Banffia
Temporal range: Middle Cambrian
Fossil of B. constricta from
the Burgess Shale
Fossil of B. episoma from
the Spence Shale
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: †Vetulicolia
Class: †Heteromorphida
Order: †Banffiata
Family: †Banffidae
Genus: †Banffia
Walcott, 1911
Type species
†Banffia constricta
Walcott, 1911
Species
  • †Banffia constricta
    Walcott, 1911
  • †Banffia episoma
    Conway Morris and Selden, 2015

Banffia is a genus of animals described from Middle Cambrian fossils. The genus commemorates Banff, Alberta, near where the first fossil specimens were discovered. Its placement in higher taxa is controversial. It is considered to be a member of the enigmatic phylum Vetulicolia.

Anatomy

Life restoration of three B. constricta

Banffia constricta is known from hundreds of fossils found in the Burgess Shales. It is up to 10 cm in length, and divided equally into anterior and posterior parts. The entire body is twisted in a clockwise spiral, as seen from the front. This is believed to be a secondary adaptation from an initial bilateral condition for a burrowing lifestyle. The anterior section is covered by two carapace-like un-mineralized shells that are fused together. A crown-like structure formed of three concentric circular features surrounds the mouth. An antenna-form structure just posterior to the mouth may be a sensory organ. The posterior section is composed of 40 to 50 segments. The gut is straight, and the anus is at the terminal tip of the posterior section. The gut appears to have a series of diverticula or pouches.[1] A possible circulatory system is visible in the fossils.[2] B. constricta and its relative Skeemella were probably filter or deposit feeders.

Classification

There is no agreement on the classification of Banffia. B. constricta was assigned to the annelids by Walcott in 1911.[3] As of 2006, different proposals would place Banffia in Vetulicolia,[1][4] Arthropoda,[2] or Urochordata. While the body plan (equal anterior and posterior sections with segmentation) resembles that of the Vetulicolians, it is argued that the absence of gills and an endostyle, and the presence of gut diverticula makes Banffia unlikely to be a member of the deuterostomes. However, an apparent complete lack of appendages (aside from the antenna-like structures) makes B. constricta's placement within Arthropoda equally unlikely. More recent finds of similarly shaped animals show structures thought to be a notochord, making Banffia and their relatives chordates, possibly the sister group to tunicates.[5]

The species Banffia confusa, known from fossils from the Chengjiang shales, was originally assigned to this genus,[6] though, recent research shows that this species is not closely related to B. constricta, having been renamed as its junior synonym, Heteromorphus longicaudatus, and placed in a different class altogether, "Heteromorphida."[7] Later, Aldridge, et al. resurrected B. confusa as Heteromorphus confusus, noting a variety of anatomical differences among the various specimens of Heteromorphus, suggesting that there may be more species recognized with more fossils discovered.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 Caron, J. B. (2007). "Banffia constricta, a putative vetulicolid from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 96 (2): 95–111. doi:10.1017/S0263593300001255. S2CID 128851764.
  2. 1 2 Caron, Jean-Bernard. "The Limbless Animal Banffia constricta from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, Canada): A Stem-Group Arthropod?". Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  3. ↑ "WoRMS source details". World Registry of Marine Species. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  4. ↑ "Vetulicolia". Paleos.com. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  5. ↑ García-Bellido, Diego C; Paterson, John R (2014). "A new vetulicolian from Australia and its bearing on the chordate affinities of an enigmatic Cambrian group". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (214): 214. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0214-z. PMC 4203957. PMID 25273382.
  6. ↑ "Banffia, An Enigmatic Fossil From The Chengjiang Biota". Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  7. ↑ Shu, Degan (2005). "On the phylum Vetulicolia". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (20): 2342–2354. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.2342S. doi:10.1007/bf03183746. S2CID 86827605.
  8. ↑ Aldridge, Richard J.; et al. (2007). "The systematics and phylogenetic relationships of vetulicolians". Palaeontology. 50 (1): 131–168. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00606.x. S2CID 85722738.


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