Ciona intestinalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Tunicata
Class: Ascidiacea
Order: Phlebobranchia
Family: Cionidae
Genus: Ciona
Species:
C. intestinalis
Binomial name
Ciona intestinalis
(Linnaeus, 1767)

Ciona intestinalis (sometimes known by the common name of vase tunicate) is an ascidian (sea squirt), a tunicate with very soft tunic. Its Latin name literally means "pillar of intestines", referring to the fact that its body is a soft, translucent column-like structure, resembling a mass of intestines sprouting from a rock.[1] It is a globally distributed cosmopolitan species. Since Linnaeus described the species, Ciona intestinalis has been used as a model invertebrate chordate in developmental biology and genomics.[2] Studies conducted between 2005 and 2010 have shown that there are at least two, possibly four, sister species.[3][4][5] More recently it has been shown that one of these species has already been described as Ciona robusta.[6] By anthropogenic means, the species has invaded various parts of the world and is known as an invasive species.[7][8]

Although Linnaeus first categorised this species as a kind of mollusk, Alexander Kovalevsky found a tadpole-like larval stage during development that shows similarity to vertebrates. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies as well as phylogenomic studies support that sea squirts are the closest invertebrate relatives of vertebrates.[9] Its full genome has been sequenced using a specimen from Half Moon Bay in California, US,[10] showing a very small genome size, less than 1/20 of the human genome, but having a gene corresponding to almost every family of genes in vertebrates.

Description

Ciona intestinalis is a solitary tunicate with a cylindrical, soft, gelatinous body, up to 20 centimetres (8 in) long. The body colour and colour at the distal end of siphons are major external characters distinguishing sister species within the species complex.[11]

The body of Ciona is bag-like and covered by a tunic, which is a secretion of the epidermal cells. The body is attached by a permanent base located at the posterior end, while the opposite extremity has two openings, the buccal and atrial siphons. Water is drawn into the ascidian through the buccal (oral) siphon and leaves the atrium through the atrial siphon (cloacal).

Ecology

Ciona intestinalis is a hermaphroditic broadcast spawner but cannot self-fertilize.[12] Eggs and sperm, when released, can stay in the water column for 1 to 2 days, while the larvae are free-swimming for 2 to 10 days.

Ciona intestinalis is considered to be an invasive species and grows in dense aggregations on any floating or submerged substrate, particularly artificial structures like pilings, aquaculture gear, floats and boat hulls, in the lower intertidal to sub-tidal zones. It often grows with or on other fouling organisms. It is thought to spread to new areas mainly through hull fouling. Since its larvae can live for up to 10 days, this species may also be transferred through the release of bilge or ballast water.

The potential impact of C. intestinalis and its introduction to new habitats can be avoided, so most agencies suggest that fish and shellfish harvesters are to avoid transfer of harvested shellfish and fishing gear to other areas, and to dry gear thoroughly before transfer, along with inspecting boat hulls. They also recommend that, if necessary, to clean them thoroughly, and to disinfect with bleach or vinegar and dry them before moving to other areas. Agencies also recommended the disposal of any organisms removed from boat hulls or gear on land and to release bilge water on land or disinfect it.

Sexual reproduction

Ciona intestinalis is an hermaphrodite that releases sperm and eggs into the surrounding seawater almost simultaneously. C. intestinalis is self-sterile, and thus has been used for studies on the mechanism of self-incompatibility.[13] Self/non-self-recognition molecules are considered to play a key role in the process of interaction between sperm and the vitelline coat of the egg. It appears that self/non-self recognition in ascidians such as C. intestinalis is mechanistically similar to self-incompatibility systems in flowering plants.[13] Self-incompatibility promotes out-crossing which provides the adaptive advantage at each generation of masking deleterious recessive mutations (i.e. genetic complementation).[14]

Cell signalling

In the sea squirt C. intestinalis a CB1 and CB2-type cannabinoid receptors is found to be targeted to axons, indicative of an ancient role for cannabinoid receptors as axonal regulators of neuronal signalling.[15]

Genetics

Ciona intestinalis was one of the first animals to have its full genome sequenced, in 2002. It has a relatively small genome (about 160 Mbp) consisting of 14 pairs of chromosomes with about 16,000 genes.[16]

Hox genes

The draft genome analysis identified nine Hox genes, which are Ci-Hox1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, and 13.[10] Ciona savignyi, the closest relative of Ciona intestinalis, also has the same set of Hox genes. The organization of Hox genes is only known for C. intestinalis among ascidians. The nine Hox genes are located on two chromosomes; Ci-Hox1 to 10 on one chromosome and Ci-Hox12 and 13 on another. The intergenic distances within the Ciona Hox genes are extraordinarily long. Seven Hox genes, Ci-Hox1 to 10, are distributed along approximately half the length of the chromosome. Comparisons to Hox gene expression and location in other species suggests that the Hox genes in ascidian genomes are under a dispersing condition.[17]

GEVIs

A majority of genetically encoded voltage indicator are based on the C. intestinalis voltage-sensitive domain (Ci-VSD).

Transferrin

There is one transferrin ortholog which is divergent from those of vertebrate models, and even more divergent from non-chordates.[18]

Carotenoid metabolism

A retinol dehydrogenase – CiRdh10 – is disclosed in Belyaeva et al. 2015.[19]

References

  1. ↑ Lane, Nick (2010-06-14). Life Ascending: The Ten Great Inventions of Evolution. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 192. ISBN 978-0393338669.
  2. ↑ Satoh, Nori (2003). "The ascidian tadpole larva: comparative molecular development and genomics". Nature Reviews Genetics. 4 (4): 285–295. doi:10.1038/nrg1042. PMID 12671659. S2CID 27548417.
  3. ↑ Suzuki, Miho M; Nishikawa T; Bird A (2005). "Genomic approaches reveal unexpected genetic divergence within Ciona intestinalis". J Mol Evol. 61 (5): 627–635. Bibcode:2005JMolE..61..627S. doi:10.1007/s00239-005-0009-3. PMID 16205978. S2CID 5173.
  4. ↑ Caputi, Luisi; Andreakis N; Mastrototaro F; Cirino P; Vassillo M; Sordino P (2007). "Cryptic speciation in a model invertebrate chordate". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 104 (22): 9364–9369. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.9364C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610158104. PMC 1890500. PMID 17517633.
  5. ↑ Zhan, A; Macisaac HJ; Cristescu ME (2010). "Invasion genetics of the Ciona intestinalis species complex: from regional endemism to global homogeneity". Molecular Ecology. 19 (21): 4678–4694. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04837.x. PMID 20875067. S2CID 205363202.
  6. ↑ Brunetti, Riccardo; Gissi C; Pennati R; Caicci F; Gasparini F; Manni L (2015). "Morphological evidence that the molecularly determined Ciona intestinalis type A and type B are different species: Ciona robusta and Ciona intestinalis". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 53 (3): 186–193. doi:10.1111/jzs.12101. hdl:11577/3155577.
  7. ↑ Blum, J.C.; Chang, AL.; Liljesthröm, M.; Schenk, M.E.; Steinberg, M.K.; Ruiz, G.M. (2007). "The non-native solitary ascidian Ciona intestinalis (L.) depresses species richness". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 342: 5–14. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.010.
  8. ↑ Herridge, Paul (June 11, 2013). "The vase tunicate has landed". The Southern Gazette. Marystown, Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  9. ↑ Putnam, NH; Butts T; Ferrier DE; Furlong RF; Fellsten U; et al. (June 2008). "The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype". Nature. 453 (7198): 1064–71. Bibcode:2008Natur.453.1064P. doi:10.1038/nature06967. PMID 18563158.
  10. 1 2 Dehal, P; Satou Y; Campbell RK; et al. (December 2002). "The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins" (PDF). Science. 298 (5601): 2157–2166. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2157D. doi:10.1126/science.1080049. PMID 12481130. S2CID 15987281. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
  11. ↑ Sato, Atsuko; Satoh N; Bishop JDD (2012). "Field identification of the ascidian species complex Ciona intestinalis in the region of symatory". Marine Biology. 159 (7): 1611–1619. doi:10.1007/s00227-012-1898-5. S2CID 84148906.
  12. ↑ Harada, Y; Takagi Y; et al. (2008). "Mechanisms of self-fertility in a hermaphroditic chordate". Science. 320 (5875): 548–50. doi:10.1126/science.1152488. PMID 18356489. S2CID 12250316.
  13. 1 2 Sawada H, Morita M, Iwano M (August 2014). "Self/non-self recognition mechanisms in sexual reproduction: new insight into the self-incompatibility system shared by flowering plants and hermaphroditic animals". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 450 (3): 1142–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.099. PMID 24878524.
  14. ↑ Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE (September 1985). "Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex". Science. 229 (4719): 1277–81. Bibcode:1985Sci...229.1277B. doi:10.1126/science.3898363. PMID 3898363.
  15. ↑ Elphick, Maurice R. (2012-12-05). "The evolution and comparative neurobiology of endocannabinoid signalling". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 367 (1607): 3201–3215. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0394. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3481536. PMID 23108540.
  16. ↑ Shoguchi, Eiichi; Kawashima, Takeshi; Nishida-Umehara, Chizuko; Matsuda, Yoichi; Satoh, Nori (2005). "Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of Ciona intestinalis Chromosomes". Zoological Science. 22 (5): 511–6. doi:10.2108/zsj.22.511. hdl:2433/57195. PMID 15930823. S2CID 22661234.
  17. ↑ Ikuta, Tetsuro, and Hidetoshi Saiga. "Organization of Hox genes in ascidians: Present, past, and future." Developmental Dynamics 233.2 (2005): 382-89.
  18. ↑ Gabaldón, Toni; Koonin, Eugene V. (2013-04-04). "Functional and evolutionary implications of gene orthology". Nature Reviews Genetics. Nature Portfolio. 14 (5): 360–366. doi:10.1038/nrg3456. ISSN 1471-0056. PMC 5877793. PMID 23552219.
  19. ↑ Bedois, Alice M. H.; Parker, Hugo Jonathan; Krumlauf, Robb (2021-08-23). "Retinoic Acid Signaling in Vertebrate Hindbrain Segmentation: Evolution and Diversification". Diversity. MDPI. 13 (8): 398. doi:10.3390/d13080398. ISSN 1424-2818. S2CID 238675287. (HJP ORCID 0000-0001-7646-2007).
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