Territory of Ashuanipi
French: Territoire d'Ashuanipi
Territory of Quebec
1899–1927

  Ashuanipi
  Territory currently claimed by Québec
History 
• Established
1899
• Disestablished
1927
Preceded by		Succeeded by
District of Ungava
Dominion of Newfoundland
Today part of

    Canada

    The Territory of Ashuanipi (French: Territoire d'Ashuanipi) was a formerly disputed area and territory of Quebec that was claimed by Quebec and the Dominion of Newfoundland from 1899 and 1927.

    Ashuanipi was first devised under the territorial claims of the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898, and then subdivided under the 1899 An Act respecting the territories of Abittibi, Mistassini and Ashuanipi. The territory would be effectively annulled after a 1927 ruling by the Privy Council of Canada defining the border between Newfoundland and Quebec, but Quebec continues to recognize the region as a territory of Quebec in the Territorial Division Act.

    Description

    A map of Quebec's Côte-Nord from 1900 with Ashuanipi highlighted

    The territory of Ashuanipi was defined under the terms of An Act respecting the territories of Abittibi, Mistassini and Ashuanipi[1] (French: Loi concernant les territoires d'Abittibi, de Mistassini et d'Ashuanipi) of 1899. Article 2.3 of the act read: "The territory of Ashuanipi is bounded to the north, to the east and to the west by the limits of the province; and to the south and southwest by the county of Saguenay".[2] The Revised Statutes of the Province of Quebec (1909) recognized the same description of the territory.[3] The Territorial Division Act's description remains largely the same, but alters the south and southwest portion's boundaries by the "electoral districts of Duplessis and Saguenay".[4]

    The territory, as defined by the provisions of the former act, directly included the river basins of the Ashuanipi River, Hamilton River, and Esquimaux River. It additionally included "all other parts of territory watered by water-courses flowing directly towards the Atlantic".[3]

    History

    When Canada purchased the territory of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870, the potential for territorial expansion northwards became available to the Quebec government. During a session held on April 8, 1885, the Legislative Assembly of Quebec devised a special committee with regards to the potential expansion of the border into the north. The borders that were devised by the committee were adopted by both the Parliament of Quebec and the Parliament of Canada in 1898 as the Boundaries Extension Acts of 1898. In the provisions of An Act respecting the territories of Abittibi, Mistassini and Ashuanipi of 1899, the newly annexed northern territory was divided into three regions.[2] The act decreed that the lands of Abitibi and Mistassini would be annexed alongside it.[5][4] The area that was claimed remained poorly defined at its eastern frontier, running alongside the Dominion of Newfoundland's claim, whose border was also poorly defined at the time.[6] During its existence as a territory of Quebec, for judicial and registration purposes, the territory of Ashuanipi formed a part of the historical county of Saguenay.[3]

    In 1912, a further extension was granted for Quebec under the provisions of the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912, allowing Quebec's northern border to include that of the remainder of the District of Ungava. This revision continued to be ambiguous with regards to the definition of the territory, continuing to refer to the area on the eastern reaches as the land "over which the island of Newfoundland has lawful jurisdiction".[7]

    The territory ceased to exist in 1927, following a ruling by the Privy Council of Canada, which ruled that the 52nd parallel north would serve as an effective border between Newfoundland and Quebec.[8][9] As much of Ashuanipi lay north the parallel, the territorial claim was effectively annulled. Quebec continues to assert a claim over the portions between the southern portions of Ashuanipi and the 52nd parallel.[8]

    Contemporary Quebec

    Ashuanipi continues to be recognized as a territory within the provisions of the Territorial Division Act. The act's provisions state that it is under the registration division of Sept-Îles, alongside the provincial riding of Duplessis, and the territory of New Québec.[4]

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ Gazette Officielle du Quebec - QUEBEC OFFICIAL GAZETTE (in French) (XXXI ed.). 4 March 1899. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
    2. 1 2 "Loi concernant les territoires d'Abittibi, de Mistassini et d'Ashuanipi". Territoire d'Abitibi, etc. National Assembly of Québec - Assemblée nationale. 1899. p. 31. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
    3. 1 2 3 The revised statutes of the province of Quebec, 1909. 1909. pp. 101–102. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
    4. 1 2 3 "chapter D-11 Territorial Division Act DIVISION I DIVISION OF QUÉBEC FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES". Légis Québec. Les Publications du Québec Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
    5. ↑ Frenette, Jacques (10 April 2014). "Les lois de l'extension des frontières du Québec de 1898 et de 1912, la Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois et la Première Nation Abitibiwinni" (PDF). Recherches amérindiennes au Québec. 43 (1): 87–104. doi:10.7202/1024476ar. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
    6. ↑ "L'Atlas du Canada. Évolution territoriale, 1898". Natural Resources Canada (in French). 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
    7. ↑ British North America Acts 1867–1907 (PDF). Ottawa: C. H. Parmelee. 1913. pp. 235–236.
    8. 1 2 Jacobs, Frank (2012-07-10). "Oh, (No) Canada!". Opinionator: Borderlines. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-10-01. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
    9. ↑ Machabée, Daniel (19 March 2022). "Le Labrador". Journal des Citoyens (in French). Retrieved 11 May 2022.
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