The California Work Opportunities and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs) program is the California welfare implementation of the federal welfare-to-work Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program that provides cash aid and services to eligible needy California families.

Eligibility and Benefits

CalWORKs provides cash aid to parents, as well as a variety of services intended to help them find and prepare for employment. The most current requirements, and application instructions, can be found on the CDSS CalWORKs website; the main requirements are:[1]

  • residing in California,
  • being either pregnant or responsible for a child under 19 years of age,
  • being a U.S. national, citizen, legal alien, or permanent resident,
  • having low or very low income and other resources, and
  • being either under-employed (working for very low wages), unemployed, or about to become unemployed.

To receive benefits, parents must fulfill requirements such as working 30 hours per week and/or applying for a specified number of jobs per week and/or participating in training and readiness programs. This makes CalWORKs a form of workfare.[2] There is also a lifetime cap of 48 months of benefits received, with some benefits restricted to 24 months. Only 50% of CalWORKs recipients are still enrolled one year after they first entered the program, and only 33% remain past two years. Two years after they first enrolled, the average recipient has used only 9 months of benefits.[3]

Effects

While the long-term effects of CalWORKs on California as a whole are complex and multi-faceted, some immediate effects on those receiving aid are easier to quantify. The resources available to each Californian (i.e. their income, accounting for taxes and benefits such as medical care) can be compared to an estimate of the resources required to meet their basic needs (a poverty threshold varying based on factors such as family size and local cost-of-living) to label them as “in” or “out” of poverty, and thus determine a poverty rate for the state. Several such measures are calculated, including the Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) and the Public Policy Institute of California’s California Poverty Measure (CPM). The current CPM poverty rate in is 20%, but it is estimated it would be 21% without CalWORKs benefits. That 1 percentage point reduction corresponds to about 380,000 Californians kept "out" of poverty by the program. Of all welfare programs in the state, only CalFresh and earned income tax credits (the federal EITC and the new CalEITC) are responsible for larger reductions (2 percentage points each).[4]

This is a larger reduction than the nation-wide average for TANF programs,[5] but by other metrics CalWORKs performs on-par with other states. As far as can be determined from Census (CPS) data, CalWORKs achieves similar effects for low-income families as programs in comparable states. Specifically, no significant differences were found in poverty rates, unemployment rates, TANF (CalWORKs) enrollment rates, or education/training enrollment rates when comparing likely CalWORKs-eligible families.[3]

Looking beyond this binary in-or-out of poverty type of effect, CalWORKs' welfare-to-work nature is important for understanding how it affects Californians participating in it. Conditioning the provision of welfare benefits on work requirements increases the burdens on families trying not to 'fall through the cracks' between safety net programs. Even without work requirements, families face application processes for the various separate welfare programs in California that require considerable time, effort, and diligence—and often yield one or more rejections. Work requirements are an additional burden in that process as well as barrier rejecting more families from receiving CalWORKs aid, whether intentionally (e.g. for a parent who is choosing not to work) or unintentionally (e.g. for a parent that is unable to meet the requirements). Workfare policies also add burdens to those who do receive aid, which again are unintentional in some cases, such as parents left unemployed by a contraction in the labor market being required to apply for weekly quotas of (scarcely available) jobs or attend job-readiness classes. These differences between welfare programs without work requirements and workfare programs like CalWORKs that are inter-connected with the labor market make workfare programs less able to aid parents that are already doing as much as they can to secure jobs that would provide sufficient income. This creates what Eva Bertram describes as "a three-sided trap, defined by a lack of assistance for the nonworking poor, inadequate support for those in low-wage jobs, and few exits from the low-wage sector to middle-class jobs."[2] Other researchers have identified as a cause for concern the decreased time CalWORKs participants are able to spend parenting their children due to increased time working in the formal sector instead.[6]

Despite these hardships associated with welfare-to-work programs, CalWORKs is generally viewed favorably by participants. In particular, the job search components are viewed as helpful in obtaining a job for unemployed participants. Indeed, 91% of those leaving the program in 2001 were currently employed, and 97% had been employed at some point while enrolled. The majority of those staying in the program or returning after a brief period not enrolled had been employed while in the program as well. While CalWORKs seems to be effective at getting participants some employment, the quality of that employment is a bigger challenge. The large number of participants who are employed and receiving benefits at the same time illustrate that neither CalWORKs' benefits nor their wages are alone sufficient to meet their family's needs. Indeed, most of those with jobs have extremely low wages (well below their poverty thresholds on average) and little opportunity for advancement. Participants identified a lack of support from CalWORKs for improving inadequate employment or for maintaining employment once hired. In short, unemployed parents in search of jobs are often able to gain employment through CalWORKs, but that does not translate directly to earning sufficient income to meet their family's needs.[6]

Administration

It is managed by the California Department of Social Services (CDSS), but is operated and administered locally by the 58 counties of California.

In Los Angeles County, the county Department of Public Social Services (DPSS) administers CalWORKs. It has a caseload larger than any other jurisdiction except the States of California and New York and an annual budget of over $3 billion.

First Nations and CalWORKs

Federally recognized native tribes are also eligible to receive federal TANF funding to administer TANF programs ("Tribal TANF"). The State of California also provides funding to supplement the TANF grants received by tribes located within the State. This is allotted based on the number of families receiving benefits from each Tribal TANF program. For Federally recognized tribes that do not implement TANF programs, county CalWORKs administrators are required to make CalWORKs benefits available. Members of unrecognized tribes are treated by the counties as residents, and so can receive CalWORKs as well.[7]

History

CalWORKs was created by the Welfare-to-Work Act of 1997.[8] It replaced the former Greater Avenues to Independence (GAIN) program, the California implementation of the federal Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. At the Federal level, AFDC was replaced with TANF in 1996, bringing work requirements that were stricter than those of the AFDC program, and a new cap on individuals' lifetime benefits.[9] While these requirements for participants were stricter, TANF did give more freedom to states to design their implementations of the program than they had with the AFDC.[10] The California Legislature initially created CalWORKs to be more generous than many other states' TANF implementations, but has since reformed it to be generally more austere. The lifetime benefit cap, for example, was initially set at 60 months but was reduced in 2011 to 48 months, and split in 2012 so that partial restrictions applied after 24 months.[9]

Federal Influence

Although states have broad freedom in the design and implementation of their TANF programs, they must meet certain requirements to receive Federal funds. This puts the generosity or austerity of CalWORKs to some degree under the control of Federal legislation, and it has lately been growing more austere, as described above.

The effects of such reductions in benefits are of course varied and complex. California conducted a controlled experiment of a 15% reduction in maximum benefits (as well as other reductions) of the AFDC program beginning in 1991 that illustrates some of these impacts. After 7 years, the employment rates and average wages were somewhat higher for AFDC recipients who had been placed in the reduced-benefit program than in the control group. This could be explained by participants having a greater need for employment income when their benefits are smaller. The average disposable incomes (including wages and benefits) for the reduced-benefit group stayed approximately equal to that of the control group, however, as increases in wages made up for decreases in benefits. This disposable income (for both groups) remained well below the poverty line.[10]

A key way the Federal government exerts its influence is by threatening a reduction in funding unless at least 50% of families receiving monthly payments meet work or job training requirements. Specifically, to be counted toward this Work Participation Rate (WPR), parents must perform 30 hours per week (20 for single parents with a child under 6) of work, or work-related activities such as job training, job search assistance, or community service. In 2017, California had a WPR of 61%, thanks mainly to the 52% of recipients of federal money who had un-subsidized employment.[11]

The State has responded to accountability to Federal work participation requirements in several ways. Governor Jerry Brown proposed reforms—enacted in 2012—to require recipients to be engaged in Federally-approved work activities after the first 24 months of aid (during which time a more flexible set of work activities is available). This change was also intended to decrease the time recipients spend in the program, hence cutting costs at the same time as guarding against a reduction in Federal funding. The State also extends this accountability to the counties through a policy of decreasing funding to counties that don't meet the Federal rate in the event that the State as a whole receives a penalty. The State further requires CalWORKs recipients, along with their caseworker, to construct plans for beginning work-activities as soon as possible.[12][9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Benefits.gov - California CalWORKs (TANF)". Benefits.Gov. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  2. 1 2 Bertram, Eva (2015). The Workfare State: Public Assistance Politics from the New Deal to the New Democrats. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0625-8. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  3. 1 2 Davis, Lois M.; Karoly, Lynn A.; Bozick, Robert; Lavery, Diana Catherine; Barnes-Proby, Dionne; Weidmer, Beverly A.; Iyiewuare, Praise O.; Schweig, Jonathan; Fain, Gabriele; Kitmitto, Sami; Turk-Bicakci, Lori; Graczewski, Cheryl; Anthony, Jennifer; Bos, Johannes M.; Fronberg, Kaitlin; Castro, Marina; Arellanes, Melissa; Horinouchi, Andrew; Blankenship, Charles (2016). "Evaluation of the SB 1041 Reforms to California's CalWORKs Welfare-to-Work Program" (Product Page). Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  4. ↑ Sarah Bohn; Caroline Danielson; Tess Thorman (2017). "Poverty in California". Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
  5. ↑ Fox, Liana (2017-09-21). The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2016. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  6. 1 2 De Marco, Allison; Austin, Michael; Chow, Julian (2008-12-02). "Making the Transition from Welfare to Work: Employment Experiences of CalWORKs Participants in the San Francisco Bay Area". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 18 (4): 414–440. doi:10.1080/10911350802486809. ISSN 1091-1359. S2CID 143456413.
  7. ↑ California Welf. & Inst. Code § 10553, retrieved 2018-03-03
  8. ↑ Assembly Bill 1542. California State Assembly. "1997–1998 Session of the Legislature". 1997–1998 Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 270.
  9. 1 2 3 Karoly, Lynn A.; et al. (2015). Evaluation of the SB 1041 Reforms to California's CalWORKs Program: Background and Study Design. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
  10. 1 2 Hotz, V. Joseph; Mullin, Charles H.; Scholz, John Karl (2002). "Welfare, Employment, and Income: Evidence on the Effects of Benefit Reductions from California". The American Economic Review. 92 (2): 380–384. doi:10.1257/000282802320191651. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 3083436.
  11. ↑ Lower-Basch, Elizabeth (January 2018). Work Participation Rate. Washington, D.C.: CLASP.
  12. ↑ CalWORKs Program Fact Sheet January 2017 (PDF). California Department of Social Services. January 2017. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
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