Camp Massad
מחנה מסד‬‎
Massad logo, 1963
Location
Pocono Mountains, Pennsylvania, United States
Coordinates41°13′05″N 74°52′12″W / 41.218°N 74.870°W / 41.218; -74.870
Information
TypeJewish summer camp
FoundedJuly 7, 1941 (1941-07-07)
FounderShlomo Shulsinger
Closed1981 (1981)
GenderCo-educational
LanguageHebrew

Camp Massad (Hebrew: מַחֲנֶה מַסָד, Maḥaneh Massad) was a Zionist Jewish summer camp in the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania, which closed in 1981. Massad's founder, Shlomo Shulsinger, emphasized Hebrew language as a key value in a multi-denominational Zionist Jewish environment.

Massad was founded as a day camp in 1941 by the HaNoar Ha'Ivri with thirty campers, and eventually grew to three sleep-away camps in Pennsylvania, Massad Alef, Bet, and Gimmel, collectively known as the Massad Hebrew Camps in the United States (Hebrew: מַחֲנוֹת מַסָד בְּאַרְצוֹת הַבְּרִית) At its peak in the late 1960s, the Massad camps hosted over a thousand campers and staff each summer. In its forty years of existence, the camp strongly influenced both Jewish camping and Hebrew culture in North America.

History

Early years

Staff picture (1941)

The HaNoar Ha’Ivri movement (Hebrew: הַהִסְתַדְרוּת הַנֹעַר הַעִבְרִי, lit. 'Union of Hebrew Youth') was established in 1937 to build a Jewish life in the United States that promoted Zionism and the revival of the Hebrew language. In September 1940, the HaNoar Ha'Ivri conference reached a unanimous decision to establish an immersive Hebrew-speaking camp, an idea initiated by Shlomo Shulsinger, who came to the United States from Mandatory Palestine in the 1930s.[1] The camp's name, from the Hebrew word meaning "foundation", was inspired by a line from the poem Birkat Am by Hayim Nahman Bialik.[2]

In its first season in 1941, Massad operated as a day camp at Far Rockaway, Queens with Shulsinger as camp director.[3] While deemed a success, members of HaNoar Ha’Ivri felt that Massad had failed to realize its potential due to interruptions from the campers’ everyday life, with the campers' English- and Yiddish-speaking families and the secular non-Jewish atmosphere of the city diluting the transformative effect of Massad's Hebrew culture.[4] Lacking funds to purchase its own camp, in its second season Massad shared the facilities of Camp Machanaim, an Orthodox Jewish camp in Monticello in the Catskill Mountains, with an enrollment of forty-five campers and ten staff members.[3] In the summer of 1943, Massad finally relocated to its own site in Tannersville, in the Pocono Mountains.

Growth and development

Massad's enrollment grew steadily during the 1940s as it attracted campers from various Jewish denominations. To meet the growing demand, Massad opened a second camp, Massad Bet, in Dingmans Ferry, Pennsylvania in 1948. Massad Gimmel opened in nearby Effort, Pennsylvania in 1966.[5] In 1951, Massad launched its Machon Ma’ale (Hebrew: מָכוֹן מַעֲלֶה) program for the preparation of Hebrew-speaking counselors, with Professor Hillel Bavli serving as its first director. In 1960, Massad opened up a new division called Prozdor (a preparatory program for the Machon) for 15-year-old campers.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Massad drew the majority of its campers from the Talmud Torahs and day schools in New York, admitting mainly campers with Hebrew educational backgrounds[6] The bulk of the camp populations came from the centrist Orthodox community, especially from the students of the Ramaz School and Flatbush Yeshivot.[7] The Massad camps had their largest camper enrolment in the 1966-68 summers, with 914 campers in 1966, 937 in 1967, and 925 in 1968.[8] Among other prominent visitors to the camp, Chief Rabbi of Israel Shlomo Goren visited Massad Alef in 1974.[9]

Decline

By the 1970s there was a downward trend. In 1971, for the first time, campers who chose so were accepted for a one-month session. In 1974, facing rapidly declining registration, Massad Gimmel was sold. After the Shulsingers retired in 1977, their successors attempted to orient the camp toward stricter religious observance in effort to address the changing realities of Jewish life in the United States and attract more Orthodox campers. However, Massad's enrollment continued to decline. Massad Bet closed after the 1979 season, and Massad Alef followed suit in 1981.[10] The Massad Alef property was bought by the nearby Camelback Mountain Resort, while the Massad Bet site was used as a camp by the Bobover Hasidic community until 1996.[11][12]

A number of explanations have been given for the decline of the Massad movement, such as the rise and expansion of denominational camps like the Conservative-sponsored Camp Ramah, the Shulsingers' retirement, the availability of summer programs in Israel, the growing weakness of the American centrist Orthodox community, the suburbanization of American Jewry, and a waning birth rate.[7][13] Moreover, Massad lost much of its camper base as it became increasingly perceived as both not traditional enough for Orthodox Jews, and too traditional for the growing number of secular, Reform, and Conservative Jews.[14]

The related Canadian Massad movement created three camps in Canada, Massad Alef at Lac Quenouille, Quebec, Massad Bet in Torrance, Ontario, and Massad Gimmel in Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba.[15] The Quebec and Manitoba camps are still in operation. Camp Massad of Manitoba is now the only Hebrew-immersion camp outside of Israel.

Culture

The Massad movement sought to create a rich and authentic Hebrew Jewish life in the United States, and promote national renewal in Israel.[4] While there were no formal classes, there was a carefully crafted educational program at the center of every aspect of the camp. Campers learned about Jewish traditions, the Hebrew language, culture, Zionism, and current events through their everyday activities.[6] Starting in 1966, Massad had a delegation of 25-30 Israeli counselors each year (selected by the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem), who participated in all areas of camping.[9] The streets of the camp and its buildings were named after Theodor Herzl, Hannah Szenes, Henrietta Szold, Hayim Nahman Bialik and other Zionist heroes.[16]

Shulsinger demanded that Hebrew alone be spoken at all times in the camp and gave awards to campers who achieved this goal.[7] Given the camp's goal of an immersive Hebrew-language environment, Massad became the locus for a large amount of new Hebrew vocabulary, to describe American sports for instance. Massad's focus on spoken and written Hebrew extended to publishing a literary periodical, Alim (lit. 'Leaves'), which included guest pieces by such distinguished writers as William Chomsky, and a Hebrew-English dictionary that included more than 3,000 entries.[17]

One of the biggest activities of the summer, the Maccabia color war, divided the camp into two teams with opposing themes, which competed in various activities including songs, skits, sports, and pageants. In addition to the traditional and religious aspects of the camp, which included daily morning prayers and Shabbat observance, Camp Massad also aimed to inspire the love of living as a halutz in Israel through agricultural projects.[6]

Legacy

Massad's influence on other major Jewish camps was significant. The founder of Camp Ramah attended, and Camps Morasha, Moshava, and Yavneh modeled themselves after Massad.[18][19]

The three volumes of Kovetz Massad document Camp Massad's culture and history. The first volume, published in New York in 1978, focused on Massad summer camps in the United States. The second volume, published in Jerusalem in 1989, was dedicated to Hebrew camping in North America, including a historical survey of several Hebrew camps and sociological data on the integration of Massad alumni into Israeli society. The third volume, published in Jerusalem in 1991, is a pictorial history of Camp Massad's forty years.[9]

Notable staff and alumni

See also

  • "Massad Camps (video)" (1948). Spielberg Jewish Film Archive. Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  • "Guide to the Records of Camp Massad". Camp Massad Records (1944–2015). New York: American Jewish Historical Society, Center for Jewish History.

References

  1. 1 2 Chanes, Jerome A. (28 June 2011). "Recalling the Golden Age of Hebrew Culture in America". The Jewish Week. New York.
  2. ↑ Sarna, Jonathan D. (2006). "The Crucial Decade in Jewish Camping" (PDF). In Lorge, Michael M.; Zola, Gary Phillip (eds.). A Place of Our Own: The Rise of Reform Jewish Camping. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 28–51. ISBN 978-0-8173-5293-6.
  3. 1 2 Kieval, Hayyim (1991). "The Beginning…". In Shulsinger-Shear Yashuv, Shlomo; Shulsinger-Shear Yashuv, Rivka (eds.). Kovetz Massad. Volume III: A Pictorial History. Jerusalem: Irgun Machnot Massad b'Israel. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-965-222-235-0. OCLC 504996408.
  4. 1 2 Lainer-Vos, Dan (January 2014). "Israel in the Poconos: simulating the nation in a Zionist summer camp". Theory and Society. 43 (1): 91–116. doi:10.1007/s11186-013-9210-3. S2CID 143700969.
  5. ↑ Shulsinger, Shlomo, ed. (1989). Kovetz Massad. Volume II: Hebrew Camping in North America. Jerusalem: Alumni of Massad Camps.
  6. 1 2 3 "Guide to the Records of Camp Massad". Camp Massad Records (1944–2015). New York: American Jewish Historical Society, Center for Jewish History.
  7. 1 2 3 Cohen, Burton I. (2008). "Jewish Camping". Jewish Virtual Library. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  8. ↑ Frost, Shimon (September 1994). "Camps Massad". Avar ve'Atid: A Journal of Jewish Education, Culture and Discourse. Jewish Agency for Israel. pp. 41–50.
  9. 1 2 3 Shulsinger-Shear Yashuv, Shlomo; Shulsinger-Shear Yashuv, Rivka, eds. (1991). Kovetz Massad. Volume III: A Pictorial History. Jerusalem: Irgun Machnot Massad b'Israel. ISBN 978-965-222-235-0. OCLC 504996408.
  10. ↑ Krasner, Jonathan (23 May 2012). "The Magic of Summer Camp". My Jewish Learning.
  11. ↑ "Samuel W. Newman" (PDF). Pennsylvania SnowSports Museum. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  12. ↑ Remba, Doni (24 June 2011). "A Remembrance of Massad". Tough Dove Israel. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Lipman, Steve (29 October 2004). "Creator of 'Mini-Israel'". The Jewish Week.
  14. ↑ Fox, Sandra (May 2018). "Here, We're Real Jews": Producing Authentic Jews in American Summer Camps, 1945-1980 (Thesis). Ann Arbor: New York University. ProQuest 2080342810.
  15. ↑ Horowitz, Aron (1990). Hebrew Camps Massad: Their Impact on Canadian Life and Culture. Toronto: Aron Horowitz Publications. ISBN 978-0-9692241-3-6. OCLC 24568608.
  16. ↑ Mark, Jonathan (19 April 2002). "Reliving the Zionist Dream". The Jewish Week. New York.
  17. ↑ Auspitz, Josiah Lee (13 October 2015). "Mastering Hebrew and Ḥutzpah at Camp Massad". Mosaic. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  18. ↑ Dicker, Shira (10 December 2004). "Summer Camp Alumni Gather to Commemorate Founder". The Jewish Daily Forward.
  19. ↑ Fishbane, Simcha (1991). "Review: "Kovetz Massad: Hebrew Camping in North America"". American Jewish History. 80 (4): 547. ProQuest 1296134250.
  20. ↑ Meir, Leah (22 June 2011). "Camp Massad: Reunited After 30 Years". Avi Chai Foundation. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  21. 1 2 Berg, Nancy E. (2018). "The Anxiety of Authenticity: Hebrew, Sushi, and Suspicious Objects". In Sokoloff, Naomi B.; Berg, Nancy E. (eds.). What We Talk about When We Talk about Hebrew (and What It Means to Americans). Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-295-74375-2. LCCN 2018003451.
  22. ↑ MacFarquhar, Larissa (31 March 2003). "The Devil's Accountant". The New Yorker.
  23. 1 2 Ingall, Carol K. (2010). "Sylvia C. Ettenberg: A Portrait in Practical Wisdom" (PDF). In Ingall, Carol K. (ed.). The Women Who Reconstructed American Jewish Education, 1910–1965. Waltham: Brandeis University Press. ISBN 978-1-58465-856-6. LCCN 2009047978.
  24. ↑ Pazzanese, Christina (4 October 2013). "Alan Dershowitz: 'Never boring'". The Harvard Gazette.
  25. ↑ Sperber, Stanley (2005). "Reminiscences on the Origins of Zamir Chorale in America". Zamir Chorale of Boston. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  26. 1 2 Landes, Sora E. (28 January 1998). "Sora E. Landes Oral History" (Interview). Philadelphia: Feinstein Center for American Jewish History, Temple University.
  27. 1 2 Glinert, Lewis (2017). The Story of Hebrew. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-691-18309-1. LCCN 2016022084.
  28. ↑ Moore, Deborah Dash (1 March 2009). "Deborah Lipstadt". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  29. ↑ Lookstein, Haskel (Autumn 2005). "Theodor Herzl". Azure. 22.
  30. ↑ "Rabbi Louis Bernstein, 67; Leader of Orthodox Zionists". The Jewish Week. 17 March 1995. p. 56. ProQuest 362485256.
  31. ↑ Shameer Cohen, Sherry (27 May 2015). "Stamford hedge fund manager writes camp books for kids". Jewish Ledger. Connecticut.
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