Bioinstructive materials provide instruction to biological cells or tissue, for example immune instruction when monocytes are cultured on certain polymers they polarise to pro- or anti-inflammatory macrophages with potential applications in implanted devices,[1][2] or materials for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues.[3] Due to the paucity of information on the mechanism of materials control of cells, beyond the general recognition of the important role of adsorbed biomolecules,[4] high throughput screening of large libraries of materials, topographies, and shapes are often used to identify cell instructive material systems.[5] Applications of bioinstructive materials as substrates for stem cell production,[6] cell delivery and reduction of foreign body reaction[7][8] and coatings to reduce infections on medical devices.[9][10] This non-leaching approach is distinct from strategies of infection control relying on antibiotic release,[11] cytokine delivery[12] or guidance of cells by surface located epitopes[13] inspired by nature.

Multifunctional alginate scaffolds for T cell engineering and release

An example of bioinstructive scaffolds utilized is the Multifunctional alginate scaffolds for T cell engineering and release (MASTER). MASTER is technique for in situ engineering, replication and release of genetically engineered T cells. It is an evolution of CAR-T cell therapy. T cells are extracted from the patient and mixed with a genetically engineered virus that contains a cancer targeting gene (as with CAR T). The mixture is then added to a MASTER (scaffold), which absorbs them. The MASTER contains antibodies that activate the T cells and interleukins that trigger cell proliferation. The MASTER is then implanted into the patient. The activated T cells interact with the viruses to become CAR T cells. The interleukins stimulate these CAR T cells to proliferate, and the CAR T cells exit the MASTER to attack the cancer. The technique takes hours instead of weeks. And because the cells are younger, they last longer in the body, show stronger potency against cancer, and display fewer markers of exhaustion. These features were demonstrated in mouse models. The treatment was more effective and longer lasting against lymphoma.[14][15]

References

  1. ↑ Hassan, Rostam (2015). "Impact of surface chemistry and topography on the function of antigen presenting cells". Biomaterials Science. 3 (3): 424–441. doi:10.1039/C4BM00375F. PMID 26222286.
  2. ↑ Hassan, Rostam (2020). "Immune-Instructive Polymers Control Macrophage Phenotype and Modulate the Foreign Body Response In Vivo". Matter (Cell Press). 2 (6): 1564–1581. doi:10.1016/j.matt.2020.03.018. S2CID 219058481.
  3. ↑ Tomas, Gonzalez-Fernandez (2019). "Bio-instructive materials for musculoskeletal regeneration". Acta Biomaterialia. 96: 20–34. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.014. PMC 6717669. PMID 31302298.
  4. ↑ Buddy, Ratner (2005). "Mediation of Biomaterial–Cell Interactions by Adsorbed Proteins: A Review". Tissue Engineering. 11 (1–2): 1–18. doi:10.1089/ten.2005.11.1. PMID 15738657. S2CID 19306269.
  5. ↑ Yang, Liangliang (2021). "High-Throughput Methods in the Discovery and Study of Biomaterials and Materiobiology". Chemical Reviews. 121 (8): 4561–4677. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00752. PMC 8154331. PMID 33705116.
  6. ↑ Celiz, Adam (2014). "Materials for stem cell factories of the future". Nature Materials. 13 (6): 570–579. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13..570C. doi:10.1038/nmat3972. PMID 24845996. S2CID 205409943.
  7. ↑ Vegas, Arturo (2016). "Combinatorial hydrogel library enables identification of materials that mitigate the foreign body response in primates". Nature Biotechnology. 34 (3): 345–352. doi:10.1038/nbt.3462. hdl:1721.1/109048. PMC 4904301. PMID 26807527.
  8. ↑ Vegas, Arturo (2016). "Long-term glycemic control using polymer-encapsulated human stem cell–derived beta cells in immune-competent mice". Nature Medicine. 23 (3): 306–311. doi:10.1038/nm.4030. PMC 4825868. PMID 26808346.
  9. ↑ Hook, Andrew (2012). "Combinatorial discovery of polymers resistant to bacterial attachment". Nature Biotechnology. 30 (9): 868–875. doi:10.1038/nbt.2316. hdl:1721.1/91141. PMC 3796337. PMID 22885723.
  10. ↑ Jeffery, N (2019). "A new bacterial resistant polymer catheter coating to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI): A first-in-man pilot study". European Urology Supplements. 18: e377. doi:10.1016/S1569-9056(19)30282-9. S2CID 87771243.
  11. ↑ Bayston, Roger (2004). "Mode of action of an antimicrobial biomaterial for use in hydrocephalus shunts". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 53 (5): 778–782. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh183. PMID 15056650.
  12. ↑ Riabov, Vladimir (2017). "Generation of anti-inflammatory macrophages for implants and regenerative medicine using self-standing release systems with a phenotype-fixing cytokine cocktail formulation". Acta Biomaterialia. 53: 389–398. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.071. PMID 28159717.
  13. ↑ Cavalcanti-Adam, Elisabetta (2007). "Cell Spreading and Focal Adhesion Dynamics Are Regulated by Spacing of Integrin Ligands". Biophysical Journal. 92 (8): 2964–2974. Bibcode:2007BpJ....92.2964C. doi:10.1529/biophysj.106.089730. PMC 1831685. PMID 17277192.
  14. ↑ Irving M (2022-03-29). "Implantable immunotherapy "factory" fights cancer faster, more effectively". New Atlas. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  15. ↑ Agarwalla P, Ogunnaike EA, Ahn S, Froehlich KA, Jansson A, Ligler FS, et al. (March 2022). "Bioinstructive implantable scaffolds for rapid in vivo manufacture and release of CAR-T cells". Nature Biotechnology. 40 (8): 1250–1258. doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01245-x. PMC 9376243. PMID 35332339. S2CID 247678703.
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