In linguistics, case government is government of the grammatical case of a noun, wherein a verb or adposition is said to 'govern' the grammatical case of its noun phrase complement, e.g. in German the preposition für 'for' governs the accusative case: für mich 'for me-accusative'.[1] Case government may modify the meaning of the verb substantially, even to meanings that are unrelated.
Case government is an important notion in languages with many case distinctions, such as Russian and Finnish. It plays less of a role in English, because English does not rely on grammatical cases, except for distinguishing subject pronouns (I, he, she, we, they) from other pronouns (me, him, her, us, them). In English, true case government is absent, but if the aforementioned subject pronouns are understood as regular pronouns in the accusative case, it occurs in sentences such as He found me (not for example *He found I).
Adpositions
In Standard German, there are prepositions which govern each of the three oblique cases: Accusative, Dative, and Genitive. Case marking in German is largely observed on elements which modify the noun (e.g. determiners, adjectives). In the following table, examples of Löffel 'spoon' (Masculine), Messer 'knife' (Neuter), and Gabel 'fork' (Feminine) are in definite noun phrases for each of the four cases. In the oblique cases (i.e. non-Nominative), the prepositions supplied dictate different cases: ohne 'without' governs the accusative, mit 'with' governs the dative, and wegen 'because of' governs the genitive:[2]
| Case | Gender | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
| Nominative |
der the.M.NOM Löffel spoon 'the spoon' |
das the.N.NOM Messer knife 'the knife' |
die the.F.NOM Gabel fork 'the fork' |
| Accusative |
ohne without den the.M.ACC Löffel spoon 'without the spoon' |
ohne without das the.N.ACC Messer knife 'without the knife' |
ohne without die the.F.ACC Gabel fork 'without the fork' |
| Dative |
mit with dem the.M.DAT Löffel spoon 'with the spoon' |
mit with dem the.N.DAT Messer knife 'with the knife' |
mit with der the.F.DAT Gabel fork 'with the fork' |
| Genitive |
wegen because.of des the.M.GEN Löffel-s spoon-M.GEN 'because of the spoon' |
wegen because.of des the.N.GEN Messer-s knife-N.GEN 'because of the knife' |
wegen because.of der the.F.GEN Gabel fork 'because of the fork' |
There are also two-way prepositions which govern the dative when the prepositional phrase denotes location (where at?), but the accusative when it denotes direction (to/from where?).
| a. |
in in sein-em his-M.DAT Palast palace 'in his palace' |
b. |
in in sein-en his-M.ACC Palast palace 'into his palace' |
|---|
Verbs
In Finnish, certain verbs or groups of verbs require associated objects to employ particular cases or case-like suffixes regardless of the circumstances in which a case is normally used. For example, certain verbs expressing emotions such as rakastaa (to love), inhota (to hate), and pelätä (to fear) require the use of the partitive case: thus, "Minä rakastan sinua" (I love you), in which "sinua" is partitive although a complete concrete entity as object would normally take the genitive. A number of verbs associated with sensory perception such as maistua (to taste) and kuulostaa (to sound) employ the ablative-like suffix -lta/-ltä: "Jäätelö maistuu hyvältä" (Ice cream tastes good). And certain verbs referring to interests or hobbies such as pitää (to like) and nauttia (to enjoy) use the elative-like suffix -sta/-stä.[3]
In books on Finnish grammar written in Finnish the phenomenon of case government is usually referred to as "rektio", from the Latin rēctiō (control or governance).
See also
References
- ↑ Bussmann 1996, p. 159.
- ↑ Due to the increasing rarity of the genitive in colloquial speech, prepositions governing the genitive may colloquially take on the dative.
- ↑ Gehring, Sonja; Heinzmann, Sanni (2012). Suomen Mestari 2. Finn Lectura. ISBN 978-951-1-35579-3.
- Bussmann, Hadumon (1996). Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Translated by Trauth, Gregory; Kazzazi, Kerstin. Routledge.