Cheating at the Paralympic Games has caused scandals that have significantly changed the way in which the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) manages the events.

Testing for performance-enhancing drugs has become increasingly strict and more widespread throughout the Games, with powerlifting seeing the most positive results. Competitors without disabilities have also competed in some Paralympic Games, with the Spanish entry in the intellectually disabled basketball tournament at the 2000 Summer Paralympics being the most notorious. It has been considered that intentionally misrepresenting a disability classification is as serious as drug use.[1]

Classification misrepresentation

Concerns of athlete cheating by misrepresenting their classifications have been raised over time,[2][3][4][5] by various other athletes including swimmer Jessica Long in 2016,[6][7] and wheelchair racer Tanni Grey-Thompson in 2017.[8] Intentional misrepresentation may provide a competitive advantage to athletes to improve chances of medal winning.[9] In 2017, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) defended their classification system as 'robust'.[9]

At the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, discus thrower Vinod Kumar was banned for two years after being found to have intentionally misrepresented his abilities.[10][11]

In 2023, the former head of the IPC stated there were Paralympic athletes who deliberately exaggerated the level of the impairments.[12] With a risk to Games credibility (and income), the IPC commenced reviewing their athlete classification code in 2021, which is expected to take three years.[11] Both the Chair of the Para Badminton Athletes' Commission, and World Para Swimming classification advisor, indicated there was little chance of athletes getting sanctioned for intentional misrepresentation.[11] In July 2023, one athlete launched a lawsuit against the IPC, that instead of just national and international sporting bodies, athletes would be able to challenge the classification of athletes believed to be mispresenting their impairments.[13]

Doping

The first positive results came in the 1992 Barcelona Games with five athletes found to have used banned substances.[14] The 2000 Sydney Games saw fourteen athletes return a positive test, ten of which were in the powerlifting competition.[15]

The Paralympics have also been tainted by steroid use. At the 2008 Games in Beijing, three powerlifters and a German basketball player were banned after having tested positive for banned substances.[16] This was a decrease in comparison to the ten powerlifters and one track athlete who were banned from the 2000 Games.[17] German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids. He had won two gold medals at the 2002 Winter Paralympics, but his medals were stripped after his positive drug test.[18] At the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, Swedish curler Glenn Ikonen tested positive for a banned substance and was suspended for six months[19] by the IPC. He was removed from the rest of the curling competition but his team was allowed to continue. The 54-year-old curler said his doctor had prescribed a medication on the banned substances list.[20][21]

The Sydney 2000 Doping Control Program had the responsibility of ensuring that the games met the International Paralympic Medical and Anti-Doping Code and, for the first time in the sport, out-of-competition (OOC) testing was introduced. This meant that the testing window was much wider, with any competitor being called for a test at any point throughout the Games.

Nine powerlifters returned positive results before the competition and were promptly ejected. One further powerlifter and an athlete gave positive results after winning medals.[15]

In the Salt Lake City Winter Paralympics in 2002 German cross country skier Thomas Oelsner gave a positive result after winning two gold medals. He was suspended for two years from all IPC events.[22]

Another form of doping is "boosting", used by athletes with a spinal cord injury to induce autonomic dysreflexia and increase blood pressure. This was banned by the IPC in 1994 but is still an ongoing problem in the sport.[23]

Another potential concern is the use of gene therapy among Paralympic athletes. All Paralympic athletes are banned from enhancing their abilities through gene doping, but it is extremely difficult to differentiate these concepts.[24] The World Anti-Doping Agency is currently researching both gene doping and gene therapy, in part to discern the boundary between the two closely related concepts.[25]

Doping in Russia

Having sent samples for forensic analysis, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) found evidence that the Disappearing Positive Methodology was in operation at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi.[26] On 7 August 2016, the IPC's Governing Board voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics, citing the Russian Paralympic Committee's inability to enforce the IPC's Anti-Doping Code and the World Anti-Doping Code which is "a fundamental constitutional requirement".[26] IPC President Sir Philip Craven stated that the Russian government had "catastrophically failed its Para athletes".[27] IPC Athletes' Council Chairperson Todd Nicholson said that Russia had used athletes as "pawns" in order to "show global prowess".[28]

Intellectual disability

In the 1996 Atlanta Games athletes with intellectual disabilities were allowed to participate for the first time with full medal status.[29]

Basketball controversy

The 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, which had already seen controversy with numerous positive drug tests, would be the venue for one of the most scandalous events in the sport's history. Spain was stripped of their intellectual disability basketball gold medals shortly after the Games closed[30] after Carlos Ribagorda, a member of the victorious team and an undercover journalist, revealed to the Spanish business magazine Capital that most of his colleagues had not undergone medical tests to ensure that they had a disability. The IPC investigated the claims and found that the required mental tests, which should show that the competitors have an IQ of no more than 75,[31][32] were not conducted by the Spanish Paralympic Committee (CPE). Ribagorda alleged that some Spanish participants in the table tennis, track and field, and swimming events were also not disabled, meaning that five medals had been won fraudulently.[32][33]

He went on to say that the Spanish Federation of Sportspeople with the Intellectually Disabilities (FEDDI) deliberately chose to sign up athletes who were not intellectually disabled to "win medals and gain more sponsorship".[34] Fernando Martin Vicente, president of the FEDDI and vice-president of CPE, initially denied the allegations.[34] After it was confirmed that 10 of the 12 competitors in the winning team were not disabled,[30] Martin Vicente publicly apologised for the error and accepted total responsibility, resigning just before the findings were officially released.[33]

Two weeks later the team was officially disqualified and was ordered to return the gold medals.[30]

IPC reaction

The IPC announced that, due to serious difficulties in determining the eligibility of athletes, it was suspending all official sporting activities involving an intellectual disability.[35] The IPC attempted to develop a revised system for testing for intellectual disabilities but announced on 1 February 2003 that all events involving learning difficulties would be abandoned for the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens.[36][37]

Following an anti-corruption drive, the International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability (INAS-FID) lobbied to have these athletes reinstated. Beginning in 2004, athletes with an intellectual disability began to be re-integrated into Paralympic sport competitions.[38] The IPC stated that it would re-evaluate their participation following the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games.[39] In November 2009 the ban was lifted and the IPC introduced a series of "sports intelligence" tests to confirm claimed disabilities.[40] The first IPC-run event where intellectual disability athletes were allowed to compete again was the 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships.[40]

List of stripped Paralympic medals

Paralympics Athlete Country Medal Event Ref
2002 Winter Paralympics Thomas Oelsner  Germany 1st place, gold medalist(s) gold 7.5 km biathlon
1st place, gold medalist(s) gold 5 km classic cross country
2000 Summer Paralympics Spain Men's Basketball Team  Spain 1st place, gold medalist(s) gold Basketball ID

See also

References

  1. ↑ SPITS, Scott (31 July 2019). "Misrepresenting disability on a par with doping: Paralympics Australia". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  2. ↑ REYES, Ronny (3 April 2023). "Many Paralympians are faking the severity of their disabilities: former officials". New York Post. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  3. ↑ MARA, Darren; SMITH, Emily Jane (17 August 2021). "Cheating in the Paralympics: The fight for fairness?". SBS News (Dateline). Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  4. ↑ BROWN, Andy (27 September 2018). "New allegations of Paralympic classification cheating". The Sports Integrity Initiative. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  5. ↑ POWIS, Ben; MACBETH, Jessica Louise (2019). ""We know who is a cheat and who is not. But what can you do?": Athletes' perspectives on classification in visually impaired sport" (PDF). International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 55 (5): 588–602. doi:10.1177/1012690218825209.
  6. ↑ NEIDIGH, Lauren (24 June 2016). "Father of Paralympic Champion Jessica Long Speaks Out on Cheating". Swim Swam. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  7. ↑ SANCHEZ, Robert (3 March 2020). "Dirty Pool at the Paralympics: Will Cheating Ruin the Games?". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  8. ↑ GREY, Kate (31 October 2017). "Baroness Grey-Thompson says Para-athletes told not to speak out about classification". British Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  9. 1 2 KELNER, Martha (4 November 2017). "Taped limbs, Valium and cold showers: Paralympic cheating claims mount". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  10. ↑ "Vinod Kumar: Indian Para-athlete banned for 'intentional misrepresentation'". BBC News. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  11. 1 2 3 COHEN, Hagar; McDONALD, Alex; MULHERON, Alice; HARRISON, Dan (4 April 2023). "Paralympic athletes and officials call for action on cheating and intentional misrepresentation". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  12. ↑ COHEN, Hagar; McDONALD, Alex; MULHERON, Alice; WIGGINS, Nick (3 April 2023). "Paralympics in crisis as international and Australian athletes game the system". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  13. ↑ COHEN, Hagar; HARRISON, Dan. "Paralympian David Berling files lawsuit against IPC over allegations of widespread unfair classification". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  14. ↑ Korte, Tim. 7 March 2002. "Cheating Plagues Paralympic Athletes". Accessed 15 August 2007.
  15. 1 2 Vance, Nicki. European Paralympic Committee. "Doping control at the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games Archived October 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 15 August 2007.
  16. ↑ Grey-Thompson, Tanni (2008-09-11). "Cheating does happen in the Paralympics". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  17. ↑ "Paralympians can do the same thing as Olympic athletes-including cheating". Sports Illustrated. CNNSI.com. 2002-03-06. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  18. ↑ Maffly, Bryan (2002-03-13). "Skier Fails Drug Test". Salt Lake 2002 Paralympics. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  19. ↑ Anti-Doping Rule Violation of Swedish Wheelchair Curler, International Paralympic Committee (IPC), May 4, 2010
  20. ↑ Davies, Gareth (2010-03-21). "Winter Paralympics 2010: Wheelchair curler's positive drug test mars closing ceremony". The Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  21. ↑ Little, Lyndon (2010-03-19). "Swedish wheelchair curler suspended for use of an illegal drug". The Vancouver Sun. Canwest Publishing Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-04-24. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  22. ↑ Maffly, Bryan. The Salt Lake Tribune. 13 March 2002. "Skier Fails Drug Test Archived August 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 15 August 2007.
  23. ↑ McGrath, Matt (23 August 2012). "Paralympic athletes who harm themselves to perform better". BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  24. ↑ Wolbring, G. (2008). Oscar Pistorius and the future nature of Olympic, Paralympic and other sports. SCRIPT-ed, 5(1). doi:10.2966/scrip.050108.139.
  25. ↑ World Anti Doping Agency. (October 2009). Gene Doping. In World Anti-Doping Agency. Retrieved April 11, 2012, from "Gene Doping - World Anti-Doping Agency". Archived from the original on 2009-11-21. Retrieved 2013-09-27..
  26. 1 2 "The IPC suspends the Russian Paralympic Committee with immediate effect". International Paralympic Committee. 7 August 2016.
  27. ↑ Craven, Philip (7 August 2016). "The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee". International Paralympic Committee.
  28. ↑ Nicholson, Todd (7 August 2016). "The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee". International Paralympic Committee.
  29. ↑ Robert Daniel Steadward; Elizabeth Jane Watkinson; Garry David Wheeler (2003). Adapted physical activity. University of Alberta. p. 577. ISBN 0-88864-375-6.
  30. 1 2 3 BBC News. 14 December 2000. "Spain ordered to return golds". Accessed 14 August 2007
  31. ↑ Carlos Ribagorda, Spanish Paralympic Team, Sydney 2000. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMNBXU1rP9M&t=65s
  32. 1 2 Reilly, Rick. CNN Sports Illustrated. 5 December 2000. "Paralympic Paradox". Accessed 14 August 2007.
  33. 1 2 CBC Sports. 30 November 2000. "Spanish Paralympic exec resigns amid scandal". Accessed 14 August 2007.
  34. 1 2 BBC News. 24 November 2000. "Spain in Paralympics scandal". Accessed 14 August 2007.
  35. ↑ The New York Times. 30 January 2001. "PLUS: PARALYMPICS; Paralympic Group Orders Suspensions". Accessed 14 August 2007.
  36. ↑ Observer Sport Monthly. 31 October 2004. "The 30 most outrageous sporting moments, part 2". Accessed 14 August 2007.
  37. ↑ IPC. 2 February 2003. "INAS-FID Eligibility System Unsatisfactory: Athletes with Intellectual Disability Cannot Participate". Accessed 14 August 2007.
  38. ↑ PC Membership Embraces Athletes with Intellectual Disability Archived December 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ "Media Centre | IPC". Paralympic.org. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  40. 1 2 "Intellectual disability ban ends". BBC News. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
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