Archosargus
Archosargus probatocephalus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Spariformes
Family: Sparidae
Genus: Archosargus
Gill, 1865
Type species
Sparus probatocephalus
Synonyms[1]

Archosargus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sparidae, the sea breams and porgies. These fishes occur in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans.

Taxonomy

Archosargus was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1865 by the American biologist Theodore Gill with Sparus probatocephalus as its only species.[1] S. probatocephalus had originally been formally described in 1792 by the German naturalist Johann Julius Walbaum with its type locality not given but it is thought to be New York.[2] The genus Archosargus is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[3] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae,[4] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[3]

Etymology

Archosargus combines archon, meaning “ruler”, and sagrus, a Greek name for seabreams dating as far back as Aristotle, although in this case Gill was probably referencing Sargus, a synonym of Diplodus. Gill described A. probatocephalus as “pre-eminent among the Sparoids for the delicacy of its flesh as well as its size”.[5]

Species

Archosargus contains the following species:[2]

Characteristics

Archosargus seabreams have oval rather compressed bodies with jumped backs, small heads and pointed snouts. Both the dorsal and ventral profiles of the head are convex. They have small mouths and the preorbital bone overlaps the rear of the maxilla. The teeth at the front of the jaw are broad and flattened, the upper jaw has three rows of molar-like teeth at the sides. The dorsal fin is long and not high and is supported by 12 spines, the front spine points towards the front and may be embedded. There are 3 short spines in the anal fin. The pectoral fins are much longer than the pelvic fins. The cheeks and gill covers are typically scaly but the snout is naked.[6] The largest species in the genus is A. probatocephalus with a maximum published total length of 91 cm (36 in) while the smallest is A. rhomboidalis which has a maximum published total length of 33 cm (13 in).[7]

Distribution and habitat

Archosargus seabreams are found in the Americas. Three species are found in the Westerm Atlantic,from Canada south to Brazil, with the fourth species, A. pourtalesii In the Galápagos Islands of the Eastern Pacific Ocean.[7] These fishes are coastal, often entering brackish waters and even up into the freshwater of the lower reaches of rivers.[2]

Fisheries

Archosargus seabreams are fished for both commercially and recreationally. The smaller species are not highly valued as food fish but are used to make fish meal.[8] The sheepshead (A. probatocephalus) is caught as a food fish, subjected to overfishing in the past, and is again becoming more important to commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico as more desirable species, like red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), decrease through overfishing.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sparidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Archosargus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  3. 1 2 Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
  4. ↑ Parenti, P. (2019). "An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae". FishTaxa. 4 (2): 47–98.
  5. ↑ "Order Spariformes: Families Lethrinidae, Nemipteridae and Sparidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  6. ↑ "Genus: Archosargus, Seabream Porgy, Seabreams". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  7. 1 2 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2023). Species of Archosargus in FishBase. October 2023 version.
  8. ↑ Russell, B.; Carpenter, K.E.; MacDonald, T. & Vega-Cendejas, M. (2014). "Archosargus rhomboidalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T170156A1283528. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170156A1283528.en. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  9. ↑ Samantha Setta (19 August 2021). "Sheepshead, a lesson from the past". 0cean Bites. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
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