David Boswell Reid

Prof David Boswell Reid MD FRSE FRCPE (1805 – 5 April 1863) was a British physician, chemist and inventor. Through reports on public hygiene and ventilation projects in public buildings, he made a reputation in the field of sanitation. He has been called the "grandfather of air-conditioning".[1]

Early life

Reid was born in Edinburgh in June 1805, the second son of Peter Reid (1777–1838) and his wife, Christian Arnot, eldest daughter of Hugo Arnot of Balcormo, and was the elder brother of Hugo Reid. When born the family appear to have lived with Peter Reid Sr., a vintner at Milne's Square (now known as Milne's Court) off the Royal Mile.[2] His father gained his doctorate as a physician c.1810 and in 1815 the family was living independently at 7 Roxburgh Place in Edinburgh's South Side.[3]

David was educated at the High School[4] in Edinburgh then studied Medicine at Edinburgh University, obtained his medical diploma on 12 July 1830, and was admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, on 2 August 1831.[5]

Chemistry laboratory, from Reid's Brief Outline Illustrations of the Alterations in the House of Commons (1837)

In 1831 Reid began to give classes in practical chemistry. He was soon appointed assistant to Thomas Charles Hope, professor of chemistry at the university.[5] The same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his sole proposer being Hope. He was living at this time at 37 Nicholson Street, described as "experimental rooms" for Edinburgh University.[6]

In 1833, however, he had a disagreement with Hope. At this point he set up a laboratory of his own.[7] Reid hoped to have a chair in Practical Chemistry set up in his favour; but he came up against Robert Christison as Dean of the Medical Faculty who was opposed, disliking the effect on the existing chair, and regarding Reid's teaching as too mechanical. Reid complained in The Scotsman.[8]

In 1835 at the Dublin meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science Reid talked on reform of education in chemistry, and was asked to give evidence to the committee under Thomas Wyse then looking into education in Ireland.[9]

One of his chemistry students was Macquorn Rankine.[10] Reid continued to give private chemistry classes until he moved to London in 1847.[5]

Reid the Ventilator

Reid invited participants at the 1834 meeting of the British Association, in Edinburgh, to visit his laboratory; and among those who took up the offer were some members of parliament. Fortuitously there was a very destructive fire at the Houses of Parliament at Westminster later in 1834, and Reid was brought in as a consultant.[11] He did innovative work in the temporary accommodation on forced ventilation.[12] When the new building work started on the same site, he was in a strong position to carry out plans that were systematic as far as ventilation was concerned. He was remembered as "Dr. Reid the ventilator" in the twenty-first century in discussions of energy efficiency, by Lord Wade of Chorlton.[13]

The Central Tower of the Palace of Westminster. This octagonal spire was for ventilation purposes, in the more complex system imposed by Reid on Barry, in which it was to draw air out of the Palace. The design was for aesthetic disguise of its function.[11][14]

In January 1840 Reid was appointed by the committee for the House of Lords dealing with the construction of the replacement for the Houses of Parliament that had burned down six years earlier. The post was in the capacity of ventilation engineer, in effect; and with its creation there began a long series of quarrels between Reid and Charles Barry, the architect.[15] Reid's ventilation system was adopted reluctantly by Barry in this new Palace of Westminster. Reid was engaged for five years at Westminster on this work.[5]

Reid made a reputation by his work in Westminster. He was commissioned for an air quality survey in 1837 by the Leeds and Selby Railway in their tunnel.[16] The steam vessels built for the Niger expedition of 1841 were fitted with ventilation systems based on Reid's Westminster model.[17] Air was dried, filtered and passed over charcoal. The system proved a cumbersome failure.[18] A detailed account was published by James Ormiston McWilliam.[19]

Reid's ventilation method was also applied more fully to St. George's Hall, Liverpool, the only building, he said, in which his system was completely carried out.[5] In this case the architect Harvey Lonsdale Elmes requested in 1841 that Reid should be involved in ventilation design.[20]

In 1852 Reid was dismissed from his position at the Houses of Parliament.[21] His immediate replacement was Alfred Meeson, who had been assistant to Barry.[22] Leading Tory politicians including Benjamin Disraeli had had enough of his feud with Barry, and Lord Derby thought him a charlatan.[23] In an extended process of settlement, Reid received substantial compensation for his dismissal.[24]

Royal Commission on public health

In 1843 Reid sat on the 13-man Royal Commission to inquire into "the state of large towns and populous districts in England and Wales with reference to the causes of disease among the inhabitants, and into the best means of promoting and securing public health".[25] With the other medical men James Ranald Martin, Richard Owen and Lyon Playfair, he made up the dominant group on the committee.[26]

He wrote the 1845 Report on the state of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and other towns (HMSO). His visits had included areas of great poverty and squalor, such as Sandgate.[27] It had immediate effects. For example, his findings on Sunderland and South Shields led to the setting up in 1846 of the Sunderland Water Company.[28] His observation on cholera, that there were no privies in the mines, was mentioned in the celebrated paper On the pathology and mode of communication of cholera of John Snow in 1849.[29]

In the USA

In 1856 Reid moved to the United States.[5] His stature as an author on sanitation was recognised by the physician Elisha Harris writing in Reid's Ventilation in American Dwellings (1858).[30]

Reid was brought as a professor of physiology and hygiene to the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1859 by Henry Barnard, and then dismissed after a year.[31] He then became government medical inspector to the sanitary commission of the United States.[5]

On the outbreak of the American Civil War new military hospitals were erected throughout the country, and Reid was about to leave Washington on a tour of inspection when he came down with a fatal illness. He died at Washington on 5 April 1863.[5]

Reid's Theories

Reid was regarded as an expert on ventilation, but his views differed from Neil Arnott, another leader in theories of air and fever. He also regarded the susceptible individual in a different way than Southwood Smith, with more weight placed on predisposition.[32] In a work on public hygiene by John Bell M.D. of Philadelphia for the New York Board of Councilmen, Reid's views on carbonic acid gas in old graveyards and "vitiated" air are quoted; and on "those subtle poisons called miasms" he is said to have reported that he "has detected their escape from graves more than twenty feet deep".[33] Reid took "moving air" to be important to health, and emphasised the health hazards of "defective ventilation".[32]

Works

He was author of:

  • Rudiments of Chemistry: with illustrations of the chemical phenomena of daily life (1836)[34]
  • Elements of Chemistry (1837)
  • Textbook for Students of Chemistry(1839).

In 1844 he published Illustrations of the Theory and Practice of Ventilation.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Sturrock, Neil; Lawson-Smith, Peter. Malcolm Dunkeld (ed.). "The Grandfather of Air-Conditioning: The Work and Influence of David-Boswell Reid, Physician, Chemist, Engineer (1805–63)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History. 3: 2981–2998. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  2. ↑ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1805
  3. ↑ Edinburgh Post Office Directory
  4. ↑ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Reid, David Boswell" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  6. ↑ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1831
  7. ↑ "Reid's Early Years in Edinburgh". The Victorian Web. 10 June 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  8. ↑ "The life of Sir Robert Christison, bart". n.d. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  9. ↑ Kennedy, David (1942). "Dr. D. B. Reid and the Teaching of Chemistry". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. Irish Province of the Society of Jesus. 31 (123): 343–350. JSTOR 30098070.
  10. ↑ Marsden, Ben. "Rankine, (William John) Macquorn". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23133. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  11. 1 2 Porter, Dale H. (1998). The Life and Times of Sir Goldsworthy Gurney: Gentleman scientist and inventor, 1793–1875. Associated University Presses, Inc. pp. 177–179. ISBN 0-934223-50-5.
  12. ↑ Bruegmann, R. (1978). "Central Heating and Forced Ventilation: Origins and Effects on Architectural Design". The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. University of California Press, on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians. 37 (3): 143–160. doi:10.2307/989206. JSTOR 989206.
  13. ↑ Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Science and Technology Committee (2005). Energy Efficiency: 2nd Report of Session 2005–06. The Stationery Office. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-10-400724-2.
  14. ↑ "The Towers of Parliament". Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  15. ↑ Barry, Alfred (n.d.). "The life and works of Sir Charles Barry, R.A., F.R.S., &c. &c". Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  16. ↑ Russell, Colin A; Hudson, John (2011). Early Railway Chemistry and Its Legacy. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-84973-326-7.
  17. ↑ Milne, Lynn. "McWilliam, James Ormiston". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17747. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  18. ↑ Curtin, Philip D. (1973). The image of Africa: British ideas and action, 1780–1850. Vol. 2. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-299-83026-7.
  19. ↑ "William Loney RN – Background". Peter Davis. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  20. ↑ Sturrock, Neil; Lawsdon-Smith, Peter (10 June 2009). "David Boswell Reid's Ventilation of St. George's Hall, Liverpool". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  21. ↑ "Speaker's Court Ventilation". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  22. ↑ Barson, Susan. "Meeson, Alfred". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18511. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  23. ↑ Gunn, John Alexander Wilson; Wiebe, Melvin George, eds. (1997). Benjamin Disraeli Letters: 1852–1856. University of Toronto Press. p. 109 note 2. ISBN 978-0-8020-4137-1.
  24. ↑ Sturrock, Neil; Lawson-Smith, Peter (17 June 2009). "David Boswell Reid's Ventilation of the Houses of Parliament". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  25. ↑ "List of commissions and officials – 1840–1849 (nos. 29–52) | Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 9 (pp. 28–41)". British-history.ac.uk. 22 June 2003. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  26. ↑ Gray, Benjamin Kirkman (1908) Philanthropy and the State; or, social politics, p. 53.
  27. ↑ Tonge, Neil (1993). Industrialisation and Society. Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd. p. 268. ISBN 0-17-435061-9.
  28. ↑ "Sunderland and South Shields Water Co". Tyne & Wear Archives Service. 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  29. ↑ "Writings of John Snow at 36 Years of Age". UCLA Department of Epidemiology School of Public health. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  30. ↑ "Ventilation in American dwellings : with a series of diagrams, presenting examples in different classes of habitations". Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  31. ↑ Curti, Merle Eugene, and Carstensen, Vernon Rosco (1949) The University of Wisconsin: a history, Volume 1, p. 183.
  32. 1 2 Hamlin, Christopher (1998). Public health and social justice in the age of Chadwick: Britain, 1800–1854. Cambridge University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-521-58363-3.
  33. ↑ "Report on the Importance and Economy of Sanitary Measures to Cities". n.d. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  34. ↑ Reid, David Boswell (2007) [1836]. Rudiments of chemistry: with illustrations of the chemical phenomena of ... William and Robert Chambers.
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 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Reid, David Boswell". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

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