Guru Angad
ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ
Miniature painting depiction of Guru Angad
Personal
Born
Lehna

(1504-03-31)31 March 1504
Matte-di-Sarai (Sarainaga), Sri Muktsar Sahib, Panjab
Died29 March 1552(1552-03-29) (aged 47)
Khadur Sahib, Tarn Taran district[1]
ReligionSikhism
SpouseMata Khivi
ChildrenBaba Dasu (1521–1598)
Baba Dattu (1524–1575)
Bibi Amro (1529–1601)
Bibi Anokhi (1531–1608)
Parent(s)Mata Ramo and Baba Pheru Mal
Known forStandardising the Gurmukhi Script
Other namesSecond Master
Second Nanak
Religious career
Based inKhadur
PredecessorGuru Nanak
SuccessorGuru Amar Das

Guru Angad (31 March 1504 – 29 March 1552;[2] Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ, pronunciation: [gʊɾuː əŋgəd̯ᵊ]) was the second of the ten Sikh gurus of Sikhism. After meeting Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, becoming a Sikh, and serving and working with Nanak for many years, Nanak gave Lehna the name Angad ("my own limb"),[3] and chose Angad as the second Sikh Guru.[4][5][6]

After the death of Guru Nanak in 1539, Guru Angad led the Sikh tradition.[7][8] He is remembered in Sikhism for adopting and formalising the Gurmukhi alphabet.[9][5] He began the process of compiling the hymns of Nanak and contributed 62 or 63 Saloks of his own.[5] Instead of his own son, he chose his disciple Amar Das as his successor and the third Guru of Sikhism.[7][8]

Biography

Early life

Guru Angad was born on 31 March 1504 with the birth name of Lehna (also transliterated as Lahina) in the village of Matte-di-Sarai (now Sarainaga) in Muktsar district of the Punjab region.[10][9][4][11] He was the son of a small but successful trader named Pheru Mal.[11] His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi and Daya Kaur).[2] His grandfather was named Baba Narayan Das Trehan.[11] Like all the Sikh Gurus, Lehna came from Khatri caste and specifically the Trehan gotra (clan).[12][13]

At age 16, Lehna married a Khatri girl named Mata Khivi in January 1520. They had two sons, Datu (b. 1535) and Dasu (b. 1542), and one or two daughters, Amro (b. 1526) and Anokhi (b. 1535), depending on the primary sources.[2][11] The entire family of his father had left their ancestral village in fear of the invasion of Babur's armies. After this the family settled at Khadur Sahib, a village by the River Beas near what is now Tarn Taran.

Before becoming a disciple of Guru Nanak and following the Sikh way of life as Angad, Lehna was a religious teacher of Khadur and a priest at a temple dedicated to the goddess Durga.[4][5][2][11] His family had also been worshipers of Durga.[11] He also embarked on many religious pilgrimages.[11] On one of these pilgrimages, he happened to pass by the settlement of Kartarpur, that had been established by Nanak, on the way to his ultimate destination.[11] It is said that a dialogue then occurred there between Lehna and Nanak, in-which the former was left with a deeply positive impression of the latter.[11] Thereafter, Lehna remained at Kartarpur for six years serving his newfound spiritual master.[11]

Lehna in his late 20s sought out Guru Nanak, became his disciple, and displayed deep and loyal service to his Guru for about six to seven years in Kartarpur and renounced the Hindu way of life.[2][14]

Selection as successor

Gurgadi ceremony of Angad being proclaimed as the next guru. Fresco from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.

Several stories in the Sikh tradition describe reasons why Lehna was chosen by Guru Nanak over his own sons as his choice of successor. One of these stories is about a jug which fell into mud, and Guru Nanak asked his sons to pick it up. Nanak's sons would not pick it up because it was too dirty or menial a task. Then he asked Lehna, who however picked it out of the mud, washed it clean, and presented it to Nanak full of water.[15] Lehna was selected as the successor of Guru Nanak on 14 June 1539 but his formal installation ceremony occurred later that year on 7 September 1539.[11] Nanak touched him and renamed him Angad (from Ang, or part of the body) and named him as his successor and the second Guru on 7 September 1539.[2][16]

After Guru Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad unable to bear the separation from Nanak retired into a room in a disciple's house in a state of Vairagya. Baba Buddha later discovered him after a long search and requested him to return for Guruship.[17] The Gurbani uttered at the time "Die before the one whom you love, to live after he dies is to live a worthless life in this world"[17] was the first hymn in Guru Granth Sahib by Angad and signifies the pain he felt at the separation from Guru Nanak.

Historical photograph of Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, ca.1920's. Published in the 1930 first edition of Mahan Kosh by Kahn Singh Nabha.

Angad later left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). Post succession, at one point, very few Sikhs accepted Guru Angad as their leader while the sons of Nanak claimed to be the successors. Angad focused on the teachings of Nanak, and building the community through charitable works such as langar.[18]

Relationship with the Mughal Empire

The second Mughal Emperor of India Humayun visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost the Battle of Kannauj, and thereby the Mughal throne to Sher Shah Suri.[19] According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib at Khadur Sahib, Angad was sitting and teaching children.[20] The failure to greet the Emperor immediately angered Humayun. Humayun lashed out but the Guru reminded him that the time when you needed to fight when you lost your throne you ran away and did not fight and now you want to attack a person engaged in prayer.[21] In the Sikh texts written more than a century after the event, Angad is said to have blessed the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will regain the throne.[18]

Death and successor

Fresco of the second Sikh Guru at Baoli Sahib, Goindval

Before his death, Guru Angad, following the example set by Guru Nanak, nominated Guru Amar Das as his successor. Amar Das was born into a Hindu family and had been reputed to have gone on some twenty pilgrimages into the Himalayas, to Haridwar on river Ganges. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a sadhu, or ascetic, who asked him why he did not have a guru (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and Amar Das decided to get one.[7] On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of Angad who had married his brother's son, singing a hymn by Nanak.[22] Amar Das learnt from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met Angad in 1539, adopting Guru Angad as his spiritual Guru, who was much younger than his own age.[7]

Amar Das displayed relentless devotion and service to Guru Angad. Sikh tradition states that he woke up in the early hours to fetch water for Angad's bath, cleaned and cooked for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoted much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.[7] Guru Angad named Amar Das as his successor in 1552.[8][22][23] Guru Angad died on 29 March 1552.[2]

Influence

Gurmukhi script

Gurmukhi script's original 35 glyphs, known as the paintī

Guru Angad is credited in the Sikh tradition with the Gurmukhi script, which is now the standard writing script for Punjabi language in India,[24] in contrast to Punjabi language in Pakistan where now a Perso-Arabic script called Shahmukhi is the standard.[25] The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.[26]

Angad standardised and made improvements to the scripts of the region to create the Gurmukhi script.[27][28] Examples of possible forerunners of the script including at least one hymn written in acrostic form by Guru Nanak,[29] and its earlier history is yet to be fully determined.[30]

Angad also wrote 62 or 63 Saloks (compositions), which together constitute about one percent of the Guru Granth Sahib, the primary scripture of Sikhism.[31] Rather than contribute hymns, Angad's importance was as a consolidator of Nanak's hymns.[29] Angad would also supervise the writing down of Nanak's hymns by Bhai Paira Mokha and scrutinize the resulting compilation, preparing the way for a Sikh scripture, as well as the beginning of a vernacular Punjabi literature, as tradition holds that he may have also commissioned an account of Nanak's life from earlier disciples.[29] The collection of hymns would also be increasingly important for the expanding community.[29]

Langar and community work

Guru Angad is notable for systematising the institution of langar in all Sikh gurdwara premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a communal seating.[9][32] He also set the rules and training method for volunteers (sevadars) who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.[9]

Angad visited other places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He established new centres and thus strengthened its base.[9]

Mall Akhara

19th century watercolour of two Sikh wrestlers in a match.

Angad, being a great patron of wrestling,[33] started a Mall Akhara (wrestling arena) system where physical exercises, martial arts, and wrestling was taught as well as health topics such as staying away from tobacco and other toxic substances.[34][35] He placed emphasis on keeping the body healthy and exercising daily.[35] He founded many such Mall Akharas in many villages including a few in Khandur.[36] Typically the wrestling was done after daily prayers and also included games and light wrestling.[37]

Biography of Nanak

It is said that Guru Angad commissioned the compiling of a biography covering the life of his predecessor, Guru Nanak.[11] However, the identity of the work and whether or not it ever existed or even survives to the present-day, is debated.[11] Some believe the Bhai Bala Vali tradition of the Janamsakhi literature was the biography on Nanak ordered by Angad.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McLeod, W.H. "Guru Angad". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Punjabi. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  3. ↑ Clarke, Peter B.; Beyer, Peter (2009). The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 565. ISBN 9781135210991.
  4. 1 2 3 Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
  5. 1 2 3 4 William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4. Guru Angad became a Sikh sometime after Guru Nanak settled at Kartarpur. He was a Khatri of the Trehan got, from the village of Matta di Sarai, in the Ferozepur district, who, on his marriage to Khivi, the daughter of a Khatri, moved to her village of Khadur where he became priest of the temple of Durga. He met the Guru with a group of villagers and decided to join him in Kartarpur. He and his family moved to be with him. He is said to have been born in 1504, but neither the date of his conversion nor that of his installation is known. He became Guru on the death of the first Master in 1539 and died in 1552.
  6. ↑ Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. United Kingdom: Routledge. xiii–xiv. ISBN 0-415-26604-1.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Kushwant Singh. "Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjab University Patiala. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-1-4411-0231-7.
  10. ↑ "Guru Angad Sahib (Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji)". SGPC (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)(Supreme Gurdwara Management Committee) official website.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Jain, Harish C. (2003). The Making of Punjab. Unistar Books. pp. 271–272.
  12. ↑ Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. xv. ISBN 0-415-26604-1.
  13. ↑ Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (11 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1. LAHINA (1504–1552). A Trehan Khatri of Khadur who became a disci- ple of Nanak. He was later renamed Angad and succeeded Nanak as the Second Guru of the Sikhs in 1539.
  14. ↑ Sikka, A.S. (2003). Complete Poetical Works of Ajit Singh Sikka. Atlantic Publishers and Distribution. p. 951.
  15. ↑ Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 18. ISBN 0-7100-8842-6.
  16. ↑ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  17. 1 2 "Sri Guru Granth Sahib, ang 83".
  18. 1 2 Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–44. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  19. ↑ Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780191004124.
  20. ↑ Singh, Ajit (2005). Suraj Prakash Granth part 5 ras 4. p. 177. ISBN 81-7601-685-3.
  21. ↑ Singh, Gurpreet (2001). Ten Masters. New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 53. ISBN 9788171829460.
  22. 1 2 Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
  23. ↑ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. pp. 14–17, 52–56. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
  24. ↑ Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. xvii–xviii. ISBN 0-415-26604-1.
  25. ↑ Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
  26. ↑ Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. xvii–xviii. ISBN 0-415-26604-1.
  27. ↑ Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
  28. ↑ Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4411-0231-7.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 19. ISBN 0-7100-8842-6.
  30. ↑ Danesh Jain; George Cardona (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 594–596. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
  31. ↑ Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. xviii. ISBN 0-415-26604-1.
  32. ↑ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  33. ↑ Green, Thomas (2010). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 286. ISBN 9781598842432.
  34. ↑ Sharma, Rajkumar (2014). Second Sikh Guru: Shri Guru Angad Sahib Ji. Lulu Press. ISBN 9781312189553.
  35. 1 2 Chowdhry, Mohindra (2018). Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars. Leicestershire: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 48. ISBN 9781789010985.
  36. ↑ Dogra, R. C.; Mansukhani, Gobind (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture. Vikas Publishing House. p. 18. ISBN 9780706983685.
  37. ↑ Sikh Cultural Centre (2004). "Physical Fitness: Sangati Mal Akhara". The Sikh Review. 52 (1–6, Issues 601–606): 94.

Bibliography

  • Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY (in English) in 10 volumes, especially volume 1 (published by Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2009–2011).
  • Sikh Gurus, Their Lives and Teachings, K.S. Duggal
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