudi Arabian government rejected the claims.[35]
Some media outlets, such as NBC, the BBC, The New York Times, and the US-based think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy have written about individual Saudi donations to the group and the Saudi state's decade-long sponsorship of Salafism and Wahhabism around the world, but concluded in 2014 that there was no evidence of direct Saudi state support for ISIL.[36][37]
In an August 2014 email leaked in the Podesta emails, apparently from former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to then counselor John Podesta, a memo states that the governments of both Saudi Arabia and Qatar "are providing clandestine financial and logistic support to ISIL and other radical Sunni groups in the region."[38][39][40]
Lebanese former minister Charbel Wehbe also accused Saudi Arabia of supporting ISIL.[41]
Qatar
Qatar has long been accused of acting as a conduit for the flow of funds to ISIL. While there is no proof that the Qatari government is involved in this movement of funds, it has been criticised for not doing enough to stem money sent by private donors in the country.[42][43] According to some reports, US officials believe that the largest portion of private donations supporting ISIS and al Qaeda-linked groups now comes from Qatar rather than Saudi Arabia.[44]
In August 2014, German minister Gerd Müller accused Qatar of having links to ISIL, stating: "You have to ask who is arming, who is financing ISIS troops. The keyword there is Qatar." Qatari Foreign Minister Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah rejected this statement, saying: "Qatar does not support extremist groups, including [ISIL], in any way. We are repelled by their views, their violent methods and their ambitions."[45][46][47][48]
United States
Rand Paul, junior U.S. Senator from Kentucky, has accused the U.S. government of indirectly supporting ISIL in the Syrian Civil War, by arming their allies and fighting their enemies in that country.[49] After the September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid in which U.S led coalition air strikes reportedly killed at least 62 Syrian Arab army soldiers fighting against ISIS, Russia and Syria accused the U.S government of intentionally providing ISIS with air support. The U.S government denied the accusations and called the air strikes an accident caused by misidentification of SAA ground forces as ISIL fighters.[50][51] Donald Trump has claimed that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton "[were] the founder[s] of ISIS".[52]
Foreign nationals
A United Nations report from May 2015 showed that 25,000 "foreign terrorist fighters" from 100 countries had joined "Islamist" groups, many of them working for ISIL or al-Qaeda.[53] The US-trained commander of Tajikistan's Interior Ministry OMON police special forces, Gulmurod Khalimov, has been raised to the rank of "Minister of War" within the Islamic State.[54][55]
One of the most prominent commanders of ISIL in Syria, Abu Omar al-Shishani, served previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army before being medically discharged, later imprisoned, becoming radicalized, then fleeing the country.[56]
A 2015 report by the Program on Extremism at George Washington University found 71 individuals charged in the United States with supporting ISIL, 250 travelling or attempting to travel to Syria or Iraq from the United States to join ISIL, and about 900 active domestic ISIL-related investigations.[57]
An October 2016 World Bank study found that "ISIL's foreign fighters are surprisingly well-educated."[58] Using the fighters' self-reported educational levels, the study concluded that "69% of recruits reported at least a secondary-level education"[58] of which "a large fraction have gone on to study at university"[59] and also that "only 15% of recruits left school before high school; less than 2% are illiterate."[58][59] The study also found that foreign fighters are often more educated than their countrymen where those "from Europe and in Central Asia have similar levels of education to their countrymen" while those "from the Middle East, North Africa, and South and East Asia are significantly more educated than what is typical in their home nations."[58] The report notes that its conclusions that terrorism is not driven by poverty and low levels of education which conforms with previous research.[58] However, the report did find a strong correlation "between a country's male unemployment rate and the propensity of the country to supply foreign fighters".[58] Many European countries have allowed their citizens that joined ISIL to be prosecuted by Iraq.[60]
Pakistan
Former President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai accused Pakistan for supporting ISIS during interview with ANI that Afghanistan has evidence of Pakistan's support to ISIS. He added that there is no doubt to the above statement.[61] Pakistan has strenuously denied accusations of providing arms and medical support to Islamic State fighters.
Foreign nationals by country
Australia
In August 2018, Australia stripped the Australian citizenship from five terrorists who had travelled to fight with the Islamic State and barred them from entering Australia again.[62] This was only possible because they had double citizenships because international law stops the measure from being used on individuals with only one citizenship. The five brought the total to six.[63]
Belgium
Up to 2018, an estimated 450 individuals had travelled from Belgium to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[64] Of those, 75 were linked to the Sharia4Belgium network.[65] In July 2018, courts announced that Belgium had no obligation to bring children of Islamic State members to Belgium.[66]
Denmark
In November 2017, Denmark stripped a Turkish man of his Danish citizenship after having been sentenced for terror offenses related to the Islamic State, which left him with a citizenship of Turkey.[67]
France
Up to 2018, an estimated 1700 individuals had travelled from France to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[64]
Germany
Up to 2018, an estimated 940 individuals had travelled from Germany to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[64]
India
Up to 2019, about a 100 Indian nationals had joined the IS in Syria and Afghanistan while 155 individuals had been arrested for IS-related connections. Many of these came from the southern Indian state of Kerala and also from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. These numbers are considered relatively low despite India having the third-largest population of Muslims [as of 2020]. The limited involvement of Indian Muslim fighters in calls for global jihad was also observed during the Soviet–Afghan War, and various reasons have been given for this. These include the limited influence of Salafi-Wahabbism in India, inability of IS sympathizers in India to travel to IS controlled territories due to logistical factors and poverty among Indian Muslims, the existing presence of Pakistani militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad with which the IS is in open strife, and the opposition of Indian Islamic leadership to such groups (with 70,000 Barelvi clerics issuing a fatwa condemning IS and similar organisations in 2015).[68][69]
Netherlands
The Parliament of Netherlands voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIL or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime.[70] The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister Ard Van der Steur stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands.[71] In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship.[72]
In the 2012 to November 2018 period, more than 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three quarters are members of ISIL. The remaining quarter have joined Al-Qaeda affiliated groups such as Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham or Tanzim Hurras al-Deen.[73]
Sweden
Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria.[64] In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts.[74]
United Kingdom
Cabinet minister William Hague stated in 2014 that up to 400 British citizens had joined ISIL.[75] The government instituted a practice where if those who had joined had double citizenships were stripped of their British citizenship to prevent them from arriving back in the UK. By 2017, 150 individuals had been stripped of citizenship and were thus unable to enter the United Kingdom again.[76] Some relevant cells from UK were The Beatles cell known for having carried out beheadings of journalists and aid workers in Iraq and Syria. The "Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys" were a group of five British Bangladeshis from Portsmouth, who moved to Syria in September of 2013. The CCTV of the Gatwick airport watched the five men walking towards their flight.[77] The cell was led by Ifthekar Jaman, (a.k.a Abu Abdurrahman al-Britani) who was killed in December 2013 in an encounter against loyalist forces to the Syrian government.[77][78][79] With the pass of the war the other members were dying in combat, and it was not until 26 July of 2015 the last member of the cell (Azzam Uzzaman) were killed in action confirmed by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence,[77][80][81]
Groups expressing support for ISIL
The Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) has identified 60 jihadist groups in 30 countries that have pledged allegiance to or support for ISIL as of mid-November 2014. That many of these groups were previously affiliated with al-Qaeda suggests a shift in global jihadist leadership towards ISIL.[82]
Members of the following groups have declared support for ISIL, either fully or in part:
- Boko Haram (until 2016)[83]
- Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)[84][85]
- Jund al-Khilafah[86]
- Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem[87]
- Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid[88] – (pledged support to ISIL; the majority of the group split off after its leader pledged allegiance to ISIL)[88][89]
- Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan[90][91]
- Jundallah (Pakistan)[92]
- Caucasus Emirate (multiple Caucasus Emirate commanders switched allegiance to ISIL)[93][94][95]
- Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade[96]
- Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
- Islamic Defenders Front (FPI):[101] Pledged allegiance and support to ISIL in 2014. Only revealed in 2020 by the government upon its ban.)
In Islamic State territory
Syria
In response to the effort to take Raqqa by the Syrian Democratic Forces, whose main component is the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG), some Syrian Arabs in Raqqa sided with the Islamic State.[102]
Iraq
"Do I regret it? I don't know if I'd use that word. They had become the government and we now worked for them. We wanted to work so we could get paid."
Suleiman al-Afari, Iraqi scientist who helped ISIL in producing chemical weapons (sentenced to death at the time of the interview)[103]
Sunni Arabs in Iraq have been accused of collaborating with ISIL against Assyrians, and Yazidis, and Shias. ISIL marked Christian homes with the letter nūn for Naṣārā[104][105] and Shia homes with the letter rāʾ for Rāfiḍa, derogatory terms used to describe Christians and Shias by some Sunni Muslims. Properties were confiscated and given to local ISIL supporters or foreign fighters.[106] Local Sunnis were reported to have betrayed Yazidis once ISIL arrived, or colluded in advance to lure them into staying put until the ISIL invaded.[107]
57 members of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region participated in the massacre of at least 1,566 Shia cadets from the Iraqi Air Force on 12 June 2014.[108][109]
See also
References
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- ↑ "Iran's president says Israel 'undoubtedly' backing Islamic State in Syria". Times of Israel. 25 September 2019.
- ↑ Baker, Aryn (19 July 2014). "Why Iran Believes the Militant Group ISIS Is an American Plot". Time. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- 1 2 Gross, Judah Ari (24 April 2017). "Ex-defense minister says IS 'apologized' to Israel for November clash". The Times of Israel.
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- 1 2 "Study Shows Islamic State's Primary Opponent in Syria Is Government Forces, IHS Markit Says". IHS Markit. April 19, 2017.
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- ↑ Boghardt, Lori Plotkin (31 August 2014). "Qatar and ISIS Funding: The U.S. Approach". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
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- ↑ Pager, Tyler (2016-10-08). "Trump: Obama 'is the founder of ISIS'". POLITICO. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
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- ↑ "Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister'". International Business Times. 6 September 2016.
- ↑ Solovyov, Dmitry (28 May 2015). "Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State". Reuters.
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- 1 2 Economic and Social Inclusion to Prevent Violent Extremism (PDF). MENA Economic Monitor (Report). World Bank Middle East and North Africa Region. October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016.
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- 1 2 3 4 Vidino, Lorenzo (2018). Lorenzo Vidino (ed.). De-Radicalization in the Mediterranean – Comparing Challenges and Approaches (PDF). Milan, Italy: ISPI. p. 14. ISBN 978-8-8670-5819-8.
- ↑ Van Ostaeyen, Pieter (16 June 2016). "Belgian Radical Networks and the Road to the Brussels Attacks". CTC Sentinel. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 9 (6). Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
- ↑ "België hoeft kinderen IS-strijders niet te repatriëren" [Belgium does not have to repatriate children IS fighters]. De Standaard (in Flemish). 19 July 2018.
- ↑ Toft, Emma (14 November 2017). "Højesteret: Danskfødt syrienkriger mister statsborgerskabet" [Supreme Court: Danish-born Syrian warrior loses citizenship]. DR (in Danish).
- ↑ Rasheed, Adil (7 September 2020). "Why fewer Indians have joined ISIS". ThePrint.
- ↑ Agarwall, Priyangi (9 December 2015). "70,000 clerics issue fatwa against terrorism, 15 lakh Muslims support it". The Times of India. TNN.
• Jackson, Molly (10 December 2015). "70,000 Indian clerics issue fatwa against terrorists". The Christian Science Monitor.
• Mortimer, Caroline (10 December 2015). "70,000 Muslim clerics just issued a fatwa against terrorism". Independent. - ↑ "Dutch MPs vote to strip Islamic militants of dual nationality". Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. AFP. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
- ↑ Sheva, Arutz. "Dutch Jihadists to be stripped of dual citizenship". Israel National News. AFP.
- ↑ "Netherlands strip four jihadists of citizenship". The New Indian Express. AFP. 13 September 2017.
- ↑ Syria's Legacy – Global jihadism remains a threat to Europe (PDF). General Intelligence and Security Service. November 2018. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
- ↑ "Kurdisk källa: 41 IS-svenskar fängslade i Syrien" [Kurdish source: 41 IS-Swedes imprisoned in Syria]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 24 March 2018.
- ↑ Wintour, Patrick; Watt, Nicholas (16 June 2014). "Up to 400 British citizens may be fighting in Syria, says William Hague". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ↑ "UK 'has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship'". The Guardian. Press Association. 30 July 2017.
- 1 2 3 Burke, Jason (27 July 2015). "Who were the al-Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ↑ "Briton Ifthekar Jaman 'killed fighting in Syria', family says". BBC News. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ↑ Malnick, Edward; Spencer, Richard (17 December 2013). "British 'celebrity jihadi' and chef dies in Syria". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ↑ "Last of Islamic State's 'Britani Brigade' believed dead". The Guardian. 26 July 2015. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ↑ Harris, Dominic (26 July 2015). "Last of 'Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys' who joined ISIS in Syria dies". The Mirror.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
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- ↑ "ISIS accepts Boko Haram pledge, says would-be recruits can go to Nigeria". CBC News. Associated Press. 13 March 2015.
- ↑ Arfaoui, Jamel (8 July 2014). "Tunisia: Ansar Al-Sharia Tunisia Spokesman Backs Isis". Tunis, Tunisia: AllAfrica. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ↑ Abdallah Suleiman Ali (3 July 2014). "Global jihadists recognize Islamic State". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ↑ Chikhi, Lamine (14 September 2014). "Splinter group breaks from al Qaeda in North Africa". Reuters. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ↑ al-Ghoul, Asmaa (27 February 2014). "Gaza Salafists pledge allegiance to ISIS". Al-Monitor. Gaza City, Gaza Strip. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- 1 2 Witular, Rendi A. (13 August 2014). "Sons, top aides abandon Ba'asyir over ISIL, form new jihadist group". The Jakarta Post.
- ↑ Rottenberg, Chris (2012). "Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, The Perpetual threat" (PDF). Osgood Center for International Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
- ↑ "Uzbek militants declare support for Islamic State". Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
'Hereby, on behalf of all members of our movement, in line with our sacred duties, I declare that we are in the same ranks with the Islamic State in this continued war between Islam and [non-Muslims],' Usman Gazi wrote in an online statement on Sept 26.
- ↑ "IMU Declares It Is Now Part Of The Islamic State". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
- ↑ "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014.
- ↑ Vatchagaev, Mairbek (13 February 2015). "Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus". Eurasia Daily Monitor. Vol. 12, no. 29. The Jamestown Foundation.
- ↑ Fuller, Liz (2 January 2015). "Six North Caucasus Insurgency Commanders Transfer Allegiance To Islamic State". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ↑ "What Caused the Demise of the Caucasus Emirate?". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. 18 June 2015.
- ↑ Levy, Rachael (9 June 2014). "ISIS: We Are Operating in Gaza". Vocative. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- ↑ "Terror acts could occur in Australia: Abbott". The Australian. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 2019-08-30.
- ↑ Zavadski, Katie (23 November 2014). "ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World". New York. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
- ↑ Emasquel II, Paterno (17 September 2014). "Philippines condemns, vows to 'thwart' ISIS". Rappler. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
- ↑ "BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists". GMA News Online. Quezon City, Philippines: GMA Network. Agence France-Presse. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ↑ "Ini Video Dukungan FPI ke ISIS". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 30 December 2020.
- ↑ Wedeman, Ben (25 May 2016). "ISIS or Kurds? Arabs wonder which is worse". CNN. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ↑ Joby Warrick (21 January 2019). "Exclusive: Iraqi scientist says he helped ISIS make chemical weapons". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ↑ "Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum". BBC News. August 7, 2014. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ↑ Loveluck, Louisa (August 7, 2014). "Christians flee Iraq's Mosul after Islamists tell them: convert, pay or die". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ↑ "Iraq: ISIS Abducting, Killing, Expelling Minorities". Human Rights Watch. 19 July 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ↑ Ahmed, Azam (27 August 2014). "For Yazidis Betrayed by Arab Neighbors, 'It Will Never Be the Same'". New York Times. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ↑ "ISIS, Saddam's men or a third party who killed 1700 soldiers in camp Speicher in Iraq?" (in Arabic). CNN Arabic. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ↑ "New Secrets are revealed about the Speicher massacre in Iraq". Al Fajr (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2016.