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Activists Bozell III Dobson Falwell Feulner Gabriel Graham Horowitz Kirk LaHaye (Beverly) LaHaye (Tim) Owens Park Prager Reed Rufo Schlafly (Andrew) Schlafly (Phyllis) Shapiro Thiel Washington Weyrich Wurzelbacher
Works Democracy and Leadership (1924) Our Enemy, the State (1935) Ideas Have Consequences (1948) God and Man at Yale (1951) The Conservative Mind (1953) The Conscience of a Conservative (1960) A Choice Not an Echo (1964) Roots of American Order (1974) A Conflict of Visions (1987) The Closing of the American Mind (1987) A Republic, Not an Empire (1999) Hillbilly Elegy (2017) The Benedict Option (2017) The Right Side of History (2019)
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Conservatism portal  United States portal

American conservatism is a broad system of political beliefs in the United States characterized by respect for American traditions, republicanism, support for Judeo-Christian values,^[1] moral absolutism,^[2] free markets and free trade,^[3][4] anti-communism,^[4][5] individualism,^[4] advocacy of American exceptionalism,^[6] and a defense of Western culture from the threats, whether real or perceived, posed by anarchism, communism, socialism, liberalism, authoritarianism, and moral relativism.^[7] The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movement's history.^[8][9]

The following list is made up of prominent American conservatives from the public and private sectors. The list also includes political parties, organizations and media outlets which have made a notable impact on conservatism in the United States. Entries on the list must have achieved notability after 1932, the beginning of the Fifth Party System. Before 1932, terminology was different. Positions that are called conservative after 1932, were typically called "liberal" (i.e. classical liberal) before then. Likewise European liberals, such as Friedrich Hayek, were called conservatives when they came to America, which puzzled Hayek.^[10]

People

Intellectuals, writers, and activists

William F. Buckley Jr., conservative writer

Bill Kristol, conservative writer

Phyllis Schlafly speaking at CPAC 2011

Name	Lifetime	Notability	Ref.
George Santayana	1863–1952	philosopher and author	[11]
Garet Garrett	1878–1954	financial journalist	[12]
Frank Knight	1885–1972	economist	[13][14]
Walter Lippmann	1889–1974	reporter and public intellectual	[15]
Ernst Kantorowicz	1895–1963	historian	[16]
Clarence Manion	1896–1979	direct-mailer	[17]
Leo Strauss	1899–1973	political philosopher	[18]
Whittaker Chambers	1901–1961	author of Witness	[19][20]
Will Herberg	1901–1977	sociologist	[21]
Eric Hoffer	1902–1983	philosopher	[22]
James Burnham	1905–1987	political philosopher and co-founder and editor of National Review	[23]
Hannah Arendt	1906–1975	historian and philosopher	[24][25][26]
Willard Van Orman Quine	1908–2000	philosopher and logician	[27][28]
Willmoore Kendall	1909–1967	political philosopher	[29]
Frank Meyer	1909–1972	editor of the Books, Arts and Manners section of National Review	[30]
Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn	1909–1999	journalist and political philosopher	[31]
Richard M. Weaver	1910–1963	author of Ideas Have Consequences	[32][33]
George J. Stigler	1911–1991	economist	[34]
Milton Friedman	1912–2006	economist	[35]
Robert Nisbet	1913–1996	sociologist	[36]
Daniel J. Boorstin	1914–2004	historian	[37]
Russell Kirk	1918–1994	author of The Conservative Mind	[32][38]
Thomas Molnar	1921–2010	political philosopher and historian	[39]
William A. Rusher	1923–2011	publisher of National Review	[40]
Stanley Jaki	1924–2009	philosopher of science and historian	[41]
Phyllis Schlafly	1924–2016	activist	[42]
John Lukacs	1924–2019	historian	[43]
William F. Buckley Jr.	1925–2008	author, television host, and founder of National Review	[44][45]
L. Brent Bozell Jr.	1926–1997	speechwriter for Senator Joseph McCarthy	[45]
Tim LaHaye	1926–2016	author and political activist	[46]
Forrest McDonald	1927–2016	historian	[47]
Beverly LaHaye	1929–	activist and founder of Concerned Women for America	[48][49][50][51]
Irving Kristol	1920–2009	Neoconservative author and writer
Eugene Genovese	1930–2012	historian	[52]
Thomas Sowell	1930–	author, columnist, professor, and economist at the Hoover Institution	[53]
James Q. Wilson	1931–2012	social scientist	[54]
Christopher Lasch	1932–1994	historian and social critic	[55]
Harvey Mansfield	1932–	political philosopher	[56]
Richard Viguerie	1933–	media pioneer	[57][58]
Mel Bradford	1934–1993	literary critic and legal scholar	[59]
Richard John Neuhaus	1936–2009	founder of First Things	[60]
John Kekes	1936–	philosopher	[61]
Walter E. Williams	1938–2020	author, columnist, and economics professor	[62][63][64]
Arthur Laffer	1940–	economist	[65]
George Will	1941–	columnist for the Washington Post	[66][67]
Edwin Feulner	1941–	founder of The Heritage Foundation	[68]
Paul Gottfried	1941–	political philosopher and historian	[69]
Paul Weyrich	1942–2008	president of The Heritage Foundation	[70]
Claes G. Ryn	1943–	political philosopher	[71]
Scott Soames	1945–	philosopher	[72]
Joseph Sobran	1946–2010	writer for National Review	[73]
Charles Krauthammer	1950–2018	public intellectual	[74]
Peggy Noonan	1950–	columnist for The Wall Street Journal	[53]
Larry Schweikart	1951–	historian	[75]
Bill Kristol	1952–	former editor of The Weekly Standard	[76]
Carol Swain	1954–	Former political science professor at Vanderbilt University
Terry Teachout	1956–2022	drama critic, biographer, and playwright	[77]
Grover Norquist	1956–	president of Americans for Tax Reform	[76]
Mark Bauerlein	1959–	literary critic and senior editor of First Things	[78]
Dinesh D'Souza	1961–	author and filmmaker	[79][80]
Bruce Frohnen	1962–	legal philosopher	[81]
Oren Cass	1983–	author and political commentator	[82]
Charlie Kirk	1993–	Founder and President of Turning Point USA, author and political commentator	[83]

Politicians, office holders, and jurists

Donald Trump speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC)

Mike Pence speaks at a campaign rally in Phoenix, Arizona, August 2016.

Sarah Palin speaking at the CPAC

Vice President Dick Cheney (right) with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld (left) and President George W. Bush (center)

Senator Barry Goldwater (right) meeting with President Ronald Reagan (left) in the oval office in 1984

Congresswoman Liz Cheney in 2016

Name	Lifetime	Notability	Ref.
Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg	1884–1951	Known for his opposition to the New Deal	[84]
Senator Robert A. Taft	1889–1953	First chairman of the Senate Republican Policy Committee	[85]
Senator John W. Bricker	1893–1986	Thomas E. Dewey's running mate in the 1944 presidential election	[86]
Senator Everett Dirksen	1896–1969	Republican senator who helped get the Civil Rights Act passed	[87]
Ambassador Clare Boothe Luce	1903–1987	Politician, writer, and ambassador	[88]
Senator Joseph McCarthy	1908–1957	Known for his principal role in the Red Scare of the 1950s	[89][90]
Senator Barry Goldwater	1909–1998	1964 Republican presidential nominee	[32]
President Ronald Reagan	1911–2004	40th President of the United States	[91][92]
Chief Justice William Rehnquist	1924–2005	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court	[93]
Congressman James Edmund Jeffries	1925 - 1997	Member, United States House of Representatives from Kansas (1979 - 1983)
UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick	1926–2006	Ambassador to the United Nations under Ronald Reagan	[94]
Attorney General Edwin Meese	1931–	Attorney General during the Reagan Administration	[95]
Congressman Jack Kemp	1935–2009	1996 Republican vice presidential nominee known for his support of supply-side economics and urban renewal	[96]
Congressman Larry McDonald	1935–1983	Served as president of the John Birch Society	[97]
Congressman Ron Paul	1935–	Presidential candidate (1988 Libertarian Party nominee, 2008 Republican candidate, 2012 Republican candidate) who promoted a libertarian agenda within the Republican Party	[76]
Justice Antonin Scalia	1936–2016	Supreme Court justice known as a leading exponent of originalism and textualism	[98]
White House Communications Director Pat Buchanan	1938–	White House communications director under President Ronald Reagan, paleoconservative advisor to multiple presidents; prominent commentator and co-founder of The American Conservative; Republican presidential candidate in 1992 and 1996; Reform Party nominee for president in 2000	[99][100][101]
House Majority Leader Dick Armey	1940–	One of the chief authors of the Contract with America	[102]
Vice President Dick Cheney	1941–	Known for his hawkish views on national security	[103]
Senator Mitch McConnell	1942–	Senate Minority Leader	[104]
Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich	1943–	Chief author of the Contract with America, 2012 presidential candidate known for his criticism of the Clinton, G. W. Bush, and Obama administrations	[103]
President Donald Trump	1946–	45th President of the United States	[105][106][107][108][109][110][111]
President George W. Bush	1946–	43rd President of the United States	[112][103]
Senator Mitt Romney	1947–	Senator from Utah since 2019, 2012 Republican presidential nominee, 2008 Republican presidential candidate, Governor of Massachusetts (2003-2007),	[103]
UN Ambassador John R. Bolton	1948–	National Security Advisor, U.N. ambassador, and foreign policy hawk	[113]
Justice Clarence Thomas	1948–	Supreme Court Justice, most prominent African-American conservative jurist in American history	[76]
Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove	1950–	Political strategist to George W. Bush	[114]
Senator Jim DeMint	1951–	Tea Party-affiliated U.S. Senator, president of the Heritage Foundation	[115]
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice	1954–	Secretary of State during the George W. Bush administration	[116]
Chief Justice John Roberts	1955–	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court	[103]
Congresswoman Michele Bachmann	1956–	Sought the 2012 Republican nomination for president	[117]
Vice President Mike Pence	1959–	Vice President under Donald Trump, governor of Indiana, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana	[118][103]
Senator Rand Paul	1963–	U.S. Senator from Kentucky, libertarian-leaning conservative, 2016 GOP presidential candidate and son of Ron Paul	[119]
Governor Sarah Palin	1964–	Governor of Alaska, 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee|
Senator Tim Scott	1965–	Senator from South Carolina, only African-American Republican senator	[120]
Congresswoman Liz Cheney	1966–	Congresswoman from Wyoming, daughter of former Vice President Dick Cheney	[121][122][53]
Attorney General Kris Kobach	1966–	Secretary of State and Attorney General of Kansas	[123][124][125]
Senator Ted Cruz	1970–	Tea Party-affiliated U.S. senator who finished second in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries	[126][127]
Speaker of the House Paul Ryan	1970–	Speaker of the House, 2012 Republican vice-presidential nominee	[128][103]
Senator Marco Rubio	1971–	U.S. Senator from Florida, 2016 GOP presidential candidate	[129][53][127]

Business and religious leaders involved in conservative politics

Billy Graham, evangelical minister

Name	Lifetime	Notability	Ref.
Roger Milliken	1915–2010	businessman	[130]
Joseph Coors	1917–2003	businessman	[131]
Billy Graham	1918–2018	evangelist known for his support of capitalism	[132]
Sun Myung Moon	1920–2012	founder of the Unification Church	[133]
Richard DeVos	1926–2018	co-founder of Amway	[134]
Rupert Murdoch	1931–	CEO of News Corp and 21st Century Fox	[135]
Richard Mellon Scaife	1932–2014	billionaire donor to conservative organizations	[136]
Sheldon Adelson	1933–2021	billionaire donor to conservative political candidates	[137]
Jerry Falwell	1933–2007	televangelist	[138][139]
Charles G. Koch	1935–	billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates	[134][140]
Foster Friess	1940–2021	billionaire donor to conservative organizations	[141]
David H. Koch	1940–2019	billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates	[134][140]
Richard Land	1946–	former lobbyist for the Southern Baptist Convention	[142]
Robert Mercer	1946–	donor to conservative organizations such as Breitbart News	[143]
Franklin Graham	1952–	evangelist and political activist	[144]
Tony Perkins	1963–	chairman of the Family Research Council	[53]
Peter Thiel	1967–	venture capitalist and political activist	[145]
Russell Moore	1971–	president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention	[146]

Media personalities: publishers, editors, radio hosts, columnists and bloggers

Michael Medved, conservative radio show host

Name	Lifetime	Notability	Ref.
Raymond Moley	1886–1975	columnist	[147]
David Lawrence	1888–1973	author of Beyond the New Deal	[148]
Clarence Manion	1896–1979	talk radio host	[149]
Henry Luce	1898–1967	founder of Time	[150]
Fulton Lewis	1903–1966	radio host	[151]
Henry Regnery	1912–1996	activist	[152]
Paul Harvey	1918–2009	radio commentator	[153]
Bob Grant	1929–2013	talk show host	[154]
William Safire	1929–2009	commentator for The New York Times	[67][155]
Roger Ailes	1940–2017	president of Fox News	[103]
Michael Savage	1942–	talk radio host	[76]
Herman Cain	1945–2020	radio host, syndicated columnist, and candidate in the 2012 Republican presidential primaries	[156]
Lou Dobbs	1945–	television newscaster	[157]
Michael Medved	1948–	talk radio host	[158]
Dennis Prager	1948–	talk radio host	[159][160]
Bill O'Reilly	1949–	television and radio host	[161][53]
Rush Limbaugh	1951–2021	talk radio host	[103]
Larry Elder	1952–	filmmaker	[162]
Charlie Sykes	1954–	talk-show host	[163]
Hugh Hewitt	1956–	talk radio host	[159][164]
Sean Hannity	1961–	host of Hannity and The Sean Hannity Show	[165]
Ann Coulter	1961–	political commentator	[166][167]
Laura Ingraham	1963–	Fox News and talk radio commentator	[66][168]
Adam Carolla	1964–	co-host of Loveline and host of The Adam Carolla Show	[169]
Matt Drudge	1966–	creator, and editor of the Drudge Report	[170][171]
Andrew Breitbart	1969–2012	blogger, author, journalist, and creator of Breitbart News	[32][172]
Tucker Carlson	1969–	talk show host	[104][173]
Michelle Malkin	1970–	newspaper columnist, author, and blogger	[174]
Ben Shapiro	1984–	commentator and media host	[175]
Matt Walsh	1986-	political commentator and author
Jackson Hinkle	1999-	Social media influencer, political commentator	[176]

Filmmakers, screenwriters, and producers

Director Cecil B. DeMille, on who actor Edward G. Robinson wrote, "No more conservative or patriarchal figure existed in Hollywood, no one more opposed to communism or any permutation or combination thereof."^[252]

Director Mel Gibson

Producer Steve Mnuchin

Name	Lifetime	Notability	Ref.
Frank Craven	1875–1945	Writer for films including Sons of the Desert and Our Town	[253]
Lionel Barrymore	1878–1954	Director of films including Madame X (1929), The Unholy Night, and The Rogue Song
Cecil B. DeMille	1881–1959	Director of films including The Greatest Show on Earth and The Ten Commandments (1956)	[252]
Louis B. Mayer	1882 or 1884 or 1885–1957	Co-founder of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and producer of films including Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ and Greed (1924)	[254]
Sam Wood	1883–1949	Director of films including A Night at the Opera and Kings Row
Maxwell Anderson	1888–1959	Writer of films including All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), The Wrong Man, and Ben-Hur (1959)	[255]
Carey Wilson	1889–1962	Writer of films including Ben-Hur (1925) and Mutiny on the Bounty and producer of films including The Postman Always Rings Twice and Green Dolphin Street	[256]
Merian C. Cooper	1893–1973	Director and producer of films including King Kong (1933) and This Is Cinerama
John Ford	1894–1973	Director of films including The Searchers and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance
King Vidor	1894–1982	Director of films including Northwest Passage and Duel in the Sun	[257]
Morrie Ryskind	1895–1985	Writer of films including A Night at the Opera and My Man Godfrey	[258]
Howard Hawks	1896–1977	Director of films including Scarface (1932), Red River (1948), The Thing from Another World, and Rio Bravo
Frank Capra	1897–1991	Director of films including It's a Wonderful Life and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
Leo McCarey	1898–1969	Director of films including Duck Soup (1933) and An Affair to Remember
Irving Thalberg	1899–1936	Producer of films including Grand Hotel and A Night at the Opera	[259]
Walt Disney	1901–1966	Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, also animator and film producer, helping to create films which included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Dumbo, Bambi, and Pinocchio (1940)
David O. Selznick	1902–1965	Producer and executive producer of films including Gone with the Wind and Rebecca (1940)
Joseph L. Mankiewicz	1909–1993	Director and writer of films including A Letter to Three Wives and All About Eve	[260]
Jerry Lewis	1926–2017	Director and writer of films including The Nutty Professor and The Day the Clown Cried	[261][262]
Stanley Kubrick	1928–1999	Director of films including Dr. Strangelove, 2001: A Space Odyssey, and The Shining	[263]
William Peter Blatty	1928–2017	Writer of films including The Exorcist, as well as the director and writer of The Ninth Configuration and The Exorcist III	[264][265]
Roger MacBride	1929–1995	Producer of Little House on the Prairie
Clint Eastwood	1930–	Director of films including High Plains Drifter, Unforgiven, Mystic River, Letters from Iwo Jima, Gran Torino, American Sniper, and Richard Jewell
Gerald R. Molen	1935–	Producer and executive producer of films including Days of Thunder, Jurassic Park, Schindler's List, Casper, and Twister	[266]
Dennis Hopper	1936–2010	Director and writer of Easy Rider and The Last Movie	[267]
Paul Morrissey	1938–	Director and writer of films including Women in Revolt, Flesh for Frankenstein, and Blood for Dracula
Lionel Chetwynd	1940–	Director and writer of The Hanoi Hilton	[266]
Jerry Bruckheimer	1943–	Producer of film series including Beverly Hills Cop, Pirates of the Caribbean, and National Treasure
Roger L. Simon	1943–	Screenwriter of films including The Big Fix and Enemies, A Love Story	[266]
John Milius	1944–	Writer of Dirty Harry and Apocalypse Now, directed films including Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Red Dawn
Ivan Reitman	1946–2022	Director of films including Ghostbusters, Ghostbusters II, Kindergarten Cop, and Dave	[268]
Sylvester Stallone	1946–	Writer of films including Rocky, Rambo, and Cobra and director of films including Rocky IV and The Expendables	[269]
James Woods	1947–	Producer of Cop and Another Day in Paradise; executive producer of Northfork and Oppenheimer
David Zucker	1947–	Director and writer of Airplane! and The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!	[267]
David Mamet	1947–	Director and writer of Heist (2001), as well as the writer of films including The Untouchables, Glengarry Glen Ross, Wag the Dog, and Hannibal (2001)	[270]
Arnold Schwarzenegger	1947–	Producer of films including Maggie and Aftermath; executive producer of Last Action Hero	[271]
John Swartzwelder	1949–	Writer and producer for The Simpsons	[272]
John Hughes	1950–2009	Director and writer of films including Sixteen Candles, Weird Science, The Breakfast Club, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and Planes, Trains and Automobiles	[273][274]
Bob Gale	1951–	Writer and producer of films including the Back to the Future series
Whit Stillman	1952–	Director of Metropolitan, Barcelona, and The Last Days of Disco	[275]
Roseanne Barr	1952–	Executive producer of Roseanne	[276]
Robert Davi	1953–	Director of The Dukes and My Son Hunter
Gary Sinise	1955–	Director and producer of Of Mice and Men
Morgan Mason	1955–	Executive producer of Sex, Lies, and Videotape
Joel Surnow	1955–	Writer and producer of television shows including 24 and The Equalizer	[277]
Zeph E. Daniel	1955?–	Writer of films including Society, Bride of Re-Animator, Silent Night, Deadly Night 4: Initiation, and Girl Next	[278]
Mel Gibson	1956–	Director of films including Braveheart, The Passion of the Christ, and Apocalypto
Cyrus Nowrasteh	1956–	Director of films including The Stoning of Soraya M. and Infidel	[279]
Douglas Urbanski	1957–	Producer of Darkest Hour and Mank; executive producer of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Hitman's Bodyguard, and Slow Horses	[280]
Daniel Knauf	1958 or 1961–	Writer and executive producer of television shows including Carnivàle, Spartacus: Blood and Sand, and The Blacklist
Sam Raimi	1959–	Director of films including The Evil Dead and the Spider-Man trilogy
Vincent Gallo	1962–	Director and writer of Buffalo '66 and The Brown Bunny	[281]
Steven Mnuchin	1962–	Producer and executive producer of films including The Lego Movie, Edge of Tomorrow, American Sniper, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, The Conjuring 2, and Wonder Woman
Pat Dollard	1964–	Producer of films including Auto Focus and Julie Walking Home	[279]
Michael J. Nelson	1964–	Writer for Mystery Science Theater 3000
Doug TenNapel	1966–	Creator, director, and producer of Earthworm Jim and Catscratch	[282]
Adam Sandler	1966–	Writer of films including Billy Madison and Happy Gilmore; executive producer of films including Hotel Transylvania	[283]
Scott Cawthon	1978–	Writer of Five Nights at Freddy's	[284]
Dallas Sonnier	1980–	Producer of films including Bone Tomahawk, Brawl in Cell Block 99, Dragged Across Concrete, and What Is a Woman?

Novelists, poets, and short story writers

Ayn Rand in 1957

Crime fiction writer James Ellroy's works frequently touch on topics such as political corruption

Name	Lifetime	Notability	Ref.
Edith Wharton	1862 – 1937	Pulitzer Prize author of The Age of Innocence, The House of Mirth, and Ethan Frome	[285]
Laura Ingalls Wilder	1867 – 1957	Author of Little House on the Prairie	[286]
Booth Tarkington	1869 – 1946	Pulitzer Prize author of The Magnificent Ambersons and Alice Adams	[287]
Willa Cather	1873 – 1947	Author of O Pioneers! and My Ántonia	[288]
Gertrude Stein	1874 – 1946	Author of The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas	[289]
Robert Frost	1874 – 1963	Author of A Boy's Will and North of Boston	[290]
Edgar Rice Burroughs	1875 – 1950	Creator of Tarzan and John Carter	[291]
Wallace Stevens	1879 – 1955	Pulitzer Prize author of Harmonium and poems including "The Idea of Order at Key West" and "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird"	[292]
Kathleen Norris	1880 – 1966	Author of My Best Girl and Passion Flower	[293]
Clarence Budington Kelland	1881 – 1964	Author of Speak Easily and Scattergood Baines
John Gould Fletcher	1886 – 1950	Pulitzer Prize poet of Irradiations: Sand and Spray
Robinson Jeffers	1887 – 1962	Author of "Shine, Perishing Republic" and The Double Axe and Other Poems	[294]
Marianne Moore	1887 – 1972	Author of O to Be a Dragon	[295]
John Crowe Ransom	1888 – 1974	Author of The New Criticism and editor of The Kenyon Review	[296]
Claude McKay	1890 – 1948	Author of Songs of Jamaica and Harlem Shadows	[297]
Zora Neale Hurston	1891 – 1960	Author of Their Eyes Were Watching God	[298]
E. E. Cummings	1894 – 1962	Author of Tulips and Chimneys and 1 × 1	[299]
Louis Bromfield	1896 – 1956	Pulitzer Prize author of Early Autumn
John Dos Passos	1896 – 1970	Author of the U.S.A. trilogy	[300]
William Faulkner	1897 – 1962	Nobel Laureate author of The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, and Absalom, Absalom!
E. Hoffmann Price	1898 – 1988	Author of The Devil Wives of Li Fong
Vladimir Nabokov	1899 – 1977	Author of Lolita and Pale Fire	[301]
Allen Tate	1899 – 1979	Poet Laureate and author of "Ode to the Confederate Dead"
H. P. Lovecraft	1890 – 1937	Author of "The Call of Cthulhu", At the Mountains of Madness, and The Shadow over Innsmouth	[302]
Donald Davidson	1893 – 1968	Author of I'll Take My Stand and Singin' Billy
Robert Hillyer	1895 – 1961	Pulitzer Prize author of The Collected Verse of Robert Hillyer	[303]
Taylor Caldwell	1900 – 1985	Author of Dynasty of Death and Captains and the Kings	[304]
Isaac Bashevis Singer	1903 – 1991	Nobel Laureate author of Satan in Goray, The Magician of Lublin, and Shadows on the Hudson	[305]
John O'Hara	1905 – 1970	Author of Appointment in Samarra and BUtterfield 8	[306]
Ayn Rand	1905 – 1982	Author of Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead
Robert E. Howard	1906 – 1936	Creator of Conan the Barbarian and Solomon Kane	[307]
Robert A. Heinlein	1907 – 1988	Author of Starship Troopers, Stranger in a Strange Land, and The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress	[308][309]
John W. Campbell	1910 – 1971	Editor of Analog Science Fiction and Fact and author of Who Goes There?	[310]
Cordwainer Smith	1913 – 1966	Author of Norstrilia and The Rediscovery of Man	[311]
R. A. Lafferty	1914 – 2002	Author of Paster Master and Fourth Mansions	[312]
Saul Bellow	1915 – 2005	Nobel Laureate author of Seize the Day, Henderson the Rain King, Herzog, Mr. Sammler's Planet, Humboldt's Gift, and Ravelstein	[313][314]
Louis Auchincloss	1917 – 2010	Author of The Cat and the King and Her Infinite Variety	[315]
Allen Drury	1918 – 1998	Pulitzer Prize author of Advise and Consent	[316]
Mickey Spillane	1918 – 2006	Author of I, the Jury	[317]
Ray Bradbury	1920 – 2012	Author of Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, and The Illustrated Man	[318]
Jack Kerouac	1922 – 1969	Author of On the Road and The Dharma Bums	[319]
Anthony Hecht	1923 – 2004	Pulitzer Prize poet of A Summoning of Stones and The Hard Hours	[320]
Norman Mailer	1923 – 2007	Author of The Naked and the Dead and The Executioner's Song	[321][322]
Richard Hooker	1924 – 1997	Author of MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors	[323]
Poul Anderson	1926 – 2001	Author of The Broken Sword and There Will Be Time	[324]
Philip K. Dick	1928 – 1982	Author of The Man in the High Castle, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, and Ubik	[325][326]
Tom Wolfe	1930 – 2018	Author of The Bonfire of the Vanities and I Am Charlotte Simmons
Charles McCarry	1930 – 2019	Author of The Miernik Dossier and The Tears of Autumn	[327]
Gene Wolfe	1931 – 2019	Author of The Book of the New Sun	[328]
Clive Cussler	1931 – 2020	Author of the Dirk Pitt series	[329]
John Gardner	1933 – 1982	Author of Grendel and The Sunlight Dialogues	[330]
Jerry Pournelle	1933 – 2017	Author of The Mote in God's Eye and The Prince	[331]
Cormac McCarthy	1933 – 2023	Author of Blood Meridian, No Country for Old Men, and The Road	[332]
Larry Niven	1938 –	Author of The Mote in God's Eye and Lucifer's Hammer
Tito Perdue	1938 –	Author of Lee	[333]
Robin Cook	1940 –	Author of Coma, Sphinx, and Brain
Nelson DeMille	1943 –	Author of Plum Island, The Charm School, and The Gold Coast	[334]
Dean Koontz	1945 –	Author of Odd Thomas	[335]
Tom Clancy	1947 – 2013	Author of The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, and Without Remorse
Mark Helprin	1947 –	Author of Winter's Tale, A Soldier of the Great War, and Freddy and Fredericka
Robert Ferrigno	1947 –	Author of Prayers for the Assassin	[336]
Terry Goodkind	1948 – 2020	Author of The Sword of Truth and The Law of Nines	[337]
James Ellroy	1948 –	Author of The Black Dahlia and L.A. Confidential	[338]
Dan Simmons	1948 –	Author of Song of Kali and the Hyperion Cantos series	[339][340]
Orson Scott Card	1951 –	Author of Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead	[341]
Thomas Mallon	1951 –	Former deputy chairman for the National Endowment for the Humanities; author of Henry and Clara and Dewey Defeats Truman	[342]
Brad Linaweaver	1952 – 2019	Author of Moon of Ice and Sliders	[343]
Andrew Klavan	1954 –	Author of Empire of Lies
Tom Kratman	1956 –	Author of A Desert Called Peace and Watch on the Rhine	[344]
Lionel Shriver	1957 –	Author of We Need to Talk About Kevin	[345]
Mark M. Goldblatt	1957 –	Author of Africa Speaks and Twerp	[346]
Robert Girardi	1961 –	Author of Madeleine's Ghost and Gorgeous East
John C. Wright	1961 –	Author of The Golden Oecumene	[347]
David Foster Wallace	1962 – 2008	Author of Infinite Jest and The Pale King	[348][349]
Sarah A. Hoyt	1962 –	Author of Darkship Thieves and Uncharted	[350]
John Ringo	1963 –	Author of the Empire of Man series
Tony Daniel	1963 –	Author of Metaplanetary	[351]
Nicholas Sparks	1965 –	Author of The Notebook and A Walk to Remember
Joel C. Rosenberg	1967 –	Author of The Ezekiel Option
Michael Z. Williamson	1967 –	Author of Freehold and Forged in Blood	[352]
Brad Thor	1969 –	Author of The Lions of Lucerne and The Last Patriot
Larry Correia	1977 –	Author of Son of the Black Sword and Monster Hunter International	[353]

Organizations

Think tanks

Hoover Tower at Stanford University, location of the Hoover Institution Library and Archives

Name	Founded/defunct	Notability	Ref.
Acton Institute	1990–	promotes "individual liberty ... sustained by religious principles"	[355]
American Enterprise Institute	1938–	promotes limited government	[355]
Cato Institute	1974–	promotes classical liberalism	[355]
Claremont Institute	1979–	promotes limited government	[355]
Competitive Enterprise Institute	1984–	promotes limited government	[355]
Discovery Institute	1990–	promotes teaching religious viewpoints in science classes	[355]
The Heartland Institute	1984–	promotes climate change denial	[356][357]
The Heritage Foundation	1973–	promotes "[c]onservative social values"	[355]
Hoover Institution	1919–	promotes "a free and peaceful society"	[355]
Hudson Institute	1961–	promotes conservatism	[358]
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research	1977–	promotes privatization and limited government	[356][359]
Mercatus Center	1980–	promotes conservatism	[356]
Mises Institute	1982–	promotes Austrian school economics and anarcho-capitalism	[356]
Reason Foundation	1978–	promotes classical liberalism	[356]

Political, social and economic organizations

Headquarters of Focus on the Family

U.S. Chamber of Commerce Building in Washington, D.C.

Name	Founded/defunct	Notability	Ref.
Alliance Defending Freedom	1994–	Christian legal organization	[368][369]
American Conservative Union	1964–	organization "with the aim of coordinating and guiding American conservatism"	[370]
American Family Association	1977–	lobbying organization	[371]
American Legislative Exchange Council	1973–	organization that helps state legislators write bills	[372][373]
Americans for Prosperity	2004–	Tea Party movement organization	[374]
Club for Growth	1999–	political action committee	[375]
Concerned Women for America	1978–	conservative women's organization formed by Beverly LaHaye	[376][377]
Council for National Policy	1981–	elite organization that meets three times a year	[378]
Faith and Freedom Coalition	2009–	Republican fundraising organization	[379]
Family Research Council	1983-	conservative Christian organization	[380]
Federalist Society	1982–	legal organization	[381]
Focus on the Family	1977–	Christian organization	[134]
FreedomWorks	2004–	grassroots organization	[382]
Independent Women's Forum	1992–	conservative women's organization	[383]
John Birch Society	1958–	far-right organization	[384]
Judicial Watch	1994–	educational foundation	[385]
State Policy Network	1992–	organization of state-based groups	[386][387]
Turning Point Action	2019	political advocacy group	[388][389]
Turning Point USA	2012–	grassroots organization based on College, High School and Church Campuses	[390][391]
US Chamber of Commerce	1912–	pro-business lobbying organization	[392]
Young Americans for Freedom	1960–	organization formed by William F. Buckley Jr.	[100]

Media

Fox News Studios in 2009

The Washington Times newsroom

See also

• List of American liberals
• List of Latino Republicans
• List of African-American Republicans
• List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement
• List of paleoconservative organizations
• List of anti-abortion organizations in the United States

Footnotes

1. ↑ Smith, Don (2003). If It Ain't Broke – Break It!: A Document for Both Liberals and Conservatives. United States. p. 59. ISBN 9780595275342. Conservatives have not liked what they see as the 'mushy' and 'confused' morals and the political, sexual and social mores of the American Nation of the last 50 years. They want clarity. They want guidelines based on Judeo-Christian values. They trust God. Most Conservatives believe any sexual activity outside of the marriage contract is wrong. They believe that abortion is equivalent to murder, and they oppose assisted suicide.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
2. ↑ Farmer, Brian (2005). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. United States: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes.
3. ↑ Baldwin, Robert (2000). Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat. United States: Peterson Institute for International Economics. pp. 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles.
4. 1 2 3 Lipsman, Ron (2007). Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy. United States: United States. p. 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of rugged individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition...
5. ↑ Critchlow, Donald (2009). Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities.
6. ↑ Langdale, John (2012). Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920-1990. United States: University of Missouri Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780826272850.
7. ↑ Pilbeam, Bruce (2003). Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism – the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives.
8. ↑ Merle Black, "The transformation of the southern Democratic Party." Journal of Politics 66.4 (2004): 1001–1017.
9. ↑ Katznelson, Ira; Geiger, Kim; Kryder, Daniel (Summer 1993). "Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 108 (2): 283. doi:10.2307/2152013. JSTOR 2152013.
10. ↑ Hayek, "Why I am Not a Conservative" online
11. ↑ Saatkamp, Herman; Coleman, Martin (2023), "George Santayana", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-12-26
12. ↑ Bruce Ramsey (December 27, 2008). "The Capitalist Fiction of Garet Garrett". Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
13. ↑ Burgin, Angus (November 2009). "The Radical Conservatism of Frank H. Knight". Modern Intellectual History. 6 (3): 513–538. doi:10.1017/S1479244309990163. ISSN 1479-2451. S2CID 145606233.
14. ↑ Cowan, David (2016-08-04). "Uncertainty's Prophet". The American Conservative. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
15. ↑ Lacey, Robert J.; Burke, Edmund (2016). Pragmatic conservatism: Edmund Burke and his American heirs. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 63–107. ISBN 978-1-349-94903-8.
16. ↑ Sizek, Julia (2017-01-27). "Iris Marion Young and Ernst Kantorowicz". Society for Cultural Anthropology. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
17. ↑ Krugman, Paul. The Conscience of a Liberal. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. Print. p. 115
18. ↑ SPÖRL, GERHARD; Spiegel, br/ Der (2003-08-04). "The Leo-conservatives". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
19. ↑ Nash, George H. (2009). The conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. pp. 66, 88–94, 101, 108, 116–117, 131, 135, 137, 143–144, 145, 163, 213, 238, 243, 253, 325, 327, 367, 368, 379, 391, 405. ISBN 9781497636408. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
20. ↑ Tanenhaus, Sam. "Review: 'Exit Right: The People ....'" The Atlantic. March 2016. 13 July 2018.
21. ↑ Fowle, Farnsworth (1977-03-28). "Will Herberg, Author, Dies at 75; Communist Became Conservative". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
22. ↑ "Eric Hoffer: The Right's Working-Class Philosopher - FoundSF". www.foundsf.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
23. ↑ Niels Bjerre-Poulsen (2002). Right Face: Organizing the American Conservative Movement 1945-65. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 116–118. ISBN 978-87-7289-809-4. Bruce Frohnen; Jeremy Beer; Nelson O. Jeffrey (2014). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-4976-5157-9.
24. ↑ Gordon, Mordechai (1999). "Hannah Arendt on Authority: Conservatism in Education Reconsidered". Educational Theory. 49 (2): 161–80. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5446.1999.00161.x. ISSN 0013-2004.
25. ↑ "The conservative Hannah Arendt". Washington Examiner. 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
26. ↑ Horowitz, Irving Louis (2012). Hannah Arendt: radical conservative. New Brunswick: Transaction Publ. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4128-4602-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
27. ↑ Scruton, Roger (Jan 4, 2001). "Wall Street Journal obituary for W V Quine". www.wvquine.org. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
28. ↑ Quine, W. V. (1987). Quiddities: an intermittently philosophical dictionary. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Pr. of Harvard Univ. Pr. pp. 206–208. ISBN 978-0-674-74352-6.
29. ↑ "Marginal No More: Willmoore Kendall as Essential Conservative". The Russell Kirk Center. 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
30. ↑ Gregory L. Schneider (2009). The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 55–60. ISBN 978-0-7425-4284-6. Ann Southworth (1 August 2009). Lawyers of the Right: Professionalizing the Conservative Coalition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-226-76836-6. Donald T. Critchlow; Nancy MacLean (2009). "Frank Meyer What Is Conservatism?". Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 177–180. ISBN 978-0-7425-4824-4.
31. ↑ "Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn". Mises Institute. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
32. 1 2 3 4 Wyler, Grace and Paul Szoldra. "13 Books That Every Conservative Must Read." Business Insider. 29 March 2013. 17 May 2017.
33. ↑ Gregory L. Schneider (2009). The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7425-4285-3.
34. ↑ George H. Nash (8 April 2014). The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 410. ISBN 978-1-4976-3640-8. Martin Gardner (15 July 1997). The Night Is Large: Collected Essays, 1938-1995. St. Martin's Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-312-16949-7. Martin Gardner (21 August 1999). The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener. St. Martin's Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-4668-2332-7. Jon A. Shields; Joshua M. Dunn (2016). Passing on the Right: Conservative Professors in the Progressive University. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–145. ISBN 978-0-19-986305-1.
35. ↑ William Ruger (26 September 2013). Milton Friedman. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8264-2595-9. John Ehrman (2005). The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan. Yale University Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-300-10662-6. Iwan Morgan (16 September 2016). Reagan: American Icon. I.B.Tauris. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-78672-050-4.
36. ↑ Sewall, Gilbert T. (2016-09-16). "Robert Nisbet's Conservatism". The American Conservative. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
37. ↑ Hodgson, Godfrey (2004-03-01). "Daniel Boorstin". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
38. ↑ Bradley J. Birzer (17 September 2015). Russell Kirk: American Conservative. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6619-3.
39. ↑ Molnár, Attila K. "Thomas Molnar and the Conservatives in the US". Polgári Szemle. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
40. ↑ David B. Frisk (11 March 2014). If Not Us, Who?: William Rusher, National Review, and the Conservative Movement. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4804-9300-1. Timothy J. Sullivan (1 December 2008). New York State and the Rise of Modern Conservatism: Redrawing Party Lines. SUNY Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7914-7735-9. George H. Nash (8 April 2014). The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-4976-3640-8. McFadden, Robert D. (18 April 2011). "William Rusher, Champion of Conservatism, Dies at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
41. ↑ "Fr. Stanley L. Jaki, RIP". National Review. 2009-04-13. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
42. ↑ Donald T. Critchlow (2005). Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade. Princeton University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-691-07002-4. David Farber (25 April 2010). The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History. Princeton University Press. pp. 119–158. ISBN 978-0-691-12915-0. Ronnee Schreiber (16 June 2008). Righting Feminism: Conservative Women and American Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-19-804418-5. Marjorie J. Spruill (28 February 2017). Divided We Stand: The Battle Over Women's Rights and Family Values That Polarized American Politics. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-63286-315-7.
43. ↑ "Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Ideas / The anti-populist". 2006-01-15. Archived from the original on 2006-01-15. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
44. ↑ John B. Judis, William F. Buckley Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (1990).
45. 1 2 Ronald Lora; William Henry Longton (1999). The Conservative Press in Twentieth-century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-0-313-21390-8. Lee Edwards (6 July 2015). Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution. Regnery Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-62157-400-2. Deal W. Hudson (11 March 2008). Onward, Christian Soldiers: The Growing Political Power of Catholics and Evangelicals in the United States. Simon & Schuster. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4165-6589-5.
46. ↑ Farmer, American Political Ideologies, p. 45.
47. ↑ "[American Presidency] | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
48. ↑ "Us v. Them: The Pitfalls of Righteous Rhetoric | Religion & Politics". 2014-09-16. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
49. ↑ Greslé-Favier, Claire (2006). "Pro-abstinence Discourses and the Definition of the Conservative Christian Identity in the Contemporary United States". Current Objectives of Postgraduate American Studies. 7. doi:10.5283/copas.91. ISSN 1861-6127.
50. ↑ "Beverly LaHaye". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
51. ↑ "Influential Evangelicals-Tim and Beverly LaHaye". Time.com. 7 February 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
52. ↑ Hahn, Steven (2012-10-01). "From Radical to Right-Wing: The Legacy of Eugene Genovese". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harnden, Tom. "The most influential US conservatives: 100-81." The Telegraph. 11 January 2010. 17 May 2017.
54. ↑ Professor Edward J Ahearn (28 April 2013). Urban Confrontations in Literature and Social Science, 1848-2001: European Contexts, American Evolutions. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4094-7560-6. John Edwards; Marion Crain; Arne Kalleberg (10 May 2011). Ending Poverty in America: How to Restore the American Dream. New Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-59558-732-9.
55. ↑ Nieli, Russell (1993). "Social Conservatives of the Left" (PDF). The Political Science Reviewer. XXII.
56. ↑ "Fifteen Questions: Harvey Mansfield on Ideological Diversity, Trumpism, and his Signature Fedora | Magazine | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
57. ↑ "Donald Trump -- Conservatives ...." National Review. 21 January 2016. 17 May 2017.
58. ↑ "Richard A. Viguerie Biography." PBS. 29 October 2004. 13 July 2018.
59. ↑ Cartwright, Gary (1992-03-01). "Mr. Right". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
60. ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (2009-01-09). "Rev. R. J. Neuhaus, Political Theologian, Dies at 72". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
61. ↑ Kekes, John (1997). "What Is Conservatism?". philpapers.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
62. ↑ "The New Black Conservatives". The New York Times. 1981-10-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
63. ↑ "Thomas Sowell – Biography". townhall.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
64. ↑ "A Conservative Get-Together Like No Other". spectator.org. 27 April 2016.
65. ↑ Francesco Forte; Ram Mudambi; Pietro Maria Navarra (28 March 2014). A Handbook of Alternative Theories of Public Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-78100-471-5. Barry Cooper; Allan Kornberg; William Mishler (1988). The Resurgence of Conservatism in Anglo-American Democracies. Duke University Press. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9780822307938. George H. Nash (8 April 2014). The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 525. ISBN 978-1-4976-3640-8.
66. 1 2 Draper, Robert. "How Donald Trump Set Off a Civil War Within the Right-Wing Media." The New York Times. 29 September 2016. 21 May 2017.
67. 1 2 Jeff Taylor (27 September 2013). Politics on a Human Scale: The American Tradition of Decentralism. Lexington Books. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-7391-7576-7.
68. ↑ Thomas R. Dye (23 October 2015). Who's Running America?: The Obama Reign. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-317-24906-1. Donald T Critchlow (30 June 2009). The Conservative Ascendancy: how the GOP right made political history. Harvard University Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-674-03355-9. Michael J. Lacey; Mary O. Furner (25 June 1993). The State and Social Investigation in Britain and the United States. Cambridge University Press. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-521-41638-2. "Karl Rove Picks The Seven Most Powerful Conservatives". Forbes. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
69. ↑ "Meet the Jewish 'Paleoconservative' Who Coined The Term 'Alternative Right'". The Forward. 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
70. ↑ Conservative Leader Paul Weyrich Dies; First to Lead Heritage The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on December 05, 2017.
71. ↑ Ryn, Claes G. (2007-01-15). "Not By Politics Alone". The American Conservative. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
72. ↑ "Scholars & Writers for Trump › American Greatness". American Greatness. 2016-09-28. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
73. ↑ Grimes, William. "Joseph Sobran, Writer Whom Buckley Mentored, Dies at 64." The New York Times. 1 October 2010. 6 July 2020.
74. ↑ Jim DeMint (2011). The Great American Awakening: Two Years that Changed America, Washington, and Me. B&H Publishing Group. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-4336-7279-8. Jon A. Shields; Joshua M. Dunn (2016). Passing on the Right: Conservative Professors in the Progressive University. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-19-986305-1. Lanny Davis (24 March 2015). Scandal: How "Gotcha" Politics Is Destroying America. St. Martin's Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4668-9280-4.
75. ↑ Weigel, David (2013-11-18). "This Conservative History Book Will Make You Stupider". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
76. 1 2 3 4 5 Harnden, Toby. "The most influential US conservatives: 60-41." The Telegraph. 13 January 2010. 23 May 2017.
77. ↑ Risen, Clay (2022-01-15). "Terry Teachout, Arts Critic With a Wide Range, Is Dead at 65". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
78. ↑ Chotiner, Isaac (2017-02-08). "What a Pro-Trump English Professor Thinks Now". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
79. ↑ "President Trump granted a full pardon Thursday to conservative commentator Dinesh D'Souza and said he was strongly considering clemency for other celebrity felons." Rucker, Philip, et al. "Trump pardons conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, suggests others also could receive clemency." Washington Post. 31 May 2018. 22 June 2018.
80. ↑ "President Donald Trump said Thursday he plans to issue a pardon to Dinesh D'Souza, a prominent conservative commentator and filmmaker who was convicted of making an illegal campaign contribution." Breuninger, Kevin and Tucker Higgins. "Trump will pardon conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, who was convicted of campaign finance violation." CNBC. 31 May 2018. 16 October 2018.
81. ↑ "And the Tragedy Continues". The Russell Kirk Center. 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
82. ↑ Coaston, Jane (2023-12-04). "Opinion | This Conservative Wants to Change the Way Republicans Think About Economics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
83. ↑ Rebecca Nelson and National Journal (March 24, 2015). "The 21-Year-Old Becoming a Major Player in Conservative Politics". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
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404. ↑ "Conservative 'Detroit News' can't get behind Trump's re-election".
405. ↑ Lee Banville (12 December 2016). Covering American Politics in the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia of News Media Titans, Trends, and Controversies [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 193–195. ISBN 978-1-4408-3553-7.
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407. ↑ Flock, Elizabeth. "Sun Myung Moon's Death Leaves Conservative Newspaper at a Crossroads." U.S. News & World Report. 4 September 2012. 19 May 2017.
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412. ↑ "Google to Co-Host This Event With Conservative News Site Newsmax." Fortune. 11 October 2017. 13 July 2018.
413. ↑ "Bill O'Reilly: Conservative News Outlets likely to Pounce Post Fox News Ouster". Variety. April 19, 2017.
414. ↑ Linda Kintz; Julia Lesage (1998). Media, Culture, and the Religious Right. U of Minnesota Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-8166-3085-1. Robert Gregg; Gary W. McDonogh; Cindy H. Wong (10 November 2005). Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Culture. Routledge. p. 1645. ISBN 978-1-134-71928-0. Lee Edwards (23 July 1999). The Conservative Revolution: The Movement that Remade America. Simon & Schuster. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-684-84421-3.
415. ↑ Stelter, Brian. "'Mass firing' at conservative site RedState." CNN. 27 April 2018. 13 July 2018.
416. ↑ Neary, Lynn (12 April 2017). "Trump's Win Changed The Game For Publishers On The Left And The Right". All Things Considered. PBS. Retrieved 26 May 2017. Regnery books — which marks its 70th anniversary this year — is the grand old dame of conservative publishing. Milliot, Jim (17 March 2017). "Regnery Publishing: More Than Just Politics". Publishers Weekly. PWxyz, LLC. Retrieved 26 May 2017. As a publisher of conservative books, Regnery faced the prospect of its readership losing some interest in its titles now that Republicans are back in power.
417. ↑ Schukar, Alyssa (2017-09-14). "How a Conservative TV Giant is Ridding Itself of Regulation". The New York Times.
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