Artemis 1
The Space Launch System launches from Kennedy Space Center's LC-39B
Names
  • Artemis I (official)
  • Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) (formerly)
Mission typeUncrewed lunar orbital test flight
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID2022-156A
SATCAT no.54257
Websitewww.nasa.gov/artemis-1
Mission duration
  • 25 days, 10 hours, 55 minutes, 50 seconds (unofficial)[1][2]
  • 25 days, 10 hours and 53 minutes (achieved)
Distance travelled1.3 million miles (2.1 million kilometers)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOrion CM-002
Spacecraft typeOrion MPCV
Manufacturer
Start of mission
Launch dateNovember 16, 2022, 06:47:44 UTC (1:47 am EST)[3]
RocketSpace Launch System Block 1
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39B
End of mission
Recovered byUSS Portland[4]
Landing dateDecember 11, 2022, 17:40:30 UTC (9:40:30 am PST)[2]
Landing sitePacific Ocean off Baja California[5]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSelenocentric
RegimeDistant retrograde orbit
Period14 days
Flyby of Moon
Spacecraft componentOrion
Closest approachNovember 21, 2022, 12:57 UTC[6]
Distance130 km
Moon orbiter
Spacecraft componentOrion
Orbital insertionNovember 25, 2022, 21:52 UTC[7]
Orbital departureDecember 1, 2022, 21:53 UTC[8]
Flyby of Moon
Spacecraft componentOrion
Closest approachDecember 5, 2022, 16:43 UTC[9]
Distance128 km

Artemis 1 mission patch
 

Artemis 1, officially Artemis I[10] and formerly Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1),[11] was an uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission. As the first major spaceflight of NASA's Artemis program, Artemis 1 marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of the Apollo program five decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket,[note 1] and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its heat shield,[12] in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including exploration of Mars.[13]

The Orion spacecraft for Artemis 1 was stacked on October 20, 2021,[14] and on August 17, 2022, the fully stacked vehicle was rolled out for launch after a series of delays caused by difficulties in pre-flight testing. The first two launch attempts were canceled due to a faulty engine temperature reading on August 29, 2022, and a hydrogen leak during fueling on September 3, 2022.[15] Artemis 1 was launched on November 16, 2022, at 06:47:44 UTC (01:47:44 EST).[16]

Artemis 1 was launched from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center.[17] After reaching Earth orbit, the upper stage carrying the Orion spacecraft separated and performed a trans-lunar injection before releasing Orion and deploying ten CubeSat satellites. Orion completed one flyby of the Moon on November 21, entered a distant retrograde orbit for six days, and completed a second flyby of the Moon on December 5.[18]

The Orion spacecraft then returned and reentered the Earth's atmosphere with the protection of its heat shield, splashing down in the Pacific Ocean on December 11.[19] The mission aims to certify Orion and the Space Launch System for crewed flights beginning with Artemis 2,[20] which is scheduled to perform a crewed lunar flyby no later than November 2024. After Artemis 2, Artemis 3 will involve a crewed lunar landing, the first in five decades since Apollo 17.

Mission profile

Artemis 1 was launched on the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System.[21] The Block 1 vehicle consists of a core stage, two five-segment solid rocket boosters (SRBs) and an upper stage. The core stage uses four RS-25D engines, all of which have previously flown on Space Shuttle missions.[22] The core and boosters together produce 39,000 kN (8,800,000 lbf), or about 4,000 metric tons of thrust at liftoff. The upper stage, known as the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS), is based on the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage and is powered by a single RL10B-2 engine on the Artemis 1 mission.[23]

Once in orbit, the ICPS fired its engine to perform a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, which placed the Orion spacecraft and 10 CubeSats on a trajectory to the Moon. Orion then separated from the ICPS and continued its coast into lunar space. Following Orion separation, the ICPS Stage Adapter deployed ten CubeSats for conducting scientific research and performing technology demonstrations.[24]

The Orion spacecraft spent approximately three weeks in space, including six days in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) around the Moon.[25] It came within approximately 130 km (80 mi) of the lunar surface (closest approach)[6] and achieved a maximum distance from Earth of 432,210 km (268,563 mi).[1][26]

Mission timeline[1]
Date Time (UTC) Event
Launch
November 16 06:47:44 Liftoff
06:49:56 Solid rocket booster separation
06:50:55 Service module fairing jettisoned
06:51:00 Launch abort system (LAS) jettisoned
06:55:47 Core stage main engine cutoff (MECO)
06:55:59 Core stage and ICPS separation
07:05:53 – 07:17:53 Orion solar array deployment
07:40:40 – 07:41:02 Perigee raise maneuver
08:17:11 – 08:35:11 ICPS Trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn
08:45:20 Orion/ICPS separation
08:46:42 Upper-stage separation burn
10:09:20 ICPS disposal burn
Summary of the Artemis 1 mission
Moon outbound transit
November 16 14:35:15 First trajectory correction burn
November 17–20 Outbound coasting phase
November 21 12:44 Outbound powered flyby burn[6]
Orbiting Moon
November 21–24 Transit to DRO
November 25–30 Distant retrograde orbit
December 1 21:53 DRO departure burn[8]
December 1–4 Exiting DRO
Earth return
December 5 16:43 Close approach[9]
December 5–11 Return transit
December 11 17:40:30 Splashdown at Pacific Ocean

Mission profile animation

Animation of Artemis 1
Earth-centered inertial reference frame
Earth-centered frame rotating with Moon
  Earth ·   Artemis I ·   Moon

Background

2011 illustration of an SLS launch

Artemis 1 was outlined by NASA as Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2012, at which point it was set to launch in 2017[27][note 2] as the first planned flight of the Space Launch System and the second uncrewed test flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. The initial plans for EM-1 called for a circumlunar trajectory during a seven-day mission.[29][30]

In January 2013, it was announced that the Orion spacecraft's service module was to be built by the European Space Agency and named the European Service Module.[31] In mid-November 2014, construction of the SLS core stage began at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF).[32] In January 2015, NASA and Lockheed Martin announced that the primary structure in the Orion spacecraft used on Artemis 1 would be up to 25% lighter compared to the previous one (EFT-1). This would be achieved by reducing the number of cone panels from six (EFT-1) to three (EM-1), reducing the total number of welds from 19 to 7[33] and saving the additional mass of the weld material. Other savings would be due to revising its various components and wiring. For Artemis 1, the Orion spacecraft was to be outfitted with a complete life support system and crew seats but would be left uncrewed.[34]

In February 2017, NASA began investigating the feasibility of a crewed launch as the first SLS flight.[21] It would have had a crew of two astronauts and the flight time would have been shorter than the uncrewed version.[35] However, after a months-long feasibility study, NASA rejected the proposal, citing cost as the primary issue, and continued with the plan to fly the first SLS mission uncrewed.[36]

In March 2019, then-NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine proposed moving the Orion spacecraft from SLS to commercial rockets, either the Falcon Heavy or Delta IV Heavy, to comply with the schedule.[37][38] The mission would require two launches: one to place the Orion spacecraft into orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit, and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon.[39] The idea was eventually scrapped.[40] One challenge with this option would be carrying out that docking, as Orion is not planned to carry a docking mechanism until Artemis 3.[41] The concept was shelved in mid-2019, due to another study's conclusion that it would further delay the mission.[42]

Ground testing

First static-fire attempt of the core stage performed on January 16, 2021

The core stage for Artemis 1, built at Michoud Assembly Facility by Boeing, had all four engines attached in November 2019[43] and was declared finished one month later.[44] The core stage left the facility to undergo the Green Run test series at Stennis Space Center, consisting of eight tests of increasing complexity:[45]

  1. Modal testing (vibration tests)
  2. Avionics (electronic systems)
  3. Fail-safe systems
  4. Propulsion (without firing of the engines)
  5. Thrust vector control system (moving and rotating engines)
  6. Launch countdown simulation
  7. Wet dress rehearsal, with propellant
  8. Static fire of the engines for eight minutes

The first test was performed in January 2020,[45][46] and subsequent Green Run tests proceeded without issue. On January 16, 2021, a year later, the eighth and final test was performed, but the engines shut down after running for one minute.[47] This was caused by pressure in the hydraulic system used for the engines' thrust vector control system dropping below the limits set for the test. However, the limits were conservative – if such an anomaly occurred in launch, the rocket would still fly normally.[48] The static fire test was performed again on March 18, 2021, this time achieving a full-duration eight-minute burn.[49] The core subsequently departed the Stennis Space Center on April 24, 2021, on route to the Kennedy Space Center.[50]

Assembly

Block 1 variant of SLS rocket
SLS with the Orion capsule stacked in the Vehicle Assembly Building, March 2022

SLS/Orion is assembled by stacking its major sub-assemblies atop a mobile launcher platform inside the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). First, the seven components of each of the two boosters are stacked. The core stage is then stacked and is supported by the boosters. The interstage and upper stage are stacked atop the core, and the Orion spacecraft is then stacked onto the upper stage.

The Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage was the first part of the SLS to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in July 2017.[51] Three years later, all of the SLS's solid rocket booster segments were shipped by train to the Kennedy Space Center on June 12, 2020,[52] and the SLS launch vehicle stage adapter (LVSA) was delivered by barge one month later on July 29.[53] The assembly of the SLS took place at the Vehicle Assembly Building's High Bay 3, beginning with the placement of the two bottom solid rocket booster segments onto Mobile Launcher-1 on November 23.[54] Assembly of the boosters was temporarily paused due to the core stage Green Run test delays before being resumed on January 7, 2021,[55] and the boosters' stacking was completed by March 2.[56]

The SLS core stage for the mission, CS-1, arrived at the launch site on the Pegasus barge on April 27, 2021, after the successful conclusion of Green Run tests. It was moved to the VAB low bay for refurbishment and stacking preparations on April 29.[57] The stage was then stacked with its boosters on June 12. The stage adapter was stacked on the Core Stage on June 22. The ICPS upper stage was stacked on July 6. Following the completion of umbilical retract testing and integrated modal testing, the Orion stage adapter with ten secondary payloads was stacked atop the upper stage on October 8.[58] This marked the first time a super-heavy-lift vehicle has been stacked inside NASA's VAB since the final Saturn V in 1973.

The Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft began fueling and pre-launch servicing in the Multi-Payload Processing Facility on January 16, 2021, following a handover to NASA Exploration Ground Systems (EGS).[59][60] On October 20, the Orion spacecraft, encapsulated under the launch abort system and aerodynamic cover, was rolled over to the VAB and stacked atop the SLS rocket, finishing the stacking of the Artemis 1 vehicle in High Bay 3.[61] During a period of extensive integrated testing and checkouts, one of the four RS-25 engine controllers failed, requiring a replacement and delaying the first rollout of the rocket.[62][63]

Launch preparations

First rollout of SLS in March 2022. It was subsequently rolled back in for repairs.

On March 17, 2022, Artemis 1 rolled out of High Bay 3 from the Vehicle Assembly Building for the first time to perform a pre-launch wet dress rehearsal (WDR). The initial WDR attempt, on April 3, was scrubbed due to a mobile launcher pressurization problem.[64] A second attempt to complete the test was scrubbed on April 4, after problems with supplying gaseous nitrogen to the launch complex, liquid oxygen temperatures, and a vent valve stuck in a closed position.[65]

During preparations for a third attempt, a helium check valve on the ICPS upper stage was kept in a semi-open position by a small piece of rubber originating from one of the mobile launcher's umbilical arms, forcing test conductors to delay fueling the stage until the valve could be replaced in the VAB.[66][67] The third attempt to finish the test did not include fueling the upper stage. The rocket's liquid oxygen tank started loading successfully. However, during the loading of liquid hydrogen on the core stage, a leak was discovered on the tail service mast umbilical plate, located on the mobile launcher at the base of the rocket, forcing another early end to the test.[68][69]

NASA elected to roll the vehicle back to the VAB to repair the hydrogen leak and the ICPS helium check valve while upgrading the nitrogen supply at LC-39B after prolonged outages on the three previous wet dress rehearsals. Artemis 1 was rolled back to the VAB on April 26.[70][71][72] After the repairs and upgrades were complete the Artemis 1 vehicle rolled out to LC-39B for a second time on June 6 to complete the test.[73]

During the fourth wet dress rehearsal attempt on June 20, the rocket was fully loaded with propellant on both stages. Still, due to a hydrogen leak on the quick-disconnect connection of the tail service mast umbilical, the countdown could not reach the planned T-9.3 seconds mark and was stopped automatically at T-29 seconds. NASA mission managers soon determined they had completed almost all planned test objectives and declared the WDR campaign complete.[74]

On July 2, the Artemis 1 stack was rolled back to the VAB for final launch preparations and to fix the hydrogen leak on the quick disconnect ahead of a launch targeted in two launch windows: August 29 and September 5.[75][76] The SLS passed flight readiness review on August 23, checking out five days before the first launch opportunity.[77]

Initial launch attempts

Fueling was scheduled to commence just after midnight on August 29, 2022, but was delayed an hour due to offshore storms, only beginning at 1:13 am EDT. Before the planned launch at 8:33 am, Engine 3 of the rocket's four engines was observed to be above the maximum allowable temperature limit for launch.[78][79] Other technical difficulties involved an eleven-minute communications delay between the spacecraft and ground control, a fuel leak, and a crack on the insulating foam of the connection joints between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks.[78][80][81] NASA scrubbed the launch after an unplanned hold and the two-hour launch window expired.[82] An investigation revealed that a sensor not used to determine launch readiness was faulty, and displayed an erroneously high temperature for Engine 3.[79]

Following the first attempt, a second launch attempt was scheduled for the afternoon of September 3.[83] The launch window would have opened at 2:17 pm EDT (18:17 UTC), and lasted for two hours.[84] The launch was scrubbed at 11:17 am EDT due to a fuel supply line leak in a service arm connecting to the engine section.[85][15] The cause of the leak was uncertain. Mission operators investigated whether an overpressurization of the liquid hydrogen line of the quick-disconnect interface during the launch attempt may have damaged a seal, allowing hydrogen to escape.[86]

Launch operators decided on the date for the next launch attempt; the earliest possible opportunity was September 19[87][88][89] until mission managers declared that September 27, and then September 30, would be the absolute earliest date, NASA having successfully repaired the leak.[90][91] A launch in September would have required that the Eastern Range of the United States Space Force agree to an extension on certification of the rocket's flight termination system, which destroys the rocket should it move off-course and towards a populated area;[86] this was carried out on September 22.[92] However, unfavorable forecasts of the trajectory of then-Tropical Storm Ian led launch managers to call off the September 27 launch attempt and begin preparations for the stack's rollback to the VAB.[93] On the morning of September 26, the decision was made to roll back later that evening.[94][95]

On November 12, following another delay due to Hurricane Nicole, NASA launch managers decided to request launch opportunities for November 16 and 19. They initially requested an opportunity for the 14th but were prevented by then-Tropical Storm Nicole.[2] As the storm approached, NASA decided to leave the rocket at the launch pad, citing a low probability that wind speeds would exceed the rocket's design limits.[96] Wind speeds were expected to reach 29 mph (47 km/h), with gusts up to 46 mph (74 km/h). Nicole made landfall as a category one hurricane on November 9, with sustained wind speeds at Kennedy Space Center reaching 85 mph (137 km/h), and gusts up to 100 mph (160 km/h). After the storm cleared, NASA inspected the rocket for physical damage and conducted electronic health checks.[97][98][99] On November 15, the mission management team gave a "go" to begin fully preparing for launch, and the main tanking procedures began at 3:30 pm EST (20:30 UTC).[100]

Flight

Launch

At 6:47:44 UTC (1:47:44 am EST) on November 16, 2022, Artemis 1 successfully launched from Launch Complex 39B (LC-39B) at the Kennedy Space Center.[3] Artemis 1 was the first launch from LC-39B since Ares I-X. The Orion spacecraft and ICPS were both placed into a nominal orbit after separating from the Space Launch System, achieving orbit approximately 8 and a half minutes after launch.[101]

Outbound flight

Eighty-nine minutes after liftoff, the ICPS fired for approximately eighteen minutes in a trans-lunar injection (TLI) maneuver. Orion then separated from the expended stage and fired its auxiliary thrusters to move safely away as it started its journey to the Moon.[102] The 10 CubeSat secondary payloads were then deployed from the Orion Stage Adapter, attached to the ICPS.[103] The ICPS conducted a final maneuver at three and a half hours after launch to dispose itself into a heliocentric orbit.[104]

On November 20 at 19:09 UTC, the Orion spacecraft entered the lunar sphere of influence, where the influence of the Moon's gravity on the spacecraft is greater than that of Earth.[105]

Lunar orbit

On November 21, Orion experienced a planned loss of communication with NASA from 12:25 through 12:59 UTC as it passed behind the moon and no longer had line-of-sight to Earth. There, during an automatically controlled maneuver, the first of several trajectory-altering burns, called an "outbound powered flyby burn",[105] to transition Orion to a distant retrograde orbit began at 12:44 UTC. The orbital maneuvering system engine fired for two minutes and thirty seconds. While operating autonomously, Orion made its closest lunar approach of approximately 130 km (81 mi) above the surface at 12:57 UTC.[106][107] The spacecraft performed another burn on November 25, firing the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) for one minute and twenty-eight seconds, changing Orion's velocity by 363 ft/s (398 km/h) finally entering orbit.[108] On November 26, at 13:42 UTC, Orion broke the record for the farthest distance from Earth traveled by an Earth-returning human-rated spacecraft. The record was formerly held by the Apollo 13 mission at 400,171 km (248,655 mi).[108][109][7]

On November 28, Orion reached a distance of 432,210 km (268,563 mi) from Earth, the maximum distance achieved during the mission.[110] On November 30, the Orion spacecraft performed a maintenance burn to maintain its trajectory and decrease its velocity for a planned burn on December 1, at 21:53 UTC, to depart its distant retrograde orbit around the Moon, beginning its journey back to Earth.[111]

On December 5 at 16:43 UTC the spacecraft reached 128 km (80 mi) from the lunar surface at its closest approach right before an earthbound burn, the "powered return flyby burn", to leave the zone of lunar gravitational influence. The spacecraft once again passed behind the Moon, losing communications with mission control for about half an hour.[112] Shortly before the flyby, Orion experienced an electrical anomaly, which was soon resolved.[113]

Return flight

On December 6 at 7:29 UTC, Orion exited the lunar sphere of influence. It then conducted a minor course correction burn and an inspection of the crew module's thermal protection system and the ESM.[114] Over the next few days the mission control team continued to conduct system checks and prepared for reentry and splashdown. On December 10, mission planners announced that the final landing site would be near Guadalupe Island off the Baja peninsula in Mexico.[115] The final trajectory correction burn of six total trajectory burns throughout the mission took place the next day five hours before reentry.[116]

Reentry and splashdown

The spacecraft separated from its service module at around 17:00 UTC on December 11 and then reentered Earth's atmosphere at 17:20 UTC travelling near 40,000 km/h (25,000 mph).[117] It was the first United States use of a "skip entry", a form of non-ballistic atmospheric entry into the atmosphere, pioneered by Zond 7, in which two phases of deceleration would expose human occupants to relatively less intense G-forces than would be experienced during an Apollo-style reentry.[118] The Orion capsule splashed down at 17:40 UTC (9:40 am PST) west of Baja California near Guadalupe Island.[19] Following splashdown, NASA personnel and the crew of USS Portland recovered the spacecraft after planned ocean testing of the capsule.[119] The recovery team spent about two hours performing tests in open water and imaging the craft, namely to investigate signs of atmospheric re-entry, then used a winch and several tending lines to pull the craft into a securing assembly in the well dock of the USS Portland. The recovery team included personnel from the US Navy, Space Force, Kennedy Space Center, Johnson Space Center, and Lockheed Martin Space.[120] On December 13, the Orion capsule arrived at the Port of San Diego.[121]

Payloads

The Orion spacecraft carried three astronaut-like mannequins equipped with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience during a trip to the Moon.[122] The first mannequin, called "Captain Moonikin Campos" (named after Arturo Campos, a NASA engineer during the Apollo program),[123] occupied the commander's seat inside Orion and was equipped with two radiation sensors in its Orion Crew Survival System suit, which astronauts will wear during launch, entry, and other dynamic phases of their missions. The commander's seat also had sensors to record acceleration and vibration data during the mission.[124]

AstroRad vest on the International Space Station

Alongside Moonikin were two phantom torsos: Helga and Zohar, who took part in the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), in which NASA, together with the German Aerospace Center and the Israel Space Agency, measured the radiation exposure during the mission. Zohar was shielded with the Astrorad radiation vest and equipped with sensors to determine radiation risks. Helga did not wear a vest. The phantoms measured the radiation exposure of body location, with both passive and active dosimeters distributed at sensitive and high stem cell-concentration tissues.[125] The test provided data on radiation levels during missions to the Moon while testing the effectiveness of the vest.[126] In addition to the three mannequins, Orion carried a plush doll of NASA's Snoopy as zero-g indicator[127] and a Shaun the Sheep toy[128] representing the ESA's European Service Module contribution to the mission.

Besides these functional payloads, Artemis 1 also carried commemorative stickers, patches, seeds, and flags from contractors and space agencies worldwide.[129] A technology demonstration called Callisto, named after the mythical figure associated with Artemis, developed by Lockheed Martin in collaboration with Amazon and Cisco, was also aboard. Callisto used video conferencing software to transmit audio and video from mission control and used the Amazon Alexa virtual assistant to respond to the audio messages. In addition, the public could submit messages to be displayed on Callisto during the mission.[130]

Cubesats

Orion spacecraft's stage adapter with nine out of ten CubeSats installed

Ten low-cost CubeSats, all in six-unit configurations,[131] flew as secondary payloads.[132] They were carried within the Stage Adapter above the second stage. Two were selected through NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships, three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through the Science Mission Directorate, and three from submissions by NASA's international partners.[133] These CubeSats are:[132]

  • OMOTENASHI, designed by JAXA, a lunar probe which would have attempted to land using solid rocket motors, but failed to function properly and the landing sequence was never started.
  • LunIR, designed by Lockheed Martin, performed a flyby of the Moon to collect its surface thermography. An “unexpected issue with the radio signal” kept the spacecraft from conducting any observations during the flyby.

Three other CubeSats were originally planned to launch on Artemis 1 but missed the integration deadline, and will have to find alternative flights to the Moon. The stage adapter contained thirteen CubeSat deployers in total.[137]

  • Lunar Flashlight was a lunar orbiter that would seek exposed water ice and map its concentration at the 1–2 km (0.62–1.24 mi) scale within the permanently shadowed regions of the lunar south pole.[139][140] Lunar Flashlight was remanifested to launch as a rideshare with the Hakuto-R Mission 1 on a Falcon 9 Block 5. The launch took place on 11 December 2022.[141][142] A failure of the craft's propulsion system resulted in Lunar Flashlight being unable to enter orbit around the Moon and NASA terminated the mission on May 12, 2023.[143]

Media outreach

Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Artemis 1 mission

The Artemis 1 mission patch was created by NASA designers of the SLS, Orion spacecraft and Exploration Ground Systems teams. The silver border represents the color of the Orion spacecraft; at the center, the SLS and Orion are depicted. Three lightning towers surrounding the rocket symbolize Launch Complex 39B, from which Artemis 1 was launched. The red and blue mission trajectories encompassing the white full Moon represent Americans and people in the European Space Agency who work on Artemis 1.[144]

The Artemis 1 flight is frequently marketed as the beginning of Artemis's "Moon to Mars" program,[145][146] though there is no concrete plan for a crewed mission to Mars within NASA as of 2022.[147] To raise public awareness, NASA made a website for the public to get a digital boarding pass of the mission. The names submitted were written to a flash drive stored inside the Orion spacecraft.[148][149] Also aboard the capsule is a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.[150]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ An Orion capsule was flown in 2014, but not the entire Orion spacecraft.
  2. ↑ The Space Launch System was originally mandated by Congress in the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 to be ready for flight before the end of 2016.[28]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Artemis 1 Press Kit" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 "NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch". NASA. November 8, 2022. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  3. 1 2 Roulette, Joey; Gorman, Steve (November 16, 2022). "NASA's next-generation Artemis mission heads to moon on debut test flight". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  4. ↑ "Artemis 1 flight to moon depends on precision rocket firings to pull off a complex trajectory". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  5. ↑ Davis, Jason. "Artemis I launch guide: What to expect". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 "Artemis I – Flight Day Five: Orion Enters Lunar Sphere of Influence Ahead of Lunar Flyby". NASA. November 20, 2022. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022. The outbound powered flyby will begin at 7:44 am, with Orion's closest approach to the Moon targeted for 7:57 am,...
  7. 1 2 "Artemis I – Flight Day 11: Orion Surpasses Apollo 13 Record Distance from Earth – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  8. 1 2 "Artemis I Flight Day 16 – Orion Successfully Completes Distant Retrograde Departure Burn". NASA. December 1, 2022. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  9. 1 2 "Artemis I – Flight Day 20: Orion Conducts Return Powered Flyby". NASA. December 5, 2022. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  10. ↑ Artemis: brand book (Report). Washington, D.C.: NASA. 2019. NP-2019-07-2735-HQ. MISSION NAMING CONVENTION: While Apollo mission patches used numbers and roman numerals throughout the program, Artemis mission names will use a roman numeral convention. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ↑ Hambleton, Kathryn (February 20, 2018). "Artemis I Overview". NASA. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  12. ↑ "NASA: Artemis I". NASA. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  13. ↑ Dunbar, Brian (July 23, 2019). "What is Artemis?". NASA. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  14. ↑ "NASA Fully Stacked for Moon Mission, Readies for Artemis I". NASA. October 23, 2021. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. 1 2 Foust, Jeff (September 3, 2022). "Second Artemis 1 launch attempt scrubbed". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
  16. ↑ "Artemis 1". NASA. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  17. ↑ "Artemis 1 Presskit" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  18. ↑ Sloss, Philip (November 1, 2021). "Inside Artemis 1's complex launch windows and constraints". NASASpaceflight.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  19. 1 2 "NASA's Artemis I moon mission ends as Orion capsule splashes down in Pacific Ocean". Boston 25 News. December 11, 2022. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  20. ↑ Clark, Stephen (May 18, 2020). "NASA will likely add a rendezvous test to the first piloted Orion space mission". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on July 8, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  21. 1 2 "NASA to Study Adding Crew to First Flight of SLS and Orion". NASA. February 15, 2017. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  22. ↑ Units E2045, E2056, E2058, and E2060. Dvorsky, George (September 2, 2022). "Artemis 1's RS-25 Engines Have Gone to Space Many Times Before". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  23. ↑ Harbaugh, Jennifer (December 13, 2021). "Space Launch System". NASA. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  24. ↑ Harbaugh, Jennifer (October 4, 2021). "All Artemis I Secondary Payloads Installed in Rocket's Orion Stage Adapter". NASA. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  25. ↑ "The Ins and Outs of NASA's First Launch of SLS and Orion". NASA. November 27, 2015. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  26. ↑ Cheshier, Leah (November 28, 2022). "Artemis I — Flight Day 13: Orion Goes the (Max) Distance". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  27. ↑ Bergin, Chris (February 29, 2012). "Exploration Mission 1: SLS and Orion mission to the Moon outlined". NASASpaceFlight.com. NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  28. ↑ Rockefeller, Jay (August 5, 2010). "S.3729 – 111th Congress (2009–2010): National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  29. ↑ Hill, Bill (March 2012). "Exploration Systems Development Status" (PDF). NASA Advisory Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  30. ↑ Singer, Jody (April 25, 2012). "Status of NASA's Space Launch System" (PDF). University of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
  31. ↑ "NASA Signs Agreement for a European-Provided Orion Service Module". NASA. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  32. ↑ "SLS Engine Section Barrel Hot off the Vertical Weld Center at Michoud". NASA. Archived from the original on November 19, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  33. ↑ Barrett, Josh (January 13, 2015). "Orion program manager talks EFT-1 in Huntsville". WAAY. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Engineers resolve Orion will 'lose weight' in 2015". WAFF. January 13, 2015. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
  35. ↑ "NASA Kicks Off Study to Add Crew to First Flight of Orion, SLS". NASA. February 24, 2017. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  36. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (May 12, 2017). "NASA will not put a crew on EM-1, cites cost – not safety – as main reason". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  37. ↑ King, Ledyard (May 14, 2019). "NASA names new moon landing mission 'Artemis' as Trump administration asks for US$1.6 billion". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  38. ↑ Grush, Loren (July 18, 2019). "NASA's daunting to-do list for sending people back to the Moon". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  39. ↑ Foust, Jeff (March 13, 2019). "NASA considering flying Orion on commercial launch vehicles". SpaceNews. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  40. ↑ Sloss, Philip (April 19, 2019). "NASA Launch Services Program outlines the alternative launcher review for EM-1". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  41. ↑ Foust, Jeff (March 13, 2019). "NASA considering flying Orion on commercial launch vehicles". SpaceNews. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  42. ↑ Sloss, Philip (April 19, 2019). "NASA Launch Services Program outlines the alternative launcher review for EM-1". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  43. ↑ "All Four Engines Are Attached to the SLS Core Stage for Artemis I Mission". NASA. November 8, 2019. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  44. ↑ Foust, Jeff (December 10, 2019). "SLS Core Stage Declared Ready for Launch in 2021". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  45. 1 2 Harbaugh, Jennifer (May 20, 2020). "NASA's SLS Core Stage Green Run Tests Critical Systems For Artemis I". NASA. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  46. ↑ Rincon, Paul (January 9, 2020). "Nasa Moon rocket core leaves for testing". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  47. ↑ Foust, Jeff (January 16, 2021). "Green Run hotfire test ends early". SpaceNews. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  48. ↑ Rincon, Paul (January 20, 2021). "SLS: NASA finds cause of 'megarocket' test shutdown". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  49. ↑ Foust, Jeff (March 18, 2021). "NASA performs full-duration SLS Green Run static-fire test". SpaceNews. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  50. ↑ Dunbar, Brian (April 29, 2021). "Space Launch System Core Stage Arrives at the Kennedy Space Center". NASA. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  51. ↑ "SLS Upper Stage set to take up residence in the former home of ISS modules". July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  52. ↑ Sloss, Philip (June 19, 2020). "EGS begins Artemis 1 launch processing of SLS Booster hardware". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  53. ↑ Sloss, Philip (August 5, 2020). "LVSA arrives at KSC, NASA EGS readies final pre-stacking preparations for Artemis 1". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  54. ↑ Sloss, Philip (November 27, 2020). "EGS, Jacobs begin vehicle integration for Artemis 1 launch". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  55. ↑ Sloss, Philip (December 4, 2020). "New Artemis 1 schedule uncertainty as NASA EGS ready to continue SLS Booster stacking". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  56. ↑ Sempsrott, Danielle (March 9, 2021). "Mammoth Artemis I Rocket Boosters Stacked on Mobile Launcher". NASA's blog. NASA. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  57. ↑ Sloss, Philip (May 6, 2021). "NASA EGS, Jacobs preparing SLS Core Stage for Artemis 1 stacking". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  58. ↑ Clark, Stephen (October 12, 2021). "Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  59. ↑ Sloss, Philip (March 27, 2021). "EGS synchronizing Artemis 1 Orion, SLS Booster preps with Core Stage schedule". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  60. ↑ Bergin, Chris (March 29, 2021). "Following troubled childhood, Orion trio preparing for flight". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  61. ↑ Sloss, Philip (October 21, 2021). "Artemis 1 Orion joins SLS to complete vehicle stack". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  62. ↑ "EGS, Jacobs begin Artemis 1 pre-launch testing and checkout push". November 11, 2021. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  63. ↑ "Engine controller replacement details behind Artemis 1 launch delay". December 22, 2021. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  64. ↑ "Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Scrub – Artemis". Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  65. ↑ "NASA Prepares for Next Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Attempt – Artemis". Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  66. ↑ "Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Update – Artemis". Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  67. ↑ "Artemis I Rocket, Spacecraft Prepare for Return to Launch Pad to Finish Test – Artemis". Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  68. ↑ "Artemis I WDR Update: Third Test Attempt Concluded – Artemis". Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  69. ↑ "NASA calls off modified Artemis 1 Wet Dress Rehearsal for hydrogen leak". April 14, 2022. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  70. ↑ "Artemis I Update: Teams Extending Current Hold, Gaseous Nitrogen Supply Reestablished – Artemis". Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  71. ↑ "Artemis 1 vehicle heads back to VAB while NASA discusses what to do next". April 25, 2022. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  72. ↑ "Artemis I Moon Rocket Arrives at Vehicle Assembly Building – Artemis". Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  73. ↑ Josh Dinner (June 6, 2022). "NASA's Artemis 1 moon rocket returns to launch pad for crucial tests". Space.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  74. ↑ "NASA declares SLS countdown rehearsal complete". June 24, 2022. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  75. ↑ "NASA not planning another Artemis 1 countdown dress rehearsal – Spaceflight Now". Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  76. ↑ "SLS rolled back to VAB for final launch preparations". July 2, 2022. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  77. ↑ Foust, Jeff (August 23, 2022). "Artemis 1 passes flight readiness review". SpaceNews. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  78. 1 2 Ashley Strickland (August 29, 2022). "Today's Artemis I launch has been scrubbed after engine issue". CNN. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  79. 1 2 "NASA Ready to Try Artemis I Again on Saturday and See What the Day Brings". Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  80. ↑ Speck, Emilee (August 23, 2022). "Artemis 1 countdown resumes for Saturday launch; weather forecast improves". Fox Weather. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  81. ↑ Tariq Malik (August 29, 2022). "NASA calls off Artemis 1 moon rocket launch over engine cooling issue". Space.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  82. ↑ Anthony Cuthbertson; Vishwam Sankaran; Johanna Chisholm; Jon Kelvey (August 29, 2022). "Nasa scrambles to fix Moon rocket issues ahead of Artemis launch – live". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  83. ↑ Ashley Strickland (September 2, 2022). "Artemis I launch team is ready for another 'try' on Saturday". CNN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  84. ↑ Foust, Jeff (August 30, 2022). "Next Artemis 1 launch attempt set for Sept. 3". SpaceNews. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  85. ↑ Kraft, Rachel. "Artemis I Launch Attempt Scrubbed". NASA blog. NASA. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  86. 1 2 Clark, Stephen. "NASA officials evaluating late September launch dates for Artemis 1 moon mission – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  87. ↑ Davenport, Christian (September 3, 2022). "Artemis I mission faces weeks of delay after launch is scrubbed". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  88. ↑ Greenfieldboyce, Nell; Hernandez, Joe (September 3, 2022). "NASA won't try to launch the Artemis 1 moon mission again for at least a few weeks". NPR. Archived from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  89. ↑ Kraft, Rachel (May 16, 2022). "Artemis I Mission Availability". NASA. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  90. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (September 8, 2022). "NASA discusses path to SLS repairs as launch uncertainty looms for September, October". NASASpaceflight. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  91. ↑ "NASA Adjusts Dates for Artemis I Cryogenic Demonstration Test and Launch; Progress at Pad Continues". NASA. September 12, 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  92. ↑ Zizo, Christie (September 22, 2022). "NASA moves ahead with Artemis launch attempt next week with eye on weather". WKMG. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  93. ↑ Kraft, Rachel (September 24, 2022). "Artemis I Managers Wave Off Sept. 27 Launch, Preparing for Rollback – Artemis". NASA Blogs. NASA. Archived from the original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  94. ↑ "NASA to Roll Artemis I Rocket and Spacecraft Back to VAB Tonight – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  95. ↑ Foust, Jeff (September 26, 2022). "SLS to roll back to VAB as hurricane approaches Florida". SpaceNews. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  96. ↑ "NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch". NASA. November 8, 2022. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  97. ↑ "Teams Conduct Check-outs, Preparations Ahead of Next Artemis I Launch Attempt – Artemis". NASA Blogs. NASA. November 11, 2022. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  98. ↑ Fisher, Kristin; Wattles, Jackie (November 10, 2022). "NASA inspects Artemis I rocket after Hurricane Nicole". CNN. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  99. ↑ Tribou, Richard (November 10, 2022). "Artemis I endures 100 mph gust on launch pad during Nicole landfall". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022.
  100. ↑ Kraft, Rachel (November 14, 2022). "Managers Give "Go" to Proceed Toward Launch, Countdown Progressing – Artemis". NASA Blogs. NASA. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  101. ↑ Artemis I Launch to the Moon (Official NASA Broadcast) – Nov. 16, 2022, archived from the original on November 16, 2022, retrieved November 16, 2022
  102. ↑ "Orion on Its Way to the Moon – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  103. ↑ Davenport, Justin (November 16, 2022). "Artemis I releases 10 cubesats, including a Moon lander, for technology and research". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  104. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris; Burghardt, Thomas (November 16, 2022). "SLS makes successful debut flight, sending Artemis I to the Moon". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  105. 1 2 "Artemis I – Flight Day Five: Orion Enters Lunar Sphere of Influence Ahead of Lunar Flyby – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  106. ↑ Cheshier, Leah (November 19, 2022). "Artemis I – Flight Day Four: Testing WiFi Signals, Radiator System, GO for Outbound Powered Flyby". nasa.gov. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  107. ↑ Cheshier, Leah (November 21, 2022). "Orion Successfully Completes Lunar Flyby, Re-acquires Signal with Earth". nasa.gov. Archived from the original on November 21, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  108. 1 2 "Flight Day 10: Orion Enters Distant Retrograde Orbit – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on November 25, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  109. ↑ Dodson, Gerelle (November 25, 2022). "NASA to Share Artemis I Update with Orion at Farthest Point from Earth". NASA. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  110. ↑ Cheshier, Leah (November 28, 2022). "Artemis I — Flight Day 13: Orion Goes the (Max) Distance". NASA. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  111. ↑ "Artemis I Flight Day 15 – Team Polls "Go" For Distant Retrograde Orbit Departure – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  112. ↑ Wall, Mike (December 5, 2022). "NASA's Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft completes crucial moon flyby maneuver for trip home". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  113. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (December 5, 2022). "Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft suffered power blip hours before its close lunar flyby". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  114. ↑ "Artemis I – Flight Day 21: Orion Leaves Lunar Sphere of Influence, Heads for Home – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  115. ↑ "Artemis I Flight Day 24: Orion Heads Home – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  116. ↑ "Artemis I – Flight Day 25: Orion in Home Stretch of Journey – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. December 10, 2022. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  117. ↑ Elizabeth Howell (December 10, 2022). "Here's how NASA's Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft will splash down to end its moon mission in 8 not-so-easy steps". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  118. ↑ Roulette, Joey; Gorman, Steve (December 11, 2022). "NASA's Orion capsule heads for splashdown after Artemis I flight around moon". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  119. ↑ "Nasa's Orion capsule on target for splashdown". BBC News. December 11, 2022. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  120. ↑ "Artemis I Update: Orion Secured Inside USS Portland Ahead of Return to Shore – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. December 11, 2022. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  121. ↑ Bravo, Christina (December 13, 2022). "Welcome to San Diego, Orion: NASA's Space Capsule Arrives to Port by Navy Ship". NBC 7 San Diego. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  122. ↑ Pasztor, Andy (April 17, 2018). "U.S., Israeli Space Agencies Join Forces to Protect Astronauts From Radiation". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  123. ↑ "Artemis I launch guide: What to expect". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  124. ↑ "Purposeful Passengers Hitch a Ride on NASA's Artemis I Mission". NASA. August 15, 2022. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  125. ↑ Berger, Thomas (October 11–12, 2017). Exploration Missions and Radiation (PDF). International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight. Las Cruces, New Mexico: ISPCS. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  126. ↑ "Orion "Passengers" on Artemis I to Test Radiation Vest for Deep Space Missions". NASA. February 13, 2020. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  127. ↑ Warner, Cheryl (November 12, 2021). "Snoopy to Fly on NASA's Artemis I Moon Mission". NASA. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  128. ↑ "Shaun the Sheep to fly on Artemis I lunar mission". aardman.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  129. ↑ "Artemis I Official Flight Kit" (PDF). NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  130. ↑ "How to send a message into space aboard Artemis I". KUSA.com. August 26, 2022. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  131. ↑ Foust, Jeff (August 8, 2019). "NASA seeking proposals for cubesats on second SLS launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved August 29, 2020. Unlike Artemis 1, which will fly six-unit cubesats only...
  132. 1 2 Clark, Stephen (October 12, 2021). "Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  133. ↑ Latifiyan, Pouya (August 2022). "Artemis 1 and space communications". Qoqnoos Scientific Magazine: 3.
  134. ↑ NASA, Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration Program Abstracts of selected proposals Archived November 17, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, August 8, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  135. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (August 8, 2023). "Artemis 1 cubesat finishes mission after detecting water and ice on the moon". Space.com. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  136. ↑ "Team Miles". NASA Space Science Coordinated Archive. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  137. ↑ Anderson, Gina; Porter, Molly (June 8, 2017). "Three DIY CubeSats Score Rides on NASA's First Flight of Orion, Space Launch System". NASA. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  138. 1 2 Ohana, Lavie (October 3, 2021). "Four Artemis I CubeSats miss their ride". Space Scout. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  139. ↑ "Lunar Flashlight". Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute. NASA. 2015. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  140. ↑ Wall, Mike (October 9, 2014). "NASA Is Studying How to Mine the Moon for Water". Space.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  141. ↑ Rosenstein, Sawyer (December 11, 2022). "SpaceX launches Falcon 9 carrying private Japanese moon lander". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  142. ↑ "NASA's Lunar Flashlight Ready to Search for the Moon's Water Ice". NASA. October 28, 2022. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  143. ↑ Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "NASA Calls End to Lunar Flashlight After Some Tech Successes". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  144. ↑ Hambleton, Kathryn (January 16, 2018). "Artemis 1 Identifier". NASA. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  145. ↑ "How NASA's Artemis program plans to return astronauts to the moon". Science. August 22, 2022. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  146. ↑ Northon, Karen (September 26, 2018). "NASA Unveils Sustainable Campaign to Return to Moon, on to Mars". NASA. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  147. ↑ Kelvey, Jon (September 3, 2022). "Nasa's Artemis moon mission explained". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  148. ↑ Marples, Megan (March 11, 2022). "NASA will send your name around the moon. Here's how to sign up". CNN. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  149. ↑ Wall, Mike (March 3, 2022). "Your name can fly around the moon on NASA's Artemis 1 mission". Space.com. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  150. ↑ "Future Engineers: Moon Pod Essay Contest". Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Artemis 1.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.