Bolesatine is a glycoprotein isolated from the Rubroboletus satanas (Boletus satanas Lenz) mushroom which has a lectin function that is specific to the sugar binding site of D-galactose.[1] It is a monomeric protein with a compact globular structure and is thermostable. One tryptophan can be found in its primary sequence along with one disulfide bridge.

Bolesatine causes gastroenteritis in humans[2] and, at high enough concentrations, inhibits protein synthesis.[3] It does not inhibit protein synthesis directly. Instead, it acts as a phosphatase for nucleoside triphosphate, particularly for GTP.[4] At lower concentrations, it is a mitogen to human and rat T lymphocytes.[5] Studies have shown that at low concentrations, protein kinases C (PKC) are activated in vitro and in vero cells, leading to an increase in DNA synthesis activity.[6]

Effects of bolesatine poisoning

Other than the accumulation of toxins in human liver and organs, Bolesatine poisoning causes agglutination in human red blood cells and platelets at threshold concentrations. The following symptoms of hypertension and dizziness would be expected when affected. In serve cases, death may result.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Gachet, C.; Ennamany, R.; Kretz, O.; Ohlmann, P.; Krause, C.; Creppy, E. E.; Dirheimer, G.; Cazenave, J. P. (January 1996). "Bolesatine induces agglutination of rat platelets and human erythrocytes and platelets in vitro". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 15 (1): 26–29. doi:10.1177/096032719601500105. ISSN 0960-3271. PMID 8845205. S2CID 23915071.
  2. ↑ Kretz, Olivier; Creppy, Edmond Ekue; Dirheimer, Guy (January 1991). "Disposition of the toxic protein, bolesatine, in rats: its resistance to proteolytic enzymes". Xenobiotica. 21 (1): 65–73. doi:10.3109/00498259109039451. PMID 2003368.
  3. ↑ Kretz, Olivier; Creppy, Edmond Ekue; Dirheimer, Guy (February 1991). "Characterization of bolesatine, a toxic protein from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz and it's [sic] effects on kidney cells". Toxicology. 66 (2): 213–24. doi:10.1016/0300-483x(91)90220-u. PMID 1707561.
  4. ↑ Ennamany, R.; Lavergne, J.P.; Reboud, J.P.; Dirheimer, G.; Creppy, E.E. (June 1995). "Mode of action of bolesatine, a cytotoxic glycoprotein from Boletus satanas Lenz. Mechanistic approaches". Toxicology. 100 (1–3): 51–55. doi:10.1016/0300-483x(95)03058-n. ISSN 0300-483X. PMID 7624882.
  5. ↑ Licastro, Frederico; Morini, Maria Cristina; Kretz, Olivier; Dirheimer, Guy; Creppy, Edmond Ekue; Stirpe, Fiorenzo (May 1993). "Mitogenic activity and immunological properties of bolesatine, a lectin isolated from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz". International Journal of Biochemistry. 25 (5): 789–792. doi:10.1016/0020-711x(93)90366-m. PMID 8349019.
  6. ↑ Ennamany, R.; Marzetto, S.; Saboureau, D.; Creppy, E. E. (1995-12-01). "Lipid peroxidation induced by bolesatine, a toxin ofBoletus satanas: Implication in m5dC variation in Vero cells related to inhibition of cell growth". Cell Biology and Toxicology. 11 (6): 347–354. doi:10.1007/BF01305906. ISSN 1573-6822. PMID 8788210. S2CID 20541517.
  7. ↑ Ennamany, R.; Bingen, A.; Creppy, E. E.; Kretz, O.; Gut, J. P.; Dubuisson, L.; Balabaud, C.; Bioulac Sage, P.; Kirn, A. (November 1998). "Aspirin and heparin prevent hepatic blood stasis and thrombosis induced by the toxic glycoprotein Bolesatine in mice". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 17 (11): 620–624. doi:10.1177/096032719801701106. ISSN 0960-3271. PMID 9865419. S2CID 43529948.
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