Professional athletics

The Australian gold rush of the late 19th century attracted huge populations to Australia and many (professional) athletics events were conducted at the gold-fields, with the 'gift' of a gold nugget to the winner.^[3] This 'pro' tradition continues today, with the Stawell Gift, Australia's premier professional foot-race, a highlight of the sporting calendar.^[4]

Australasian Union

In 1890, the first Inter-Colonial championships was held in Sydney, featuring teams from the Australasian colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, and New Zealand.^[5]

The Australasian Athletics Union of Australasia was formed in 1897 to govern the sport, with combined Australian and New Zealand teams representing at the 1908 and 1912 Olympic Games.

In 1928, New Zealand withdrew from the Union to form their own national association and the Amateur Athletics Union of Australia became the peak-body for athletics in Australia. The Australasian Championships now became Australian Championships, with official women's events held from 1930.

Early women's athletics

Female participation in women's athletics at the turn of the 20th century was usually restricted to 'picnic' meets where ladies races were conducted, along with egg-and-spoon races and other carnival events.^[6]

In late 1906, at Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, the first women's 'state championship' was run, with Loyal Forward winning the 50 yards sprint and invitational 100 yards. Though these events were held during a professional meeting, Richard Coombes, President of the men's Amateur Athletics Union, considered the prizes awarded were compliant with amateur rules.^[6]

A Sydney Ladies amateur athletics club was formed by Mrs Drennan, herself a sprinter, in 1913, and competitions, held under the auspices of the NSW men's association were conducted over the next five years. Professional races for women were also very popular during this time.^[6]

Amateur unions

From 1928, the Amateur Athletics Union of Australia, had responsibility for track and field in Australia, including women's athletics with women's events being held, for the first time, at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. The first joint National Championships were conducted in Melbourne in 1930.^[7]

In 1932 an Australian Women's Amateur Athletics Union was formed which administered women's track and field in Australia and held its own national championships until 1978. An amalgamation of men's and women's bodies occurred in 1978 and, in 1989 this combined association was renamed as Athletics Australia.^[3]

Combined annual national championships have been held since 1978.^[8]

Athletics Australia

Currently, Athletics Australia works with its affiliated state bodies and the Australian and State Institutes of Sport to assist athletes achieve a high standard of performance.^[9]

Olympic Games

Australia is one of the few countries who have entered track and field athletes in every Olympic Games. At the first Olympics, in Athens in 1896, Victorian runner, Edwin Flack won both 800 metres and 1500 metres events.^[10]

The first Australian woman to win an Olympic medal was Shirley Strickland, at the 1948 London Games, with a bronze medal in the 100 metres sprint while Australia's first female gold medalist in athletics was Marjorie Jackson who won the 100 metres and 200 metres sprint races in 1952.^[10]

The most bemedalled Australian athletes at the Olympic Games have been for men Stan Rowley and Jared Tallent (with three) and for women Shirley Strickland (with seven).^[10]

Commonwealth Games

Decima Norman

The Commonwealth Games began as the British Empire Games in 1930 and Australian athletes have competed at every edition since, with female representatives from 1938.

Decima Norman was the star of those 1938 Sydney Games, winning five gold-medals. Since then, many other female athletes have starred at the Games, including Marjorie Jackson-Nelson, Pam Kilborn, Denise Boyd, Debbie Flintoff-King and Jane Flemming. The most successful medalist at the Commonwealth Games has been Raelene Boyle who won nine medals, including seven golds.^[11]

Australia's best performed male athletes at the 'Friendly Games' include John Treloar, Herb Elliott, and Gary Honey, with walker Nathan Deakes the most successful, winning four gold and one bronze medal during his career.^[11]

World Championships

Australia has again been represented at each edition of the IAAF World Championships. Australia has had two multiple gold medal winners (Cathy Freeman and Jana Rawlinson), and six single gold medal winners (Robert de Castella, Dmitri Markov, Nathan Deakes, Steve Hooker, Dani Samuels and Sally Pearson).^[12]

World Indoor Championships

Australia's indoor world champions include:^[14] Mike Hillardt, Kerry Saxby-Junna, Melinda Gainsford-Taylor, Tamsyn Lewis, Steven Hooker, Fabrice Lapierre and Sally Pearson.

World Cup

Australians competed for Oceanian team in the World Cup now called the IAAF Continental Cup. Australian champions include:^[15]

• Lyn Jacenko - 1977 Long Jump
• Joanna Stone - 1998 Javelin
• Craig Mottram - 2003 and 2006 3000 metres
• Steve Hooker - 2006 and 2010 Pole Vault
• Sally Pearson - 2010 100m hurdles

World Cross-country Championships

• Benita Johnson - 2004 World Champion - Long Course (8000m)^[16]

World Junior Championships

Sydney hosted the 1996 World Junior Championships, a bi-ennial event in which competitors must be 19 years of age or younger.

Australian Gold medalists at these events include:^[17]

• Miles Murphy - 1986 400 metres
• Rohan Robinson - 1990 400 metres hurdles
• Susan Andrews, Sophie Scamps, Kylie Hanigan, Renee Poetschka - 1990 4 × 400 metres relay
• Jagen Hames - 1994 High Jump
• Paul Byrne - 1994 800 metres
• Scott Thom, Brad Jamieson, Casey Vincent, Daniel McFarlane - 1998 4 × 400 metres relay
• Jana Rawlinson - 2000 400 metres and 400 metres hurdles
• Dani Samuels - 2006 Discus
• Robert Crowther - 2006 Long Jump

World Youth Championships

The World Youth (Under 18) Championships commenced in 1999^[18] and Australian winners include:

• Georgie Clarke - 1999 800 metres and 2001 1500 metres
• Shermin Oksuz - 2001 Long Jump
• Kimberley Mickle - 2001 Javelin
• Sally McLellan - 2003 100 metres hurdles
• Dani Samuels - 2003 Discus
• Ronnie Buckley - 2003 Discus
• Chris Noffke - 2005 Long Jump
• Vicky Parnov - 2007 Pole Vault

Pacific Conference Games

The Pacific Conference Games were a quadrennial event conducted between athletes from Australia, Japan, Canada, New Zealand and the United States between 1969 and 1985. The 1977 Pacific Conference Games were held in Canberra.^[19]

The most successful athlete at these Games was Denise Boyd who won six gold medals between 1973 and 1977.^[20]

National Championships

The national titles have been conducted for over a hundred years, though the event has only been a joint championship since 1978.^[3]

The most successful athletes at this event include Warwick Selvey (19 wins) and Gael Martin (20 wins).^[22]

Athletics Grand Prix

The IAAF approved meets at Canberra, Sydney and Melbourne comprise the most important athletics meetings held in Australia, with Australian athletes required to compete in order to gain international selection.^[23]

State championships

Each Australian state or territory holds its own state athletics championships annually.^[24]

Other events

Inter-varsity athletics competitions were conducted in Australia from the late 19th century. Since 1993, the Australian University Games have presented an annual multi-sport event.^[25] Athletes studying at tertiary institutions are eligible to compete in the bi-annual World University Games.