Baba Ali Chaouch
Dey
Baba Ali Chaouche, by Pierre Duflos
Reign15 August 1710 – January 1718
PredecessorDely Ibrahim Dey
SuccessorMohamed Ben Hassan
Died1718
Algiers, Deylik of Algiers
Regnal name
Ali I
Arabicبابا علي شاوش
Country Deylik of Algiers
ReligionSunni Islam
OccupationCorsair

Baba Ali Chaouch, also known as Ali Soukali, or simply Ali I, was a ruler of the Deylik of Algiers who ruled from 1710 to 1718.[1][2] He was the first dey of Algiers to be invested with the title of dey-pacha. The Sultan Ahmed III had Ali Chaouch's envoy given the caftan and the three tails, a sign of the dignity of a "Pasha". This title was attributed to all his successors until 1830.

Algiers once again experienced prosperity thanks to corsairing and expeditions to the European coasts.[3]

Background

Not much is known about the origins of Ali. Some sources describe him as a Basche-Chaouch,[1] (which would explain the name) a title usually held by Kouloughlis which would mean that he was most likely of mixed Algerian-Turkish descent, albeit it's up to debate.[4][5]

Rule

Ending unrests

He did major political reforms, succeeding dey Ibrahim in a period of great unrest, he was described as “an honest and very reasonable man” according to the French consul Clairambault. The insurrections which, for more than twenty years, had bloodied the city of Algiers, had brought all sorts of brigands; Ali administered severe justice, and, in the first months of his reign, executed more than 1500 Janissaries; it was to these necessary rigors that he owed his ability to impose order and govern in peace.[6]

Government reforms

He had seen that the pashas sent by the Porte, although not enjoying any effective power, were a permanent cause of unrest, constantly intriguing in the hope of seeing their past authority return, or at least serving as a flag for the agitators; he decided to suppress them by banishing the pasha "Charkan Ibrahim" appointed by the Ottoman Empire;[7] In 1711 he refused to the said pasha, who had just been sent there, to enter Algiers, and had him threatened with death if he insisted on disembarking. The pasha withdrew to Collo, then he died shortly after of illness. At the same time, the Dey sent an embassy to Ahmed III, representing to him the serious disadvantages of the multiplicity of powers; the good reasons he gave, combined with the gifts he had sent, were enough to convince the Sultan, and the two dignities were united on the same person; He was the first dey to incorporate the title of pasha into his, He thus formalized its status as an independent political entity.[8] Algerian historian Al-Djilali would compare Algerian relation with the Ottoman empire at this point like the states belongling to the Commonwealth realm.[6]

Gate of Lions (Bab sboua) topped by a poem written in arabic mentioning baba ali's reconstruction of the gate

From that moment on, the Deys gained considerably in strength, and the Divan of Algiers no longer had the same power as before.[9] Baba Ali Chaouch consolidated his authority; He reformed the divan of Algiers, dissolved it and then recomposed it, eliminated the rebellious elements of the Odjak of Algiers, relied on the tai'fa of rais to revive Privateering in the Mediterranean and brought in lots of income to the city.[10] Because of his position, he is popular with the people of Algiers and famous in historiography.[1]

International policy

During the first three years of his reign, Ali was sued for peace by the Dutch, the Sicilians, the English and the Empire; everyone made enormous presents to obtain it: He declared war against the Dutch in 1715, and planned to do the same to Britain, albeit he stopped after tribute arrived from them.[11] In 1716, war was declared against him again as the Swedes and Danes were no happier, and the corso received a great boost; because the Dey, instructed by the example of his predecessors, saw that this was the only way to ensure the pay of the Militia.[9]

A violent earthquake hit Algiers under his rule in 1716.[12][13] To repair their losses, the corsairs ravaged the coasts of the Mediterranean and those of Portugal more than ever; They made such considerable captures from the English and Dutch that maritime insurance went from the rate of one and a half percent to that of 45%. European states ordered, under penalty of a heavy fine, all commercial ships to only leave ports well armed with cannons, and manned by a crew capable of usefully defending themselves.[9]

Death

Despite many assassination attempts, notably in 1713 then in 1716, and conspiracies against him, he died a natural death in 1718.[14]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne (in French). 1834.
  2. ↑ Nick, Newlin (2020). Henry V. Nicolo Whimsey Press. ISBN 978-1-935550-40-2. OCLC 1154567563.
  3. ↑ Hassan-Bey, Mustapha (2022-03-03). De Contantinopole à El-Djazaïr: L'héritage turc (in French). Chihab. p. 43. ISBN 978-9947-39-466-3.
  4. ↑ Veronne, La; De, Chantal (1980). "Abdeijalil Temimi. Le Beylik de Constantine et Hādj Ahmed Bey (1830- 1837). Tunis, 1978. In-8°, 300 pages, 24 planches hors texte. (Publications de la Revue d'histoire maghrébine, 1.)". Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes. 138 (1): 131–132.
  5. ↑ Allioui, Youcef (2006). Les Archs, tribus berbères de Kabylie: histoire, résistance, culture et démocratie (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-01363-6.
  6. 1 2 محمد, جيلالي، عبد الرحمن بن (1994). تاريخ الجزائر العام (in Arabic). ع. م. جيلالي،. p. 218.
  7. ↑ Piesse, Louis (1882). Itinéraire de l'Algérie, de la Tunisie et de Tanger (in French). Hachette.
  8. ↑ Ferreiro, Miguel Ángel (2022-10-18). La segunda columna: Lo que dejamos en África (in Spanish). EDAF. ISBN 978-84-414-4198-9.
  9. 1 2 3 Grammont, H. D. de (1887). Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque (1515-1830) (in French). E. Leroux. p. 277.
  10. ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 432
  11. ↑ Playfair, Robert Lambert (1888). A Bibliography of Algeria: From the Expedition of Charles V in 1541 to 1887 (in French). J. Murray.
  12. ↑ Ganse, Robert A.; Nelson, John B.; Geophysics, World Data Center A. for Solid Earth (1981). Catalog of Significant Earthquakes: 2000 B.C.-1979 Including Quantitative Casualties and Damage. World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics.
  13. ↑ Voyage to Algiers and Tunis, for the Redemption of Captives, etc. 1735.
  14. ↑ "Les Deys 3". exode1962.fr. Retrieved 2021-02-12.

Sources

  • Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011). L'Algérie des Algériens. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1.

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