Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum in the former Puʻunēnē Mill manager's house

Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum is located in the small sugarcane growing and milling community of Puʻunene, Hawaii, Kahului, Maui. The museum exhibits the history of Hawaiian sugarcane plantations and Alexander & Baldwin and its role in the sugarcane industry in Hawaii. The company itself continues in business and though it has diversified, it continues to produce sugarcane. The museum itself in the former mill manager's house.

History

Samuel T. Alexander (1836–1904) and his family in the 1880s
Henry Perrine Baldwin

Samuel Thomas Alexander (1836–1904) was a reverend and co-founder of an agricultural company. He met Dwight Baldwin in Hawaii.[1][2] Alexander became manager of the Waiheʻe sugar plantation near Wailuku in 1863 and hired Henry Perrine Baldwin (1842–1911) as assistant.[3] In 1870 he formed the Pāʻia plantation under the name Samuel T Alexander & Co. With Baldwin, he purchased 561 acres (227 ha) (2.3 km2) between Pāʻia and Makawao, where they cultivated sugarcane. As of 1871 he also managed the Haʻikū sugar mill which had been constructed in 1861 by Castle & Cooke.[4]

The Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 removed tariffs on sugar exported to the United States. But to raise their production a steady supply of water was needed for the semi-arid dry forests of Pāʻia. Rain was plentiful miles away in the rainforests on the windward slopes of Haleakalā mountain, so Alexander proposed a 17-mile-long (27 km) irrigation aqueduct that diverted water from that part of Haleakalā to their plantation. Alexander knew about irrigation systems used since ancient Hawaii while he was at Lahainaluna, but this was on a much larger scale. He negotiated a lease of water rights from King Kalākaua and raised financing from other partners. It was initially a 20-year lease for $100 per year. His brother James did a survey.[5]

Work started on the aqueduct in 1876 and was completed two years later in 1878 (at over three times the estimated cost), just before a deadline in the lease.[6]

In 1883 the Alexander family moved to Oakland, California, to get medical attention for his father, who died there August 13, 1884.[7]

After completion of the aqueduct, the company grew by selling water to adjacent plantations, and was eventually renamed Alexander & Baldwin Plantation. In 1884 Alexander arranged for the partners to buy the small American Sugar Refinery in California and later organized a group of Hawaiian planters called the Sugar Factors which became the California and Hawaiian Sugar Company (C&H).[8] Between 1872 and 1900, the company took over more land and sugar mill operations. In 1898, Alexander and Baldwin purchased a controlling interest in one of its rival companies, Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company (HC&S) from Claus Spreckels.[9] By 1899, the company bought two of Maui's railroad lines. On June 30, 1900, Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd. was incorporated.

Alexander eventually left off running the company and became an adventurer. In 1893 he bicycled through Europe. He traveled through the Pacific Ocean in 1896, including the Marquesas Islands where his parents traveled before he was born,[10] China, and Japan.[11] He also had a winter home on Maui called Olinda,[12] and a summer home in Shasta County, California.[13]

Growing the business

Paiʻia Sugar Mill

The irrigation projects became so profitable that the Alexander and Baldwin partnership was able to buy out other planters and enlarge their holdings. By 1877 Baldwin had the Hamakuapoko Mill built on the southwestern side of Maliko Gulch near the irrigated fields, 20°54′56″N 156°20′53″W / 20.91556°N 156.34806°W / 20.91556; -156.34806 (Hamakuapoko Mill). The Haiku mill shut down in 1879.[4] The Paʻia Mill opened in 1880, 20°54′25″N 156°22′32″W / 20.90694°N 156.37556°W / 20.90694; -156.37556 (Paia Mill)[14] In 1881 the Kahului Railroad allowed the sugar to travel by train to the growing port of Kahului.

In 1882 Alexander moved to Oakland, California, and enrolled his children in the schools there before returning in 1883 to become manager of the Haiku plantation. In 1888, Henry Baldwin and a few businessmen from Honolulu formed the Haleakala Ranch,[15] consisting of 33,817 acres (13,685 ha) on the slopes of the dormant volcano Haleakalā. Piʻiholo Ranch is part of that acreage, now used for tourism.[16]

Henry Baldwin hired Louis von Tempsky to manage Haleakala ranch in 1899, and Louis' daughter Armine von Tempski (1892–1943) wrote several novels and an autobiography about life on the Baldwin ranch.[17]

In 1889 the McKinley Tariff act raised tariffs on sugar exported to the U.S. market, and its price dropped to two cents a pound. Baldwin took advantage of the lower land prices and built an irrigation project on Kauaʻi island called the Hanapepe ditch for the Hawaiian Sugar Company. He moved his family to Kauaʻi for a few months before moving back to Maui in 1893.[18]

In 1894 a partnership with Alexander was launched to sell the sugar in California. In 1900, the partnership became officially incorporated as Alexander & Baldwin (A&B). With offices in both Honolulu and San Francisco, it acted as an agent for other plantations as well.[19] Eventually A&B would evolve into a holding company for many other ventures, including shipping line Matson Navigation Company.

In 1899, Baldwin supervised another irrigation project at Kihei. In 1903 he built another house called Maluhia at a higher elevation near Olinda, Hawaii surrounded by fruit trees. Keahua Ranch Company in 1909 became the Maui Pineapple Company.[20] In 1905, he became an owner of The Maui News. His descendants continued to own the paper until 2000.

Legacy

Alexander & Baldwin became one of the "Big Five" corporations that dominated the economy of the Territory of Hawaii. A&B is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and was added as part of the Dow Jones Transportation Average[21] after purchasing Matson Navigation Company. It continues to produce sugar and operates a museum on Maui.[22]

He also had heirs.[23][24] and died November 22, 1939.[25][26][27]

Family tree

See also

References

  1. ↑ Orramel Hinckley Gulick (1918). The pilgrims of Hawaii: their own story of their pilgrimage from New England. Fleming H. Revell company. pp. 341–347.
  2. ↑ Punahou School (1866). Catalogue of the teachers and pupils of Punahou school and Oahu College for twenty-five years: ending 1866, with an account of the quarter century celebration held at Punahou June 15th, 1866. Printed by H.M. Whitney. p. 5.
  3. ↑ "Our company: History". on Alexander & Baldwin corporate web site. Archived from the original on 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  4. 1 2 Robert M. Kiger (May 27, 1985). "Haiku Mill nomination form". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
  5. ↑ Ralph Simpson Kuykendall (1967). Hawaiian Kingdom 1874-1893, the Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. University of Hawaii Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1.
  6. ↑ Carol Wilcox (1998). Sugar Water: Hawaii's Plantation Ditches. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2044-2.
  7. ↑ George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Alexander, Samuel Thomas". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
  8. ↑ Thomas Kemper Hitch; Robert M. Kamins (1992). Islands in transition: the past, present, and future of Hawaii's economy. University of Hawaii Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8248-1498-4.
  9. ↑ "HC&S History - The Company". web site. Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  10. ↑ Nancy J. Morris (1979). "Hawaiian Missionaries in the Marquesas". Hawaiian Journal of History. Vol. 13. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 46–58. hdl:10524/498.
  11. ↑ Barbara R. Stein (2001). On Her Own Terms, Annie Montague Alexander and the Rise of Science in the American West. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 978-0-520-22726-2.
  12. ↑ Mary Kawena Pukui and Elbert (2004). "lookup of olinda". on Place Names of Hawai'i. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
  13. ↑ David L. Durham (November 2000). Durham's Place Names of California's North Sacramento Valley: Includes Butte, Glenn, Shasta, Siskiyou & Tehama Counties. Quill Driver Books. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-884995-34-7.
  14. ↑ "Paia History: The Paia Sugar Mill". Paia Merchants Association. Archived from the original on 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
  15. ↑ "Company History". web site. Haleakala Ranch. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  16. ↑ "History: 7 Generations - a paniolo legacy". web site. Piʻiholo Ranch. Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  17. ↑ Armine Von Tempski (1940). Born in paradise. Duell, Sloan and Pearce. ISBN 978-0-918024-65-7.
  18. ↑ Arthur D. Baldwin (1915). A Memoir of Henry Perrine Baldwin. Privately Published, Cleveland, Ohio.
  19. ↑ "History of Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company". Pu'unene, Maui, HI, USA: Alexander & Baldwin. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
  20. ↑ "History". Maui Land and Pineapple official web site.
  21. ↑ "Dow Jones Transportation Average". official web site. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
  22. ↑ "Sugar on Maui". Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum web site. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
  23. ↑ "Memorial resolution: Wallace M. Alexander (1869-1939)" (PDF). Stanford University web site. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  24. ↑ Bailey Millard (1924). "Wallace McKinney Alexander". The San Francisco Bay Region. The American Historical Society, Inc. pp. 249–251.
  25. ↑ George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Alexander, Wallace McKinney". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
  26. ↑ "Alexander Bequests Disclosed". Berkeley Daily Gazette. December 14, 1939.
  27. ↑ Harriet Nathan (1995). Martha Alexander Gerbode (1909-1971), environmentalist, philanthropist, and volunteer in the San Francisco Bay Area and Hawaii. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

Further reading

Website

20°52′09″N 156°27′18″W / 20.8693°N 156.4551°W / 20.8693; -156.4551

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