Allantonematidae
Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Nematoda
Class:
Secernentea
Order:
Tylenchida
Family:
Allantonematidae
Genera

Allantonematidae is a family of insect-parasitic nematodes from the order Tylenchida. Allantonematid nematodes infect a variety of insects including beetles, butterflies, flies, thrips, ants, and more.[1] For instance, the nematode Howardula aoronymphium parasitizes mushroom-feeding fruit flies,[2] Formicitylenchus oregonensis parasitizes carpenter ants,[3] and Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi parasitizes a pest of coffee beans, the coffee berry borer.[4]

Allantonematid nematodes infect insect larvae by piercing through the cuticle, after which they reside in the insect blood. There they develop through multiple juvenile stages before being shed out the anus or reproductive tracts. Mating typically occurs external to the insect host, after which mated female nematodes infect new hosts.

Agricultural Impacts

Thripinema fuscum

Thripinema fuscum is a Allantonematidae nematode that, can naturally decrease the population of Frankliniella fusca, Tobacco thrips.[5] Commonly found in Florida, T. fuscum that infect tobacco thrips have been shown to only affect the reproduction system of the thrips, causing a decrease in thrips over time.[5] Infertility of F. fusca is caused by damage to ovarioles and loss of eggs when infected by T. fuscum.[5] The life cycle of the T. fuscum from infection to the adult life stage is around 9 days in the F. fusca.[6] The infectious nematode lives primarily in the hemocoel of the thrips.[6]

Thrips impact on awa.

Parasitylenchus bifurcatus

First generation P. bifurcatus female.[7]

Parasitylenchus bifurcatus parasitizes Harmonia axyridis, a beetle introduced to Europe from central and South Asia.[7] H. axyridis affects agricultural crops such as apples, pears, and grapes resulting in reduced quality of products made from these crops.[7][8] Both male and female H. axyridis can be infected by P. bifurcatus.[7] P. bifurcatus reproduces multiple times within one host, creating multiple generations.[7]

The P. bifurcatus use bodily resources of the H. axyridis, such as fat deposits.[7] The reproductive system of H. axyridismay also be used for reproduction of P. bifurcatus, thus reducing the hosts reproductive organs.[7] Infected H. axyridis put under stress have been shown to die faster than uninfected H. axyridis in the same conditions, increasing the potential to use P. bifurcatus as natural biological control agents.[7][8]

Systematics

There are 2 subfamilies of Allantonematids that contain about 150 species in at least 16 genera. These include:

  • Subfamily Allantonematinae Pereira, 1931
    • Allantonema Leuckhart, 1884
    • Anandranema Poinar, Ferro, Morales & Tesh, 1993
    • Bradynema zur Strassen, 1892
    • Howardula Cobb, 1921
    • Metaparasitylenchus Wachek, 1955
    • Neoparasitylenchus Nickle, 1967
    • Parasitylenchoides Wachek, 1955
    • Pratinema Chizhov & Sturhan, 1998
    • Proparasitylenchus Wachek, 1955
    • Sulphuretylenchus Ruhm, 1956
    • Thripinema Siddiqi, 1986
  • Subfamily Contortylenchinae Ruhm, 1956
  • Subfamily not-yet classified
    • Halophilanema Poinar, 2012[9]

The systematics of the Allantonematidae are complicated due to various re-classifications of Allantonematid genera first classified by morphological characters. As a result, the family Allantonematidae is likely paraphyletic, evidenced by molecular study.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lewis, John W. (1995). "Nematodes: Structure, development, classification and phylogeny". Parasitology Today. 11 (2): 86. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(95)80127-8.
  2. ↑ Perlman, Steve J.; Jaenike, John (2003). "Infection Success in Novel Hosts: An Experimental and Phylogenetic Study of Drosophila-Parasitic Nematodes". Evolution. 57 (3): 544–57. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01546.x. PMID 12703944.
  3. ↑ Poinar, George (2003). "Formicitylenchus oregonensis n. G., n. Sp. (Allantonematidae: Nematoda), the first tylenchid parasite of ants, with a review of nematodes described from ants". Systematic Parasitology. 56 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1023/A:1025583303428. PMID 12975624. S2CID 10740145.
  4. ↑ Poinar, George; Vega, Fernando E.; Castillo, Alfredo; Chavez, Intie.; Infante, Francisco (2004). "Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi n. sp. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), A Parasite of the Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus Hampei (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)". Journal of Parasitology. 90 (5): 1106–1110. doi:10.1645/ge-3369. PMID 15562611. S2CID 19853961.
  5. 1 2 3 "Infection of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Peanut by the Parasitic Nematode Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchidae: Allantonematidae)". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  6. 1 2 "EENY681/IN1175: Entomopathogenic Nematodes of Thrips Thripinema spp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Allantonematidae)". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Poinar, George O.; Steenberg, Tove (2012-10-01). "Parasitylenchus bifurcatus n. sp. (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) parasitizing Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)". Parasites & Vectors. 5 (1): 218. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-218. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 3483197.
  8. 1 2 Stare, Barbara Gerič; Širca, Saša; Urek, Gregor (2017-09-26). "First report of nematodes Parasitylenchus bifurcatus Poinar & Steenberg, 2012 parasitizing multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) in Slovenia". Acta agriculturae Slovenica. 109 (2): 457–463. ISSN 1854-1941.
  9. ↑ Poinar, George O. (2012). "Halophilanema prolata n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), a parasite of the intertidal bug, Saldula laticollis (Reuter)(Hemiptera: Saldidae) on the Oregon coast". Parasites & Vectors. 5: 24. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-24. PMC 3296658. PMID 22296685.
  10. ↑ Koshel, E. I.; Aleshin, V. V.; Eroshenko, G. A.; Kutyrev, V. V. (2014). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Entomoparasitic Nematodes, Potential Control Agents of Flea Populations in Natural Foci of Plague". BioMed Research International. 2014: 1–26. doi:10.1155/2014/135218. PMC 3996313. PMID 24804197.
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