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The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.[1]
While the Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation, Moore noted that Messier's list was not compiled for that purpose and excluded many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects,[1] such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was actually compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. Moore also observed that since Messier compiled his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae.[1][2] Moore compiled a list of 109 objects to match the commonly accepted number of Messier objects (he excluded M110[3]), and the list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.[3]
Moore used his other surname – Caldwell – to name the list, since the initial of "Moore" is already used for the Messier catalogue.[1][4] Entries in the catalogue are designated with a "C" and the catalogue number (1 to 109).
Unlike objects in the Messier catalogue, which are listed roughly in the order of discovery by Messier and his colleagues,[5] the Caldwell catalogue is ordered by declination, with C1 being the most northerly and C109 being the most southerly,[1] although two objects (NGC 4244 and the Hyades) are listed out of sequence.[1] Other errors in the original list have since been corrected: it incorrectly identified the S Norma Cluster (NGC 6087) as NGC 6067 and incorrectly labelled the Lambda Centauri Cluster (IC 2944) as the Gamma Centauri Cluster.[1]
Controversy
The Caldwell Catalogue has generated controversy in the amateur astronomy community for several reasons.[6]
- Moore did not discover any of the objects in his catalogue which are often very well known objects and not 'neglected' as claimed by Moore.
- Its presentation as a catalogue with unique designations, rather than a list, potentially may cause confusion amongst amateur astronomers as the 'C' Designation is not commonly used.
- The list was promoted as an extension of the Messier Catalogue, however the objects are often arbitrary with many easily viewable objects omitted while some objects not readily available to visual observers are included.
Caldwell advocates, however, see the Catalog as a gift from the British astronomy icon, and a fine addition of the mostly-brightest and especially interesting non-Messier deepsky objects. Thus, advocates dismiss any "controversy" as being fabricated by older amateurs simply not able or willing to memorize the new designations despite every telescope database using the Caldwell IDs as the primary designation for over 25 years. NASA/Hubble also lists the 109 objects by their Caldwell number.
Caldwell star chart
Number of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogue
| Dark nebulae | 1 |
| Galaxies | 35 |
| Globular clusters | 18 |
| Nebulae | 9 |
| Star clusters | 25 |
| Star clusters and nebulae | 6 |
| Planetary nebulae | 13 |
| Supernova remnants | 2 |
| Total | 109 |
Caldwell objects
Open cluster Globular cluster Dark nebula Diffuse nebula Planetary nebula Supernova remnant Galaxy
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See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82796-6.
- ↑ "Caldwell Club Introduction". Retrieved 2006-09-08.
- 1 2 Moore, Patrick (December 1995). "Beyond Messier: The Caldwell Catalogue". Sky & Telescope: 38. Archived from the original (subscription required) on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2006-08-29.
- ↑ Mobberley, Martin (2009). The Caldwell Objects and How to Observe Them. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-0325-9.
- ↑ Jones, Kenneth Glyn (1991). "Introduction". Messier's Nebulae & Star Clusters. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–8. ISBN 0-521-37079-5.
- ↑ Ling, Alister (2012) [1995]. "An Interesting View of the Caldwell Catalog" (PDF). Night Sky. The Binocular and Telescope Shop. Retrieved 7 Dec 2023.
- ↑ "Hubble's Hidden Galaxy". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- ↑ Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects, 2nd Edition, Stephen James O'Meara, 2016, p.181
- ↑ "The Rosette Nebula In Hubble Palette". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
- ↑ "The Night Sky", Astronomy Now, Oct 2008.
- ↑ Chadwick, S; Cooper, I. Imaging the Southern Sky. New York: Springer. p. 242. ISBN 1461447496.
External links
- The Caldwell Catalogue at SEDS
- The Caldwell Club
- Caldwell Star Charts, Images and more
- Searchable Caldwell Catalogue list
- Clickable Caldwell Object table Archived 2016-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
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