Christian and Nick Candy
Born
Christian Peter Candy
(1974-07-31) 31 July 1974
Nicholas Anthony Christopher Candy
(1973-01-23) 23 January 1973
NationalityBritish
EducationPriory Preparatory School
Epsom College
Alma materKing's College London (Christian)
University of Reading (Nicholas)
OccupationProperty developers
SpousesChristian:
Emily Crompton
​
(m. 2010)​

Nicholas:
​
(m. 2012)​
ChildrenChristian: 2
Nicholas: 2

Nicholas Anthony Christopher Candy (born 23 January 1973)[1][2] and Christian Peter Candy (born 31 July 1974)[3] are British luxury property developers. The brothers were estimated to share a joint net worth of £1.5 billion in the Estates Gazette rich list 2010, placing them at position 52 in the list of the richest property developers in the United Kingdom.[4]

Early life and education

Born in London to a Greek-Cypriot mother and English father, the brothers were educated at Priory Preparatory School and Epsom College[5] in Surrey. Christian was later studying for a business management degree at King's College London but did not graduate. Nick graduated from University of Reading with a degree in Human Geography.[6]

Career

In 1995, they bought their first property, a one-bedroom flat in Redcliffe Square, Earl's Court, London. Using a £6,000 loan from their grandmother, the brothers renovated the £122,000 apartment while living in it. Eighteen months later they sold it for £172,000, making a £50,000 profit.[7]

In their spare time between 1995 and 1999, the brothers began renovating flats and working their way up the property ladder.[8] Eventually they were able to give up their day jobs where Nick worked in advertising for J. Walter Thompson and Christian for investment bank Merrill Lynch and established Candy & Candy in 1999, of which Nick is CEO.[9] Nicholas and Christian, who did collaborate on the prestigious One Hyde Park scheme in London, operate separate independent businesses and have done for a number of years. In June 2018, Candy & Candy was renamed Candy Property in order to reinforce Nick Candy's sole ownership of the business and to align with his wider portfolio of companies.[10] In 2004, Christian established CPC Group in Guernsey, to specialise in high-end residential developments around the world. Some of their more high-profile developments, however, have been in London.[11]

In 2016 and 2017 they were involved in high-profile litigation in the High Court in London which put their reputations on the line. Mark Holyoake claimed in the High Court action that the Candy Brothers had used threats against him and his family to extort total repayments of £37m against a £12m loan.[12] Although they were cleared of extortion, Mr Justice Nugee said in his judgment "the protagonists...have been willing to lie when they consider their commercial interests justify them doing so". Mr Justice Nugee went on to say "he had found none of Mr Holyoake's claims to be true, and that there had been no undue duress, influence, intimidation or unlawful interference with economic interests."[13][14] In June 2018, following another application by Mr. Holyoake, the Court of Appeal rejected Mark Holyoake's bid challenging the high-profile high court ruling in December 2017 (above). Lord Justice David Richards concluded that Mr Holyoake's arguments had "no real prospect of success" meaning Mr Justice Nugee's original decision in 2017 was affirmed.[15]

In recent years Nick Candy has diversified his interests outside of real estate and developed a portfolio of global investments (often in high tech, leading edge technology) through his private investment fund Candy Ventures.[16] Candy Ventures,[17] alongside Qualcomm Ventures was reported to have led a $37 million funding round for a leading augmented reality and computer vision company.[18] Candy Ventures acquired the intellectual property assets of leading augmented reality start-up Blippar in January 2019.[19]

The website for Candy Ventures lists 18 investments within the companies portfolio, including Blippar, UK fashion house Ralph & Russo and data processing company Hanzo Archives.[20] Nick Candy is currently in dispute with Ralph & Russo, which filed for bankruptcy in March 2018, in the UK High Court over a disagreement over the terms of a £17 million loan given by Candy Ventures to the company.[21]

Candy Ventures acquired a stake in Blippar and another tech start-up, Crowdmix, after both companies were placed into administration.[22][23] The takeovers were both facilitated by Paul Appleton, who worked as the administrator for the two companies and was appointed administrator in the Ralph & Russo bankruptcy.[24] Their portfolio includes mining investments in the Runruno gold mine in the Philippines, which has faced opposition from human rights groups after the demolition of local communities in 2012, which caused injuries to six local people.[25][26] The development has also been blamed for causing landslides leading to deaths in the area.[27] On 28 May 2022, The Times reported that Candy Ventures is considering a bid to buy The Hut Group, though journalist Oliver Shah was sceptical, pointing to "a series of disastrous investments in tech start-ups" and "no record of big acquisitions".[28] However, on 15 June 2022, Bloomberg reported that Candy Ventures had pulled out of the bidding process for The Hut Group.[29]

On 9 March 2022, Nick Candy, a boyhood fan, confirmed he was planning a consortium bid to take over Chelsea Football Club after owner Roman Abramovich put the club up for sale following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[30] The sale process was halted the following day after Abramovich's assets, including the club, were frozen to stop him making money from Chelsea, but the UK government was open to considering a variation to its sanctions licence to allow a sale so long as Abramovich received no funds.[31] On 25 March 2022, The Athletic reported that Candy's bid to acquire Chelsea had failed, despite support from South Korean firms Hana Financial and C&P Sports Group.[32]

In July 2022, his Luxembourg-registered investment vehicle, Candy Ventures SARL, sued Aaqua BV and its major shareholder, Robert Bonnier, for an alleged fraud.[33] He claimed that Bonnier misled him about Aaqua, a false claim that Apple and LVMH are interested to invest in Aaqua, so requested to the court to froze Bonnier's assets and nullify the swap of his shares in Audioboom Group PLC, a podcast platform, with Aaqua.[33][34] Later, the High Court issued a freezing order against Bonnier, but ordered that Candy Ventures had to obtain a £10 million bank guarantee to maintain the freezing order.[33] In August 2022, the freezing orders were discharged. On 7 September 2022, Bonnier demanded £150 million in damages from Candy for falsely obtained freezing orders that turned his technology company into a credit risk.[35]

In 2023 Dubai World Trade Centre (DWTC) and Nick Candy’s Candy Capital announced that they have formed a partnership to develop a “super-prime” real estate development in Dubai.[36]

Notable development projects

One Hyde Park (2004)

In 2004, the brothers sought an investment partner to help them buy the site of Bowater House in Knightsbridge, with plans to demolish it and construct 86 luxury apartments.[37]

After setting up a joint venture with Waterknights – a private company owned by the Prime Minister of Qatar – they purchased the site from Land Securities in 2005 for £150m.[38] One Hyde Park was also financed by a £1.15 billion development loan from the German bank, Eurohypo, a successor to the defunct Dresdner Bank, which was led by Matthias Warnig, a long-term associate of Russian President Vladimir Putin.[39][40]

They then hired the architect Richard Rogers to design the exterior, and used their own Candy & Candy to handle interior design. One Hyde Park: The Residences of Mandarin Oriental, London, was constructed in four years after obtaining planning permission in 2006, with the finished development housing three commercial units: Rolex, McLaren Automotive and Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank.[41][42] Despite its name, the building's address is located at 68-114 Knightsbridge, London.[7] In 2015, The Guardian obtained a leaked recording of a 2010 promotional video for One Hyde Park, which features Richard Rogers, Nick Candy and Christian Candy, and Stephen Smith, a tax advisor for the Candy Brothers, who demanded changes to the video to "improve the tax profile" to avoid an enquiry by Her Majesty's Revenue & Customs, which at the time was led by Ian Barlow, a former director of a Candy brothers company in the British Virgin Islands.[43][44]

The One Hyde Park development officially launched in January 2011[45] and had a profound effect on the global real estate market, breaking a number of industry records as the most expensive residential development in the world.[46] It was reported that the penthouse apartments alone fetched some of the highest prices on record.[47] Since the development opened, apartments at the complex have been purchased by the superrich, including Viktor Kharitonin, a Russian billionaire and business partner of Roman Abramovich, Ukrainian oligarch Rinat Akhmetov, who bought a triplex penthouse in 2010 for £136 million, Anar Aitzhanova, a Kazakh singer whose husband was shot dead in 2004, and Ekaterina Fedun, the daughter of Russian billionaire and Lukoil shareholder Leonid Fedun.[48] Other owners of flats in the bloc include Temur Akhmedov, the son of sanctioned Russian-Azeri oligarch Farkhad Akhmedov, whose $460 million superyacht is now frozen in Germany due to EU sanctions following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.[49][50] On 18 June 2022, The Telegraph reported that Alexander Ponomarenko, a sanctioned Russian oligarch accused of purchasing a palace on behalf of President Vladimir Putin, is the owner of an apartment at One Hyde Park valued at £60 million.[51]

In October 2018, it was reported that Nick Candy refinanced his penthouse at One Hyde Park with an £80 million mortgage from Credit Suisse in order to pursue rental opportunities.[52] The property is reportedly valued at £160 million.[52]

In April 2021, Bloomberg reported that Nick had placed his penthouse on the market for £175 million.[53] In August 2020, Nick also announced that his yacht, the Eleven Eleven was up for sale for €59.5 million.[54]

NoHo Square (2006)

In 2006, the site of the former Middlesex Hospital was purchased for £175m by Project Abbey (Guernsey) Holdings Ltd – an investment consortium which included Kaupthing Bank, the now defunct Icelandic bank, and was led by the Candy's CPC Group.[55] In February 2007, the brothers applied to Westminster City Council for planning permission to redevelop the 1.2 hectare (3 acre) site into a mixed use development of several hundred new residential units and office space.[56][57] The plans were met with strong criticism from local residents over the Candy's choice of NoHo Square as the name for the new development.[58]

Planning permission for NoHo Square was granted in November 2007; however, the completion of demolition of the hospital in 2008 coincided with the collapse of Kaupthing as a result of the 2007-2008 global financial crisis.[59] Kaupthing was the largest shareholder in the Guernsey-based consortium which bought the Middlesex site from University College Hospital in 2006, and with the bank in administration, the NoHo Square development stalled. As a result of CPC Group being partners with Kaupthing in another property development over in the US, the Candy brothers were able to transfer their equity stake in NoHo Square to the bank and in exchange take full control of the US development.[55][60]

Chelsea Barracks (2007)

In April 2007, the Candy brothers acquired the Chelsea Barracks in a joint venture with Qatari Diar, part of the Qatar government's investment arm.[61] In what is believed to be Britain's costliest residential property deal, the Candy brothers and the Qatari government have bought the 12.8-acre site from the Ministry of Defence for £959m.

In 2010, Candy's CPC Group brought an £81 million lawsuit against the Qatar Diar after the latter pulled out of the project, which was later settled out of court.[62] Qatari Diar's decision to abandon the project came after pressure from Prince Charles, who criticised the plans and Qatar's Prime Minister and Chairman of Qatari Diar, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al-Thani, calling the plans "brutish".[63] Specifically, Charles was quoted as saying the Chelsea Barracks project would be “a gigantic experiment with the very soul of our capital city” and went on saying “it should be scrapped in favour of something more “old-fashioned”. High Court judge, Mr. Justice Vos ruled that Charles’ intervention in the design of the project was immediately recognized and raised serious political issues that needed to be dealt with at the highest level inferring that Charles had intervened unlawfully. [64]

Beverly Hills 9900 Wilshire development (2008)

In April 2007, the Candy brothers purchased – through CPC Group – an eight-acre site in Beverly Hills, California, known as 9900 Wilshire, with their equity partners Kaupthing for a reported £250m.[65]

CPC Group hired architect Richard Meier to design a condominium and retail complex in place of the former Robinsons-May department store. Victor Bardack of the Beverly Hills North Homeowners Association said: "To put two huge projects on the already-impacted intersection of Santa Monica and Wilshire boulevards is grossly detrimental to the community,[...] It'll be gridlock forever."[66] The controversy stemmed from the Sheikh being part owner of a Middle Eastern newspaper that has been accused of being anti-Semitic and anti-American.[67]

CPC Group served a written notice of default on Kaupthing shortly after. In the same month, the situation was made worse when the acquisition loan to the project from Credit Suisse became past due, and, additionally, it became increasingly difficult to get financing on the 250 condominiums that the original plans catered for. This was due to the collapse of the property market and banks pulling their funding.[68][69] It was later reported that CPC Group – after negotiating full control of the development from Kaupthing – defaulted on a US$365.5 million bank loan.[55][60]

Gordon House

Christian agreed to purchase Gordon House from the Royal Hospital Chelsea in 2012. He exchanged contracts, consisting of two lease agreements for £20 million and £48 million. Christian began elaborate subterranean building works, including a 60 ft swimming pool and a cinema. Even though he had not completed on the purchase, the start of the works triggered a rule that the purchase had been "substantially performed", so he had to pay the SDLT levy. He decided not to move in, despite having paid £27.4 million of the price, and gave it to Nick, who finished the works and completed on the purchase — at which point he became liable to pay the tax again.[70]

Personal life

Christian married Emily Crompton,[71] socialite and former nightclub hostess, in a lavish ceremony in 2010. They had twins in 2013, Isabella Monaco Evanthia and Cayman Charles Wolf. They lived between UK and Monaco.[72]

On 29 September 2012, Nick married the Australian-British actress-musician-TV presenter Holly Valance in Beverly Hills, California, US.[73] In November 2013 in London, they had their first child, a daughter, Luka Violet Toni.[74] Their second daughter, Nova Skye Coco, was born in September 2017.[75] On 8 April 2022, Candy and Valance were pictured with former US President Donald Trump and British politician Nigel Farage at Trump's Mar-a-Lago resort, with a tweet by Farage indicating that the group had dinner together.[76] A report in The Times on 28 May 2022 indicated that Candy is also friends with comedians Jimmy Carr and David Walliams, referring to Candy as "any Olympic level name dropper".[28]

In December 2021, The Daily Mirror published a photograph revealing that Nick attended a party with the then Conservative London mayoral candidate Shaun Bailey on 14 December 2020, which would have broken coronavirus restrictions at the time.[77] The publication of the photograph in December 2021 followed reporting by The Times in March 2021, which named Nick as the leader of fundraising for Shaun Bailey's London mayoral campaign.[78] In June 2020, The Guardian also reported that Candy had donated £100,000 to the Conservative Party in March 2020.[79]

References

  1. ↑ "Nick Candy | Official Profile on The Marque". THE MARQUE.
  2. ↑ "NICHOLAS CANDY - LONDON - CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER". Checkcompany.co.uk. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  3. ↑ "CHRISTIAN PETER CANDY - LONDON". Checkcompany.co.uk. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  4. ↑ Cahill, Julia. "Rich List 2010" (PDF). Estates Gazette. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  5. ↑ Adams, Guy (2 February 2008). "Candy and Candy: Sweet dreams - Profiles - People - The Independent". The Independent. London. Retrieved 7 November 2012. Nick was born in 1973, Christian in 1974, and both went to public school in Epsom.
  6. ↑ "Joint CEO and Founder, Candy & Candy Ltd". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  7. 1 2 BARRIONUEVO, ALEXEI (29 June 2012). "The Upstarts' Empire". New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  8. ↑ "Candy and Candy: Sweet Dreams". The Independent. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  9. ↑ "Candy and Candy profile". Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  10. ↑ Hipwell, Deirdre (24 July 2018). "Candy brothers go their own way". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  11. ↑ "One Hyde Park". One Hyde Park. 22 April 2019.
  12. ↑ Croft, Jane (3 April 2017). "Lawsuit gives rare glimpse into billionaire Candy brothers' world". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  13. ↑ Dey, Iain. "Candy Judgment Press Commentary".
  14. ↑ "Neutral Citation Number: [2017] EWHC 3397 (Ch) Case No: HC-2015-003369". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary.
  15. ↑ "Richards LJ dismisses Holyoake Appeal".
  16. ↑ "Home". Candy Ventures.
  17. ↑ "Blippar picks up $37 million hoping to become profitable in the next year". TechCrunch. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  18. ↑ "Blippar raises another £28m as AR start-up's losses mount". Sky News. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  19. ↑ Ram, Aliya (23 January 2019). "UK augmented reality start-up Blippar to relaunch". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  20. ↑ "Companies Archive". Candy Ventures. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  21. ↑ Ames, Jonathan. "Designer Tamara Ralph is accused of using firm's cash on pets". The Times. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  22. ↑ Field, Matthew (17 December 2018). "Blippar sinks into administration after funding dispute between investors". The Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  23. ↑ Browne, Ryan (18 December 2018). "Augmented reality start-up Blippar collapses and lays off all staff". CNBC.
  24. ↑ Portee, Allyson. "British Haute Couture House Ralph & Russo Has Gone Into Administration Due To Perilous Economic Downturn". Forbes.
  25. ↑ "Candy makes cash offer for miner". Financial Times. 23 July 2010.
  26. ↑ "Nigel Farage, Arron Banks, and the ugly face of metals mining". openDemocracy.
  27. ↑ "Undermining people's safety: Large mines and disasters in Cagayan Valley".
  28. 1 2 Shah, Oliver. "Nick Candy: the toytown tycoon trying to play with the big boys". The Times.
  29. ↑ "Nick Candy and Belerion Capital Drop Pursuit of Retailer THG". Bloomberg.
  30. ↑ "Chelsea: British businessman Nick Candy says he is planning takeover bid". BBC Sport. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  31. ↑ "Roman Abramovich: Sanctions of Chelsea owner by UK government halt club's sale". BBC Sport. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  32. ↑ Slater, Matt. "Nick Candy and Woody Johnson out of race to buy Chelsea". The Athletic.
  33. 1 2 3 Field, Matthew; Corfield, Gareth (21 August 2022). "Nick Candy bids to freeze former partner's assets in row over tech investment". The Telegraph.
  34. ↑ "Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem". Techinasia.
  35. ↑ "Investor Candy Faces £150M Damages Bid Over 'False' WFOs".
  36. ↑ "Dubai real estate: Nick Candy, DWTC working on 'super-prime' development". Arabian Business.
  37. ↑ Maley, Jacqueline (25 February 2006). "£20m flats offer the ultimate in lateral living". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  38. ↑ "Land Securities sells Bowater House, Knightsbridge". Land Securities. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  39. ↑ "One Hyde Park to pay debt on opening". Financial Times. 14 January 2011.
  40. ↑ Chazan, Guy; Crawford, David (23 February 2005). "A Friendship Forged in Spying Pays Dividends in Russia Today". Wall Street Journal.
  41. ↑ "One Hyde Park Press Commentary". Independent.co.uk. 23 October 2011.
  42. ↑ "One Hyde Park Background Information" (PDF). Candy & Candy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  43. ↑ "Revealed: the video the Candy brothers' tax adviser didn't want you to see". The Guardian. 8 June 2015.
  44. ↑ "Tax havens" (PDF).
  45. ↑ "One Hyde Park, the world's most expensive apartments, opens its doors for the first time". www.telegraph.co.uk.
  46. ↑ Zeveloff, Julie. "The Incredible Story Of London's One Hyde Park, The Most Expensive Apartment Building In The World". Business Insider.
  47. ↑ "Reporting highest prices". 12 April 2012.
  48. ↑ Midolo, Emanuele. "The inside story of Nick and Christian Candy's One Hyde Park, the world's most expensive building". The Times.
  49. ↑ "Oligarch's son told to pay mother £75m after world's biggest divorce case". The Guardian. 21 April 2021.
  50. ↑ Kay, Grace. "Russian oligarch calls for EU to return the $460 million superyacht that was once involved in one of the largest divorce settlements in UK history". Business Insider.
  51. ↑ Mendick, Robert (18 June 2022). "Secret funder of 'Putin's Palace' owns £60m flat in One Hyde Park". The Telegraph.
  52. 1 2 Byers, David; Hipwell, Dierdre; Clarence-Smith, Louisa (10 October 2018). "Property tycoon Nick Candy takes out £80m mortgage on London flat". Times. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  53. ↑ "London Penthouse Offered for Sale for $241 Million by Entrepreneur Nick Candy". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  54. ↑ "Real Estate Mogul Nick Candy Is Selling His $71 Million Yacht". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  55. 1 2 3 KEILTHY, PAUL (31 October 2008). "NOHO SQUARE DEAL IN RUINS". West End Extra. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  56. ↑ "Old Middlesex Hospital, London, United Kingdom". World Architecture News. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  57. ↑ "Planning » Application Summary". Westminster City Council. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  58. ↑ Davis, Anna. "Noho? No way, this is Fitzrovia". Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  59. ↑ "07/09993/ADCAC | Details of demolition timing pursuant to Condition 1 of conservation area consent dated 19 October 2007 (RN: 07/01121). | Middlesex Hospital Mortimer Street London W1T 3AA". Westminster City Council. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  60. 1 2 Bar-Hillel, Mira (20 February 2010). "Candy brothers lose millions of dollars on LA property deal that turned sour". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  61. ↑ Taylor, Jerome. "Young brothers behind Britain's record-breaking property deal". The Independent. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  62. ↑ "Qatari Diar Settles Chelsea Barracks Suit With CPC". Bloomberg. 23 July 2010.
  63. ↑ "Prince Charles calls Chelsea Barracks plans 'insane'". The Telegraph.
  64. ↑ Booth, Robert (25 June 2010). "Prince Charles's role in Chelsea barrack planning row 'unwelcome'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  65. ↑ Thomas, Daniel. "Candy brothers buy Kaupthing property stakes". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  66. ↑ Vincent, Roger (11 April 2009). "In Beverly Hills, high end indeed". LA Times. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  67. ↑ "Jewish lobby threatens Candy brothers' US deal". The Independent. London. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  68. ↑ "9900 Wilshire Owners Cope With Iceland Chaos". The Beverly Hills Courier. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  69. ↑ Karp, Jonathan (30 October 2008). "Beverly Hills Development Is in Doubt After Default". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  70. ↑ Byers, David. "Candy brothers lose £4m stamp duty battle over Georgian mansion". The Times.
  71. ↑ "Property Developer Christian Candy makes Emily Crompton an offer she can't refuse". The Telegraph. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  72. ↑ Rupert Neate (20 October 2014). "Candy brothers: 'One day they were likely lads, then they were everywhere' | Business". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  73. ↑ "Holly Valance marries sweetheart Nick Candy in a fairytale wedding in Beverly Hills". heraldsun.com.au. 2 October 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  74. ↑ Eden, Richard (24 November 2013). "Strictly Come Dancing star Holly Valance gives birth to her first child". The Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  75. ↑ "Holly Valance and Nick Candy 'delighted' to welcome second daughter". 21 September 2017.
  76. ↑ Mitchell, Thomas (11 April 2022). "From Ramsay Street to Mar-a-Lago: Why is Holly Valance hanging out with Donald Trump?". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  77. ↑ Crerar, Pippa (14 December 2021). "Extraordinary image shows 'raucous' Xmas party thrown by Tory aides in lockdown breach". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  78. ↑ Clarence-Smith, Louisa. "Nick Candy leads £1m drive to oust London mayor Sadiq Khan". Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  79. ↑ "Revealed: Developers PM backed when London mayor give almost £1m to Tories". the Guardian. 28 June 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
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