Yuen Ren Chao
趙元任
Chao as a young man (c. 1916)
Born(1892-11-03)3 November 1892
Tianjin, Qing Dynasty
Died25 February 1982(1982-02-25) (aged 89)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Nationality
  • Chinese (1892–1982)
  • American (1954–1982)
EducationCornell University (BA)
Harvard University (PhD)
Known forGwoyeu Romatzyh system, Mandarin Primer, Chinese dialect studies
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1921; died 1981)​
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley
Harvard University
Tsinghua University
Notable studentsJerry Norman
Anne O. Yue-Hashimoto
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese趙元任
Simplified Chinese赵元任

Yuen Ren Chao (traditional Chinese: 趙元任; simplified Chinese: 赵元任; pinyin: Zhào Yuánrèn; 3 November 1892 – 25 February 1982), also known as Zhao Yuanren, was a Chinese-American linguist, educator, scholar, poet, and composer, who contributed to the modern study of Chinese phonology and grammar. Chao was born and raised in China, then attended university in the United States, where he earned degrees from Cornell University and Harvard University. A naturally gifted polyglot and linguist, his Mandarin Primer was one of the most widely used Mandarin Chinese textbooks in the 20th century. He invented the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization scheme, which, unlike pinyin and other romanization systems, transcribes Mandarin Chinese pronunciation without diacritics or numbers to indicate tones.

Early life and education

Chao was born in Tianjin in 1892, though his family's ancestral home was in Changzhou, Jiangsu province. In 1910, Chao went to the United States with a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mathematics and physics at Cornell University, where he was a classmate and lifelong friend of Hu Shih, the leader of the New Culture Movement. He then became interested in philosophy and in 1918 earned a PhD in philosophy from Harvard University with a dissertation entitled "Continuity: Study in Methodology".[1]

Already in college his interests had turned to music and languages. He spoke German and French fluently and some Japanese, and he had a reading knowledge of ancient Greek and Latin. He was Bertrand Russell's interpreter when Russell visited China in 1920. In his My Linguistic Autobiography, he wrote of his ability to pick up a Chinese dialect quickly, without much effort. Chao possessed a natural gift for hearing fine distinctions in pronunciation that was said to be "legendary for its acuity",[2] enabling him to record the sounds of various dialects with a high degree of accuracy.

Career development and later life

In 1920, he returned to China, marrying the physician Yang Buwei there that year.[3]: 17  The ceremony was simple, as opposed to traditional weddings, attended only by Hu Shih and one other friend. Hu's account of it in the newspapers made the couple a model of modern marriage for China's New Culture generation.[4]

Chao taught mathematics at Tsinghua University and one year later returned to the United States to teach at Harvard University. In 1925, he again returned to China, teaching at Tsinghua, and in 1926 began a survey of the Wu dialects.[5] While at Tsinghua, Chao was considered one of the 'Four Great Teachers / Masters' of China, alongside Wang Guowei, Liang Qichao, and Chen Yinke.[6][7]

He began to conduct linguistic fieldwork throughout China for the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica from 1928 onwards. During this period of time, he collaborated with Luo Changpei, another leading Chinese linguist of his generation, to translate Bernhard Karlgren's Études sur la Phonologie Chinoise (published in 1940) into Chinese.

In 1938, he left for the US and resided there afterwards. In 1945, he served as president of the Linguistic Society of America, and in 1966 a special issue of the society's journal Language was dedicated to him. In 1954, he became an American citizen. In the 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. From 1947 to 1960, he taught at the University of California at Berkeley, where in 1952, he became Agassiz Professor of Oriental Languages.

Both Chao and his wife Yang were known for their good senses of humor, he particularly for his love of subtle jokes and language puns: they published a family history entitled, Life with Chaos: the autobiography of a Chinese family.

Late in his life, he was invited by Deng Xiaoping to return to China in 1981. Previously at the invitation of Premier Zhou Enlai, Chao and his wife returned to China in 1973 for the first time since the 1940s. He visited China again between May and June in 1981 after his wife died in March the same year. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His first daughter Rulan Chao Pian (1922–2013) was Professor of East Asian Studies and Music at Harvard. His third daughter Lensey, born in 1929, is a children's book author and mathematician.

Work

Yuen Ren Chao, seated left, and his eldest daughter Iris Rulan Chao Pian. Yuen Ren Chao was married to Buwei Yang Chao (1889–1981), Chinese-American physician and author who introduced the terms "pot sticker" and "stir fry" in her first book, edited by Chao[8]

When in the US in 1921, Chao recorded the Standard Chinese pronunciation gramophone records distributed nationally, as proposed by Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation.

He is the author of one of the most important standard modern works on Chinese grammar, A Grammar of Spoken Chinese (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), which was translated into Chinese separately by Lü Shuxiang (吕叔湘) in 1979 and by Ting Pang-hsin (丁邦新) in 1980. It was an expansion of the grammar chapters in his earlier textbooks, Mandarin Primer and Cantonese Primer. He was co-author of the Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese, which was the first dictionary to characterize Chinese characters as bound (used only in polysyllables) or free (permissible as a monosyllabic word).

General Chinese (通字) is a phonetic system he invented to represent the pronunciations of all major varieties of Chinese simultaneously. It is not specifically a romanization system, but two alternate systems: one uses Chinese characters phonetically, as a syllabary, and the other is an alphabetic romanization system with similar sound values and tone spellings to Gwoyeu Romatzyh. Chao also made a contribution to the International Phonetic Alphabet with the Chao tone letters.[9]

Chart (said to be invented by Chao) illustrating the contours four tones in Standard Chinese

When the pitch descends, the contour is called a falling tone; when it ascends, a rising tone; when it descends and then returns, a dipping or falling-rising tone; and when it ascends and then returns, it is called a peaking or rising-falling tone. A tone in a contour-tone language which remains at approximately an even pitch is called a level tone. Tones which are too short to exhibit much of a contour, typically because of a final plosive consonant, may be called checked, abrupt, clipped, or stopped tones.

His translation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where he tried his best to preserve all the word plays of the original, is considered "a classical piece of verbal art."[10]

He also wrote The Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den. This Chinese text consists of 92 characters, all with the sounds shī, shí, shǐ and shì (the diacritics indicate the four tones of Mandarin). When written out using Chinese characters the text can be understood, but it is incomprehensible when read out aloud in Standard Chinese, and therefore also incomprehensible on paper when written in romanized form. This example is often used as an argument against the romanization of Chinese. In fact, the text was an argument against the romanization of Classical Chinese and Chao was actually for the romanization of modern vernacular written Chinese; he was one of the designers of Gwoyeu Romatzyh.

His composition How could I help thinking of her (教我如何不想她 jiāo wǒ rúhé bù xiǎng tā) was a "pop hit" in the 1930s in China. The lyrics are by Liu Bannong, another linguist.

Chao translated Jabberwocky into Chinese[11] by inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford describes as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original."[12]

Mrs. Chao published How to Cook and Eat in Chinese in 1946, and the book went through many editions. Their daughter Rulan wrote the English text and Mr. Chao developmentally edited the text based on Mrs. Chao's developed recipes, as well as her experiences gathering recipes in various areas of China.[3]: 177–178  Among the three of them, they coined the terms "pot sticker" and "stir fry" for the book, terms which are now widely accepted, and the recipes popularized various related techniques.[13] His presentation of his wife's recipe for "Stirred Eggs" (Chapter 13) is a classic of American comic writing.

Selected works

  • Chao, Yuen Ren (1930). "ə sistim əv "toun-letəz"" [A system of "tone-letters"]. Le Maître Phonétique. 3. 8 (45): 24–27. JSTOR 44704341.
  • ——— (1934). "The Non-uniqueness of Phonemic Solutions of Phonetic Systems" (PDF). Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. 4 (4): 363–398.
  • Karlgren, Bernhard; Chao, Yuen Ren; Li, Fang-Kuei; Luo, Changpei (1940). Zhōngguó yīnyùn xué yánjiū 中国音韵学研究 [Study on Chinese Phonology]. 商務印書館 [Commercial Press].
  • Chao, Yuen Ren; Yang, Lien-sheng (1947). Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • ——— (1947). Cantonese Primer. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • ——— (1948). Mandarin Primer. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • ——— (1965). Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • ——— (1947). Cantonese Primer. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • ——— (1961). "What Is Correct Chinese?". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 81 (3): 171–177. doi:10.2307/595651. JSTOR 595651.
  • ——— (1968). Language and symbolic systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521046169.
  • ——— (1969). "Dimensions of Fidelity in Translation with Special Reference to Chinese". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 29: 109–30. doi:10.2307/2718830. JSTOR 2718830.

References

  1. ↑ Howard Boorman, Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Vol 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 148-149
  2. ↑ Coblin (2003), p. 344.
  3. 1 2 Chao, Yuen Ren. Interviewed by Levenson, Rosemary. "Chinese linguist, phonologist, composer and author: oral history transcript / and related material, 1974-1977," "China Scholars Series"
  4. ↑ Jin Feng, "With This Lingo, I Thee Wed: Language and Marriage in Autobiography of a Chinese Woman," Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18.3-4 (2011)
  5. ↑ Malmqvist, N. G. D. (2010). Bernhard Karlgren: Portrait of a Scholar. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-61146-001-8.
  6. ↑ 1925年－1929年应聘清华大学清华国学研究院导师，为当时时称的四大导师（王国维、梁启超、陈寅恪、赵元任）中最年轻的一位。
  7. ↑ 陳嘉映：〈語言學大師趙元任〉（2009）
  8. ↑ Epstein, Jason (13 June 2004). "Food: Chinese Characters". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  9. ↑ "UC Berkeley Phonology Lab". www.linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  10. ↑ Zongxin Feng, "Translation and Reconstruction of a Wonderland: Alice’s Adventures in China," Neohelicon 36.1 (2009): 237-251.
  11. ↑ Chao, Yuen Ren (1969). "Dimensions of Fidelity in Translation With Special Reference to Chinese". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute. 29: 109–130. doi:10.2307/2718830. JSTOR 2718830.
  12. ↑ Gifford, Rob. "The Great Wall of the Mind." China Road. 237.
  13. ↑ Jason Epstein, “Chinese Characters,” New York Times Magazine (13 June 2004): FOOD Late Edition - Final, Section 6, Page 71, Column 1.

Notes and Further reading

  • Chao, Yuen Ren, "My Linguistic Autobiography", in Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays by Yuen Ren Chao, pp. 1–20, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976. also in Chao, Yuen Ren (1991), Koerner, E. F. K. (ed.), First Person Singular II: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences, John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 47–66, ISBN 978-90-272-4548-9
  • Wang, William S-Y. (1983), "Yuen Ren Chao", Language, 59 (3): 605–607, JSTOR 413906
  • Coblin, W. South (2003). "Robert Morrison and the Phonology of Mid-Qing Mandarin". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 13 (3): 339–355. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003134. S2CID 162258379.
  • Lapolla, Randy (2017). "Chao, Y.R. [Zhào Yuánrèn] 趙元任 (1892–1982)". In Sybesma, Rint (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics (PDF). Vol. 1: A—Dǎi. Brill. pp. 352–356. doi:10.1163/2210-7363_ecll_COM_000028.
  • 陳嘉映：〈語言學大師趙元任〉（2009）[Chen Jiaying: 'Linguist Master Zhao Yuanren' (2009)]
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