| Coleomegilla maculata | |
|---|---|
 | |
| C. maculata on stem | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Family: | Coccinellidae |
| Genus: | Coleomegilla |
| Species: | C. maculata |
| Binomial name | |
| Coleomegilla maculata De Geer, 1775 | |
Coleomegilla maculata, commonly known as the spotted lady beetle, pink spotted lady beetle or twelve-spotted lady beetle, is a large coccinellid beetle native to North America. The adults and larvae feed primarily on aphids and the species has been used as a biological control agent. Based on name connotation and to avoid confusion with other species also called "spotted ladybeetle", spotted pink ladybeetle is probably the most appropriate common name for this species.[1]
Description
This is generally an oblong, flattened lady beetle species averaging about six millimetres long. Over most of its range the species is pink in coloration, except for subspecies fuscilabris which is bright orange or red. Each elytron features 6 black markings. The thorax is a similar shade of red with two large triangular black patches. Similarity is most apparent with the seaside lady beetle, but that species is limited to coastal habitats and features much larger black markings. In that species the apical pair of spots on the wing covers as well as the pronotum markings are merged, unlike Coleomegilla maculata.[1]
The larvae resemble miniature alligators and are dark coloured. They have three pairs of legs and grow to about six millimetres long. The eggs are spindle shaped and laid upright in groups near potential prey.[2]
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Life cycle
A female beetle may lay between 200 and 1,000 eggs in groups of 8-15 in protected sites on stems and leaves over a three-month period. The larvae actively seek out prey and may travel as far as twelve metres in their search for food. The larvae grow rapidly, moulting four times [2] before attaching themselves by the abdomen to a leaf or other surface to pupate. The adult beetles emerge from three to twelve days later depending on the temperature. There are two to five generations per year. This species is most abundant in September when they congregate before mating and winter hibernation. They overwinter in large aggregations in leaf litter, under stones and in other protected sites at the edge of fields and hedgerows. They emerge in spring and look for suitable prey and egg laying sites in nearby crops, often dispersing by walking along the ground.[3]
Habitat
These lady beetles can be seen wherever the insects on which they prey are found. Crops which support aphid populations include wheat, sorghum, sweet corn, alfalfa, soybeans, peas, beans, cotton, potatoes, brassicaceous crops, tomatoes, asparagus and apples.[3] Besides aphids, they include in their diet adelgids,[2] mites, insect eggs (an example is fall webworm eggs) [4] and small larvae. They also eat pollen which may constitute up to 50% of their food intake,[3] nectar, water and honeydew. When normal prey is scarce, both adults and larvae sometimes exhibit cannibalistic tendencies, eating eggs, larvae and pupae of their own species.[2]
Research
It has been found experimentally that interplanting a crop susceptible to aphid attack with a flowering plant such as the dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, encouraged predation on aphids because the spotted lady beetles were attracted to their pollen-rich flowers.[5]
The spotted lady beetle commonly oviposits on the native weed, Acalypha ostryifolia, when it grows near sweet corn crops in Kentucky. A research study showed that the insect favoured the weed over the corn even though it housed no prey insects. The first instar larvae fell from the weed plants and crawled across the soil for a distance of up to eight metres a day before ascending a sweet corn plant or another weed plant. The presence of this weed, in close proximity to the crop, resulted in more beetle larvae on the crop than was the case when the weed was absent.[6]
Research showed that spotted lady beetle larvae were an important cause of natural mortality for Helicoverpa zea eggs on sweet corn.[7]
A study identified the spotted lady beetle as a significant predator of the eggs of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, with consumption averaging sixty eggs per day.[8]
Another study has shown that the spotted lady beetle reduced populations of eggs and small larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, on potatoes and that the rate of consumption was highly correlated with the air temperature.[9]
Biological control
Manipulative biological control aims to make use of the lady beetles already present in the environment by making conditions as favorable as possible for them and by avoiding spraying chemicals that will interfere with their predation.[2]
Augmentative biological control recognises that lady beetles may be present but may be insufficient in numbers to control the pest species and seeks to make up this deficit.[2]
Classical biological control seeks to introduce a species that is not already present in the environment in the hope that it will become established and eventually control the pest.[2] Supplies of the spotted lady beetle are available commercially for this purpose.
References
- 1 2 Adalia, Field Guide to Ladybugs of the US and Canada
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 J. Howard Frank and Russell F. Mizell, III (August 2009). "Ladybirds". University of Florida Institute of Entomology and Nematology, publication # EENY-170, Featured Creatures. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
- 1 2 3 Hoffmann, M.P.; Frodsham, A.C. Anthony Shelton (ed.). "Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)". Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America. Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ↑ Warren, L. O.; Tadić, Milorad (1967). "The Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea, Its Distribution and Natural Enemies: A World List (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 40 (2): 194–202. JSTOR 25083620.
- ↑ Harmon, J.P.; Ives, A.R.; Josey, J.E.; Olson, A.C.; Rauwald, K.S. (2000). "Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predation on pea aphids promoted by proximity to dandelions". Oecologia. 125: 543–548. doi:10.1007/s004420000476.
- ↑ Cottrell, T.E.; Yeargan, K.V. (1999). "Factors influencing dispersal of larval Coleomegilla maculata from the weed Acalypha ostryaefolia to sweet corn". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 90 (3): 313–322. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00451.x.
- ↑ Michael P. Seagreaves; Kenneth V. Yeargan (2009). "Importance of predation by Coleomegilla maculata larvae in the natural control of the corn earworm in sweet corn". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 19 (10): 1067–1079. doi:10.1080/09583150903308715.
- ↑ Marlin S. Conrad (1959). "The Spotted Lady Beetle, Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer), as a Predator of European Corn Borer Eggs". Journal of Economic Entomology. 52 (5): 843–847. doi:10.1093/jee/52.5.843.
- ↑ Eleanor Groden; Francis A. Drummon; Richard A. Casagrande; Dean L. Hayness (1990). "Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Its Predation upon the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Its Incidence in Potatoes and Surrounding Crops". Journal of Economic Entomology. 83 (4): 1306–1315. doi:10.1093/jee/83.4.1306.