"Clay"
Short story by James Joyce
CountryIreland
LanguageEnglish
Genre(s)short story
Publication
Published inDubliners
Publication typeCollection
Media typePrint
Publication date1914
Chronology
 
Counterparts		  
A Painful Case

"Clay" is a short story by James Joyce published in his 1914 collection Dubliners. It deals with the reflections of a middle-aged, unmarried woman during the course of her day.

The story

Maria, a tiny, middle-aged, well-loved, and peacemaking woman with a job in Dublin by Lamplight,[1] a rescue mission for wayward women,[2] is looking forward to a holiday evening at the house of Joe, whom she nursed when he was a boy, along with his brother Alphy, and of whom she is still very fond. She departs for Joe's after attending a tea service with her fellow laundresses, stopping to buy cakes for the Halloween party on the way. At the bakery, Maria is somewhat teased by the clerk, who asks whether she wishes to buy a wedding cake, mirroring a similar joke that was made at the earlier tea. On a tram, Maria has a bashful encounter with an elderly and drunken man who chats with her.

She is welcomed warmly at the house by Joe’s family, but she is saddened and ashamed to realize that she has left the plumcake she bought for Joe and his wife on the tram, probably due to "flirting" with the elderly man. Maria is soon enticed into playing a traditional Hallow Eve game with the children in which objects are placed in saucers and a blindfolded player has to pick among them. Each object is supposed to have a prophetic significance. One of the objects in the game is a ring, standing for marriage, which Maria failed to get during a similar game (in which objects were baked into pieces of barmbrack) back at the laundry. At Joe's, Maria once again misses the ring and instead chooses what is implied to be a lump of clay. Everyone goes quiet.

Maria is allowed to choose again, however, and this time fetches the prayer-book, indicating a life of spiritual vocation (service at a convent, suggests Joe's wife). After drinking some wine, Maria sings the aria "I Dreamt That I Dwelt in Marble Halls" from the opera The Bohemian Girl by Michael Balfe. She makes what the text refers to as "a mistake" by singing the first verse twice, but nobody corrects her. She omits the second verse of the song; this omission is significant, as the missing verse imagines suitors like the ones that Maria has not had in her life:

I dreamt that suitors sought my hand,

That knights upon bended knee,
And with vows no maiden heart could withstand,
They pledg'd their faith to me.
And I dreamt that one of that noble host
Came forth my hand to claim;
But I also dreamt, which charm'd me most,

That you lov'd me still the same.

The story ends with a description of how Joe, who earlier was angry at Alphy but relented, has been "very much moved" by her song, so moved that he needs to ask his wife to find the corkscrew for him.

Context

The story, like all others in Dubliners, was written in a time of religious and political turmoil in Ireland. The status of an unmarried woman of an advanced age would have been uncomfortable in the Dublin of the collection. Several instances in the story refer to Maria's life of spinsterhood, devoted to others, with no hope of change. The title of the story suggests that one of the children surreptitiously placed a lump of clay in one of the saucers from which the children have to chose their fate, representing death, meaning that the person will die soon. Alcoholism and its hold on Irish life is also heavily referenced. The narrator, through Maria’s eyes, mistakenly confuses Joe’s interest in further drinking with affection for her singing.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ An Irishman’s Diary: James Joyce and Dublin by Lamplight by Frank McNally, An Irishman's Diary, Irish Times, March 6, 2016.
  2. ↑ Joyce, James (2006). Norris, Margot (ed.). Dubliners. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 82, footnote 1. ISBN 978-0-393-97851-3.

Sources

  • Joyce, James. Dubliners (London: Grant Richards, 1914)

Further reading

  • Norris, Margot. “Narration under a Blindfold: Reading Joyce's ‘Clay.’” PMLA, vol. 102, no. 2, 1987, pp. 206–215. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/462549.
  • Beja, Morris. James Joyce. Dubliners And A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man. Macmillan, 1973.
  • Beck, W. Joyce’s Dubliners: Substance, Vision, and Art. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1969.
  • Benstock, B. Narrative Con/Texts in Dubliners. London: Macmillan, 1994.
  • Bulson, E. The Cambridge Introduction to James Joyce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Gifford, D. Notes for Joyce: Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co, 1967.
  • Seidel, M. James Joyce: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
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