Luna 24
Luna 24 landed on the northwestern rim of a 64 m diameter impact crater Lev, on the volcanic plains of Mare Crisium
Mission typeLunar sample return
OperatorOKB-1
COSPAR ID1976-081A
SATCAT no.09272
Mission duration13 days (achieved)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft typeLuna
BusYe-8-5
ManufacturerNPO Lavochkin
Launch mass5,800 kg (12,800 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date9 August 1976, 15:04:12 UTC[2]
RocketProton-K / Blok DM (s/n 288-02)
Launch siteBaikonur, Site 81/23
ContractorKrunichev
End of mission
Landing date22 August 1976, 17:55 UTC
Landing site61°3′36″N 75°54′0″E / 61.06000°N 75.90000°E / 61.06000; 75.90000,[3]
200 km (120 mi) South-East of Surgut, Western Siberia
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSelenocentric orbit
RegimeCircular orbit
Periselene altitude115 km (71 mi)
Aposelene altitude115 km (71 mi)
Inclination120.0°
Period1 hour 59 minutes
Lunar orbiter
Orbital insertion14 August 1976
Orbits~48
Lunar lander
Landing date18 August 1976, 06:36 UTC
Return launch19 August 1976, 05:25 UTC
Landing site12°42′52″N 62°12′35″E / 12.7145°N 62.2097°E / 12.7145; 62.2097 [4]
Sample mass170.1 g (6.00 oz)
Instruments
Stereo photographic imaging system
Improved drill/Remote arm for sample collection
Radiation detector
Radio-altimeter
 

Luna 24 was a robotic probe of the Soviet Union's Luna programme. The 24th mission of the Luna series of spacecraft, the mission of the Luna 24 probe was the third Soviet mission to return lunar soil samples from the Moon (the first two sample return missions were Luna 16 and Luna 20). The probe landed in Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises). The mission returned 170.1 g (6.00 oz) of lunar samples to the Earth on 22 August 1976.

Spacecraft

Model of ''Luna 24'' Moon lander

Luna 24 was based on the Ye-8-5 spacecraft body, consisting of two attached stages, an ascent stage mounted on top of a descent stage. The lander stood 3.96 meters tall and had an unfueled landed mass of 1880 kg. With a full load of fuel its launch mass was between 5600 and 5750 kg.[5]

The descent stage was the same as the Ye-8 lower stage for the Lunokhod rovers, a cylindrical body with four protruding landing legs, fuel tanks, a landing radar altimeter, and a dual descent engine complex. The main descent rocket, the KTDU-417, was a throttleable 1920 kg thrust engine used for mid-course corrections, orbit insertion, braking for descent to the surface, and to slow the craft until it reached a cutoff point which was determined by the onboard computer based on altitude and velocity. After cutoff a bank of lower thrust (210 and 350 kg) vernier jets was used for the final landing. The descent stage also acted as a launch pad for the ascent stage. The spacecraft descent stage was equipped with a television camera, radiation and temperature monitors, telecommunications equipment, and a 90 cm extendable arm with a drilling rig for the collection of a lunar soil sample. Communications were via a conical antenna at the end of a boom at 768 and 922 MHz (downlink) and 115 MHz (uplink).[5]

The ascent stage was a smaller cylinder with a spherical top which replaced the Lunokhod rover and housing from the Ye-8 bus. It carried a cylindrical hermetically sealed soil sample container inside a spherical re-entry capsule, mounted on a 1920 kg thrust KRD-61 rocket. Total mass of the ascent stage was 520 kg, of which 245 kg was the nitric acid and UDMH propellant. It was 2 meters tall. The sample return cabin was 50 cm in diameter and had a mass of 39 kg. The KRD-61 could only fire once, for 53 seconds, to put it on a free return trajectory to Earth. Specific impulse of the engine was 313 seconds, it could impart a velocity of 2600-2700 m/s to the return craft.[5]

Mission

Lunar
mission		 Sample
returned		 Year
Luna 16 101 g [6] 1970
Luna 20 30 g [7] 1972
Luna 24 170.1 g [5] 1976

Luna 24 was the third attempt to recover a sample from the unexplored Mare Crisium, the location of a large lunar mascon (after Luna 23 and a launch failure in October 1975). After a trajectory correction on 11 August 1976, Luna 24 entered lunar orbit three days later. Initial orbital parameters were 115 by 115 km (71 by 71 mi) at 120° inclination. After further changes to its orbit, Luna 24 set down safely on the lunar surface at 06:36 UTC on 18 August 1976 at 12°45' North latitude and 62°12' East longitude, not far from where Luna 23 had landed.[8] Exact landing location (12.7145° N, 62.2097° E) was determined by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter probe orbital cameras in 2012.[9]

Under command from ground control, the lander deployed its sample arm and pushed its drilling head about two metres into the nearby soil. The sample was safely stowed in the small return capsule, and after nearly a day on the Moon, Luna 24 lifted off successfully at 05:25 UTC on 19 August 1976. After an uneventful return trip, Luna 24's capsule entered Earth's atmosphere and parachuted safely to land at 05:55 UTC on 22 August 1976, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast of Surgut in western Siberia. Study of the recovered 170.1 g (6.00 oz) of soil indicated a laminated type structure, as if laid down in successive deposits. The Soviet Union swapped a gram of the mission sample for a lunar sample from NASA in December 1976.[8] Luna 24 was the final lunar spacecraft to be launched by the Soviet Union. It was also the last spacecraft to make a soft landing on the Moon until the landing of China's Chang'e 3 on 14 December 2013, 37 years later. For over 44 years, it was also the last Lunar sample return mission until China's Chang'e 5 in December 2020.

Detection of water in returned samples

In February 1978, Soviet scientists M. Akhmanova, B. Dement'ev, and M. Markov of the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytic Chemistry published a paper claiming a detection of water fairly definitively.[10][11] Their study showed that the samples returned to Earth by the probe contained about 0.1% water by mass, as seen in infrared absorption spectroscopy (at about 3 µm wavelength), at a detection level about 10 times above the threshold,[12] although Crotts points out that "The authors... were not willing to stake their reputations on an absolute statement that terrestrial contamination was completely avoided."[13] This would represent the first detection of water content on the surface of the moon, although that result has not been confirmed by other researchers.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Siddiqi, Asif (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF) (second ed.). NASA History Program Office.
  2. ↑ Siddiqi, Asif (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF) (second ed.). NASA History Program Office.
  3. ↑ "Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration" (PDF). p. 314. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2019.
  4. ↑ Samuel Lawrence (24 September 2013). "LROC Coordinates of Robotic Spacecraft - 2013 Update". lroc.sese.asu.edu. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Display: Luna 24 1976-081A". NASA. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ↑ "Display: Luna 16 1970-072A". NASA. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ↑ "Display: Luna 20 1972-007A". NASA. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. 1 2 Solar System Exploration: USSR: Luna 24 Archived 30 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA Retrieved: 16 November 2016 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ↑ Plescia, Jeff (16 March 2012). "Mare Crisium: Failure then Success". LROC News System. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ↑ Akhmanova, M.; Dement'ev, B.; Markov, M. (February 1978). "Water in the regolith of Mare Crisium (Luna-24)?". Geokhimiya (in Russian) (285).
  11. ↑ Akhmanova, M.; Dement'ev, B.; Markov, M. (1978). "Possible Water in Luna 24 Regolith from the Sea of Crises". Geochemistry International. 15 (166).
  12. ↑ Crotts, Arlin (2012). "Water on The Moon, I. Historical Overview". arXiv:1205.5597v1 [astro-ph.EP].
  13. ↑ Crotts, Arlin (October 12, 2009). "Water on the Moon", The Space Review. Retrieved 13 November 2023
  14. ↑ Spudis, Paul D. (June 1, 2012). "Who discovered water on the Moon?", Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
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