Auricularia
Auricularia auricula-judae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Auriculariales
Family: Auriculariaceae
Genus: Auricularia
Bull. (1780)
Type species
Auricularia mesenterica
(Dicks.) Pers. (1822)
Species

over 30

Synonyms[1]
  • Patila Adans. (1763)
  • Conchites Paulet (1791)
  • Agarico-gelicidium Paulet (1793)
  • Zonaria Roussel (1806)
  • Laschia Fr. (1830)
  • Oncomyces Klotzsch (1843)
  • Hirneola Fr. (1848)
  • Laschia subgen. Auriculariella Sacc. (1888)
  • Seismosarca Cooke (1889)
  • Auricula Battarra ex Kuntze (1891)
  • Auriculariella Clem. (1909)

Auricularia is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically gelatinous and ear-shaped, with a slightly downy to conspicuously hirsute upper surface and an under surface that is smooth, wrinkled or veined. All species grow on wood. Several Auricularia species are edible and commercially cultivated on a large scale in China and East Asia.

Taxonomy

The genus was first introduced in 1780 by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard for a range of different fungi producing fruit bodies with an ear-like shape. In 1822 Christian Hendrik Persoon restricted the genus to two gelatinous species, Auricularia mesenterica (which became the type species) and A. sambuci (a synonym of Auricularia auricula-judae).[2] In 1848 Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries accepted A. mesenterica within the genus but, on the basis of differences in fruitbody appearance, introduced a new genus, Hirneola, for most other species.[3] This division into two genera was maintained by some authors until at least the 1960s,[4] though American mycologist Bernard Lowy's monograph of the genus had accepted Hirneola as a synonym of Auricularia in 1952 .[5]

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Auricularia (including Hirneola) forms a natural, monophyletic grouping. It has also shown that many species are more restricted in distribution than previously thought, resulting in the description of additional new taxa.[6][7][8]

Description

All species of Auricularia form thin, brownish, rubbery-gelatinous fruit bodies that are shelf-like or ear-shaped and up to 120 mm (4.7 in) across and 5 mm (0.20 in) thick. The fruitbodies occur singly or in clusters. The upper surface is finely pilose to densely hirsute. The spore-bearing underside is smooth, wrinkled, veined, or reticulate (net-like).[8] Unpigmented white forms are occasionally encountered.[9][10]

Microscopic characters

The spore-producing basidia are tubular, laterally septate, and (in some species) up to 100 µm long. The spores are allantoid (sausage-shaped), and (in some species) up to 22 µm long. Hairs on the upper surface are thick-walled, rounded or acute at the tip, and (in some species) up to 1 cm (0.39 in) long. When sectioned, some species show a central, medulla layer of parallel hyphae, others lack such a layer.[8]

Habitat, ecology and distribution

All species grow on wood and are saprotrophic wood-rotters, producing a white rot.[11] Most occur on dead wood, but they can also be weakly parasitic on living wood. The majority of species grow on broadleaf trees and shrubs, but a few grow on conifers. Fruit bodies occur singly, in clusters, or in tiers.[5][8]

The genus has a global distribution, with some species confined to the tropics, others to north temperate regions, and others to south temperate regions.[5][8]

Uses

At least three species are commercially cultivated for food on a large scale in China and East Asia. They include Auricularia heimuer (black wood ear), formerly misdetermined as Auricularia auricula-judae;[12][7] Auricularia cornea (wood ear or cloud ear), also called A. polytricha; and Auricularia villosula.[8]

Other species are eaten locally around the world. A study on the use of fungi by the Bini people of southern Nigeria found that the local inhabitants collected and ate a species similar to A. auricula-judae, but that it was not one of the fungi they used medicinally.[13] Collection of Auricularia species has also been documented in Nepal. However, the Nepalese do not consider them all that good for eating; of the three grades given to edible fungi, they were given the worst.[14] Additional places where Auricularia species have been recorded as locally gathered and consumed include Benin, Chile, Fiji, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Mexico, Mozambique, and Poland.[15]

Several species, including the Asian cultivated species and the European A. auricula-judae (jelly ear or jew's ear), have been used in traditional medicine.[16] They have also been investigated for potential pharmaceutical use.[12]

Species

ImageNameType LocationDistribution
Auricularia africana Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2021UgandaEast Africa
Auricularia americana Parmasto & I. Parmasto ex Audet, Boulet & Sirard 2003CanadaNorth America, China, Russian Far East
Auricularia angiospermarum Y.C. Dai, F. Wu & D.W. Li 2015United StatesNorth America
Auricularia asiatica Bandara & K.D. Hyde 2016ThailandChina, Thailand, Indonesia
Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél. 1886FranceEurope
Auricularia australiana Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2021AustraliaAustralia
Auricularia brasiliana Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2015BrazilBrazil
Auricularia camposii Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2021BrazilBrazil
Auricularia cerrina Kout & Wu 2022[17]Czech RepublicCzech Republic
Auricularia conferta Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2021AustraliaAustralia
Auricularia cornea Ehrenb. 1820HawaiiAfrica, South Asia, North America (Mexico), South America, South Pacific Islands, Australia, New Zealand
Auricularia delicata (Mont. ex Fr.) Henn. 1893GuineaWest Africa
Auricularia eburnea L.J. Li & B. LiuChinaChina
Auricularia eminii Henn. 1893CongoAfrica
Auricularia fibrillifera Kobayasi 1973Papua New GuineaNew Guinea, China, Africa
Auricularia fuscosuccinea (Mont.) Henn. 1893CubaNorth America (Mexico, Florida), South America, Caribbean
Auricularia hainanensis L.J. Li 1987ChinaChina
Auricularia heimuer F. Wu, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai 2014ChinaChina, Russian Far East, Japan (Aomori, Iwate, Niigata),[18] Korea
Auricularia lateralis Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2021ChinaChina
Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers. 1822EnglandEurope, Uzbekistan
Auricularia minor Kobayasi 1981TaiwanTaiwan
Auricularia minutissima Y.C. Dai, F. Wu & Malysheva 2015ChinaChina, Russian Far East, Japan (Chiba, Kanagawa, Tokyo, Tottori)[18]
Auricularia nigricans (Sw.) Birkebak, Looney & Sánchez-García 2013CubaNorth America (Mexico, Florida), Central and South America, Caribbean
Auricularia novozealandica Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2021New ZealandNew Zealand
Auricularia orientalis Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2015ChinaChina
Auricularia papyracea Yasuda 1918JapanJapan
Auricularia pilosa Y.C. Dai, L.W. Zhou & F. Wu 2021EthiopiaEast Africa
Auricularia pusio Berk. 1881AustraliaAustralia, East Africa
Auricularia scissa Looney, Birkebak & Matheny 2013Dominican RepublicNorth America (Mexico, Florida), Caribbean
Auricularia sinodelicata Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2021ChinaChina
Auricularia srilankensis Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2021Sri LankaSri Lanka
Auricularia subglabra Looney, Birkebak & Matheny 2013Costa RicaCentral and South America
Auricularia submesenterica Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2021ChinaChina
Auricularia thailandica Bandara & K.D. Hyde 2015ThailandChina, Thailand, Japan (Okinawa)[18]
Auricularia tibetica Y.C. Dai & F. Wu 2015TibetChina, Tibet
Auricularia tremellosa (Fr.) Pat. 1887MexicoNorth America (Mexico), Central and South America
Auricularia villosula Malysheva 2014Russian Far EastChina, Russian Far East, Japan (Chiba, Kanagawa, Tokyo, Hyogo)[18]
Auricularia xishaensis L.J. Li 1985ChinaChina

References

  1. ↑ "Auricularia Bull. ex Juss. 1789". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
  2. ↑ Persoon CH (1822). Mycologia europaea 1.
  3. ↑ Fries EM (1848). "Fungi Natalenses". K. Svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. Series 3: 144.
  4. ↑ Donk MA (1966). "Check list of European Hymenomycetous Heterobasidiae". Persoonia. 4 (2): 145–244.
  5. 1 2 3 Lowy, Bernard (1952). "The genus Auricularia". Mycologia. 44 (5): 656–92. doi:10.1080/00275514.1952.12024226. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 4547639.
  6. ↑ Looney, B. (2013). "Systematics of the genus Auricularia with an emphasis on species from the southeastern United States". North American Fungi. doi:10.2509/naf2013.008.006. ISSN 1937-786X.
  7. 1 2 Wu, Fang; Yuan, Yuan; He, Shuang-Hui; Bandara, Asanka R.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Malysheva, Vera F.; Li, De-Wei; Dai, Yu-Cheng (October 2015). "Global diversity and taxonomy of the Auricularia auricula-judae complex (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota)". Mycological Progress. 14 (10): 95. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1113-4. S2CID 16991202.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wu, Fang; Yuan, Yuan; Malysheva, Vera F.; Du, Ping; Dai, Yu Cheng (4 December 2014). "Species clarification of the most important and cultivated Auricularia mushroom "Heimuer": evidence from morphological and molecular data". Phytotaxa. 186 (5): 241. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.186.5.1.
  9. ↑ Reid DA (1970). "New or interesting records of British hymenomycetes, IV". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 55 (3): 413–441. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(70)80062-6.
  10. ↑ Bandara AR, Mortimer PE, VadthanaratS, Xingrong P, Karunarathna SC, Hyde KD, Kakumyan P, Xu J (2020). "First successful domestication of a white strain of Auricularia cornea from Thailand". Studies in Fungi. 5 (1): 420–434. doi:10.5943/sif/5/1/23. S2CID 234995383.
  11. ↑ Worrall, James J.; Anagnost, Susan E.; Zabel, Robert A. (1997). "Comparison of wood decay among diverse lignicolous fungi". Mycologia. 89 (2): 199–219. doi:10.2307/3761073. JSTOR 3761073.
  12. 1 2 Wu F, Yuan Y, Malysheva VF, Du P, Dai Y (2014). "Species clarification of the most important and cultivated Auricularia mushroom "Heimuer": evidence from morphological and molecular data". Phytotaxa. 186 (5): 241–253. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.186.5.1.
  13. ↑ Akpaja, Emmanuel Oluwadare; Okhuoya, John Aroye; Ehwerheferere, Benedicta Akpos (2003). "Ethnomycology and indigenous uses of mushrooms among the Bini-speaking people of Nigeria: A case study of Aihuobabekun community near Benin City, Nigeria". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 7 (3): 373–4. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v7.i3.270.
  14. ↑ Adhikari, M. K.; Devkota, S.; Tiwari, R. D. (2005). "Ethnomycological knowledge on uses of wild mushrooms in western and central Nepal". Our Nature. 3 (1): 13–9. doi:10.3126/on.v3i1.329.
  15. ↑ Boa, Eric (2004). Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of their Use and Importance to People. Food and Agriculture Organisation. ISBN 978-92-5-105157-3.
  16. ↑ Allen, David E.; Hatfield, Gabrielle (2004). Medicinal Plants in Folk Tradition: An Ethnobotany of Britain & Ireland. Timber Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-88192-638-5.
  17. ↑ Kout, Jiří; Wu, Fang (March 2022). "Revealing the Cryptic Diversity of Wood-Inhabiting Auricularia (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) in Europe". Forests. 13 (4): 532. doi:10.3390/f13040532. ISSN 1999-4907.
  18. 1 2 3 4 貴, 白水; 重樹, 稲葉; 秀爾, 牛島; 康仁, 奥田; 栄史, 長澤 (2018). "日本産 "Auricularia auricula-judae " および" A. polytricha " の分子系統解析と形態比較に基づく分類学的検討". 日本菌学会会報. 59 (1): jjom.H30–02. doi:10.18962/jjom.jjom.H30-02.
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