Asteria
Goddess of Delos
Asteria seated on a rock with a lyre and laurel wreath at her side
AbodeDelos
Personal information
ParentsCoeus and Phoebe
SiblingsLeto
ConsortPerses
ChildrenHecate

In Greek mythology, Asteria or Asterie (/əˈstɪəriə/; Ancient Greek: Ἀστερία or Ἀστερίη, romanized: Astería/Asteríē, lit. 'of the stars, starry one') is a daughter of the Titans Coeus (Polus) and Phoebe and the sister of Leto.[1] According to Hesiod, by the Titan Perses she had a single child, a daughter named Hecate, the goddess of witchcraft.[2] Other authors made Asteria the mother of the fourth Heracles[3] and Hecate[4] by Zeus.

Asteria is notable for her pursuit by the amorous god Zeus, who desired her. In order to escape him and his advances, she transformed herself into a bird and then a wandering island. When her sister Leto, impregnated by Zeus, went into labour, Asteria was the only place on earth willing to receive her, defying Hera's orders that forbade Leto any shelter. After Apollo and Artemis were born on her, the island received the name of Delos, and Apollo fixed it in place, making it his sacred land.

Etymology

The goddess's name "Asteria" (Ancient Greek Ἀστερία, translit. Astería) is derived from the Greek word ἀστήρ (astḗr) meaning "star". Ἀστήρ itself is inherited from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ster- (“star”), from *h₂eh₁s-, "to burn".[5] Asteria's name shares an etymology with the names of Astraeus, Asteria's first cousin, and his daughter Astraea.

Mythology

Asteria and Phoebe on the Pergamon Altar.

Asteria married Perses, her first cousin, and gave birth to their only child Hecate.[6][2] In one account attributed to Musaeus, Asteria is the mother of Hecate not by Perses but by Zeus.[4] She evidently joined the other gods during the Gigantomachy, as in the Gigantomachy frieze on the Pergamon Altar, Asteria is seen fighting against the Giants next to her mother Phoebe.[7]

Asteria was an inhabitant of Olympus, and like her sister Leto was beloved by Zeus. After Zeus had impregnated Leto, his attention was next captured by her sister Asteria.[8] In order to escape the amorous advances of the god, who in the form of an eagle pursued her,[9] she transformed herself into a quail (ortux) and flung herself into the Aegean Sea. It was there that Asteria metamorphosed into the island Asteria (the island which had fallen from heaven like a star) or the "quail island" Ortygia.[10][6] This then became identified with the island of Delos, which was the only place on earth to give refuge to the fugitive Leto when, pregnant with Zeus's children, she was pursued by vengeful Hera.[11] According to Hyginus, Leto was borne by the north wind Boreas at the command of Zeus to the floating island, at the time when Python was pursuing her, and there clinging to an olive, she gave birth to Apollo and Artemis.[12][6]

Asteria pursued by Zeus in the form of an eagle by Marco Liberi

Hera, despite being enraged that Asteria had defied her and allowed Leto to give birth to the products of Zeus' liaison, did no harm to Asteria, out of respect for her for not sleeping with Zeus when he chased her, and instead preferring the sea over him, thus not further defiling Hera's marriage.[13] Asteria's power to withstand Hera's threats seems to stem from her parentage as the daughter of two Titans.[14]

A different version was added by the poet Nonnus who recounted that, after Asteria was pursued by Zeus but turned herself into a quail and leapt into the sea, Poseidon instead took up the chase. In the madness of his passion, he hunted the chaste goddess to and fro in the sea, riding restless before the changing wind and thus she transformed herself into the desert island of Delos with the help of her nephew Apollo who rooted her in the waves immovable.[15]

The element of Asteria fleeing from Zeus as the origin of Delos was probably introduced by Callimachus, as in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, nothing in the conversation between Leto and Delos indicates of such a past for Delos, let alone that they are sisters.[14] Like the Hymn, however, Callimachus does not allude to the kinship between Leto and Asteria either, in contrast to Hesiod, who recorded that they are sisters but did not make Asteria the origin of Delos.[16] Asteria as Delos is already known since Pindar, but whether he would have known of the story of her trying to avoid Zeus is not clear.[14]

In the rare account where Asteria was the mother of Heracles by Zeus, the Phoenicians sacrifice quails to the hero because when he went into Libya and was killed by Typhon, Iolaus brought a quail to him, and having put it close to him, he smelt it and came to life again.[17]

Genealogy

Asteria's family tree [18]
UranusGaiaPontus
OceanusTethysHyperionTheiaCriusEurybia
The RiversThe OceanidsHeliosSelene[19]EosAstraeusPallasPerses
CronusRheaCoeusPhoebe
HestiaHeraPoseidonZeusLetoASTERIA
DemeterHadesApolloArtemisHecate
IapetusClymene (or Asia)[20]Themis(Zeus)Mnemosyne
Atlas[21]MenoetiusPrometheus[22]EpimetheusThe HoraeThe Muses

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 404 ff.; Apollodorus, 1.2.2; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface
  2. 1 2 Hesiod, Theogony 409–11; Apollodorus, 1.2.4
  3. ↑ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.16; Athenaeus, 9.47
  4. 1 2 According to Musaeus as cited by a scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius's Argonautica 3.467
  5. ↑ Beekes, R. S. P., Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 1:156–57.
  6. 1 2 3 Roman, Luke; Roman, Monica (2010). Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology. Infobase Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 9781438126395.
  7. ↑ LIMC 617 (Asteria 1); Honan, p. 21
  8. ↑ Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 3.73
  9. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.108
  10. ↑ Apollodorus, 1.4.1
  11. ↑ Callimachus, Hymns in Delos 37
  12. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 53.
  13. ↑ Callimachus, Hymn to Delos 240–248
  14. 1 2 3 Mineur 2018, p. 75.
  15. ↑ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.125 ff, 33.336 ff & 42.410 ff
  16. ↑ Mineur 2018, p. 83.
  17. ↑ Athenaeus, 9.47
  18. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 132–138, 337–411, 453–520, 901–906, 915–920; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.
  19. ↑ Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in Hesiod, Theogony 371–374, in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), 99–100, Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.
  20. ↑ According to Hesiod, Theogony 507–511, Clymene, one of the Oceanids, the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at Hesiod, Theogony 351, was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to Apollodorus, 1.2.3, another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.
  21. ↑ According to Plato, Critias, 113d–114a, Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito.
  22. ↑ In Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. 444, 445 n. 2, 446, 447 n. 24, 538, 539 n. 113) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.

References

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