In a screen of the Bacillus subtilis genome for genes encoding ncRNAs, Saito et al. focused on 123 intergenic regions (IGRs) over 500 base pairs in length, the authors analyzed expression from these regions. Seven IGRs termed bsrC, bsrD, bsrE, bsrF, bsrG, bsrH and bsrI expressed RNAs smaller than 380 nt. All the small RNAs except BsrD RNA were expressed in transformed Escherichia coli cells harboring a plasmid with PCR-amplified IGRs of B. subtilis, indicating that their own promoters independently express small RNAs. Under non-stressed condition, depletion of the genes for the small RNAs did not affect growth. Although their functions are unknown, gene expression profiles at several time points showed that most of the genes except for bsrD were expressed during the vegetative phase (4–6 h), but undetectable during the stationary phase (8 h). Mapping the 5' ends of the 6 small RNAs revealed that the genes for BsrE, BsrF, BsrG, BsrH, and BsrI RNAs are preceded by a recognition site for RNA polymerase sigma factor σA.[1]

Type I Toxin/Antitoxin system

It was shown that bsrE, bsrG and bsrH pair through intermolecular interactions with newly identified antisense sRNAs. It was suggested that they form type I toxin/antitoxin system that includes an mRNA encoding for a short, toxic peptide (bsrE, bsrG and bsrH ) and an antitoxin that consists of an antisense RNA.[2]

Further studies established that the 294-nucleotide bsrG encodes a 39-amino-acid toxin, and the 180 nucleotide antisense sRNA called SR4 acts as the antitoxin (they overlap by 123 nucleotides). SR4 interaction with the 3'UTR of bsrG RNA promotes bsrG degradation and inhibits its translation.[3][4] BsrG interferes with cell envelope biosynthesis, causes membrane invaginations and delocalisation of the cell wall synthesis and initiates autolysis.[5]

The 256 nucleotide bsrE RNA encodes 30 amino-acid toxin peptide. Its antitoxin gene, SR5 overlaps by 112 nucleotides at the 3' end of bsrE. The antitoxin SR5 promotes bsrE degradation but unlike SR4 it does not directly inhibits toxin mRNA translation.[6][7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Saito S, Kakeshita H, Nakamura K (January 2009). "Novel small RNA-encoding genes in the intergenic regions of Bacillus subtilis". Gene. 428 (1–2): 2–8. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.09.024. PMID 18948176.
  2. ↑ Irnov I, Sharma CM, Vogel J, Winkler WC (October 2010). "Identification of regulatory RNAs in Bacillus subtilis". Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (19): 6637–51. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq454. PMC 2965217. PMID 20525796.
  3. ↑ Jahn N, Preis H, Wiedemann C, Brantl S (February 2012). "BsrG/SR4 from Bacillus subtilis--the first temperature-dependent type I toxin-antitoxin system". Molecular Microbiology. 83 (3): 579–98. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07952.x. PMID 22229825. S2CID 43638027.
  4. ↑ Jahn N, Brantl S (November 2013). "One antitoxin--two functions: SR4 controls toxin mRNA decay and translation". Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (21): 9870–80. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt735. PMC 3834814. PMID 23969414.
  5. ↑ Jahn N, Brantl S, Strahl H (November 2015). "Against the mainstream: the membrane-associated type I toxin BsrG from Bacillus subtilis interferes with cell envelope biosynthesis without increasing membrane permeability". Molecular Microbiology. 98 (4): 651–66. doi:10.1111/mmi.13146. PMID 26234942.
  6. ↑ Müller P, Jahn N, Ring C, Maiwald C, Neubert R, Meißner C, Brantl S (May 2016). "A multistress responsive type I toxin-antitoxin system: bsrE/SR5 from the B. subtilis chromosome". RNA Biology. 13 (5): 511–23. doi:10.1080/15476286.2016.1156288. PMC 4962801. PMID 26940229.
  7. ↑ Meißner C, Jahn N, Brantl S (January 2016). "In Vitro Characterization of the Type I Toxin-Antitoxin System bsrE/SR5 from Bacillus subtilis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (2): 560–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.697524. PMC 4705377. PMID 26565032.
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