Anterior teeth are one of the most scrutinized teeth, the size and shape and color of the anterior upper teeth plays an important role in dental aesthetics and smile aesthetics.[1] A few aesthetic anterior problems could be solved with composite restorations. For example, dental caries, tooth fracture,[2] enamel defects[3] and diastemas. Composite restoration can also improve aesthetic by changing shape, color, length and alignment of teeth.

Medical uses

Indication of restoring anterior teeth using direct composite:[4]

  1. Caries management
  2. Repair fracture of teeth, might be due to trauma
  3. Diastema closure
    1. Midline diastema are defined as an interdental space greater than 0.5mm within the maxillary central incisors [5]
    2. Diastema can often considered as esthetic or malocclusion problem [6]
    3. Midline diastema often cited from patient as primary esthetic problem, thus closing them is a commonplace in esthetic dentistry [7]
  4. Improve esthetic by changing shape, colour, length and alignment

Advantages

The advantages are:[4][8][9][10]

  1. Minimally invasive - They require minimal (or no) tooth preparation to enhance resistance and retention form
  2. Significant fewer endodontic complications
  3. Re-intervention is easier as restoration are more reversible and amenable to repair
  4. Reduced risk of wear to opposing teeth
  5. Time saving- Only require single appointment
  6. Require no provisional restoration
  7. Lower financial cost
  8. Chipping can be repaired by adding new composite layers, and colour changes sometimes can be fixed by composite resin polishing.[8][9][10]

Longevity

Average survival statistic for direct restoration is not encouraging.[4] However, there is a lack of conclusive data regarding the longevity of anterior composite restoration. However, it has been well established that the more complex the restoration, the shorter its lifespan. Clinical studies have found that 60 to 80% of all Class III and V composite resin restorations remain acceptable after 5 years of  clinical service.[11][12][13][14][15][16] The main reason for replacement of anterior composite are typically surface discoloration, secondary caries and fracture of restoration. It is generally accepted that Class IV restorations do not last as long as Class III and Class V. One study compared four different anterior composite restoration types over 5 years.[17] Variables assessed included handling characteristics, gingival condition, surface staining, marginal staining, color deterioration, and overall longevity. The Class IV restorations had higher failure rates than Class III or V restorations.

Technique sensitivity

Operators should have detailed anatomical knowledge and artistic skill, for example, optimal properties of natural teeth, tooth proportions and their relationships to each other and to the surrounding soft tissues. Operator also must select appropriate restorative materials that match adjacent residual tooth tissue.[4]

Complications

Possible complications include:[4]

  1. Post-operative sensitivity
  2. Marginal discoloration
  3. Restoration de-bond
  4. Wear of opposing teeth
  5. Iatrogenic damage
  6. Pulpal Injury
  7. Restoration removal results in an increase in cavity size

Fractured tooth

Steps to restore anterior fractured tooth:[2]

  1. A diagnostic cast and wax up [18]
  2. Fabricate lingual matrix -  an impression of the lingual surface using additional silicone (Polyvinyl siloxane) -.[19]
  3. Isolation with rubber dam
  4. Beveling the  margins - [20]
    1. 75 degree bevel at the facial side using diamond bur, followed by infinite bevel extending to middle third.
    2. 45 degree at Lingual side using diamond bur
  5. Etching with phosphoric acid to the enamel including all beveled surfaces
    1. Etching time based on manufacturer’s instruction
    2. Etchant is rinsed off
  6. Application of bonding agent. Agitate the bonding agent against the enamel surface. Use a gentle stream of air to evaporate the solvent. Light polymerize the bonding agent
  7. Seat lingual matrix, ensuring proper fit.
  8. Apply a thin layer of composite onto matrix. Next thicken the area near the fracture line to hide the demarcation.
  9. Shape the body shade into mimic anatomical lobes of the specific tooth, leaving 1 mm short of the incisal edge to be used with more translucent enamel shades to create halo effect
  10. Finish the surface with polishing disks, with care taken to mimic the contours of the tocontralateraloth.[2]

Direct composite veneer

Veneer preparation
Composite veneer

Dental veneers covers the front surface of teeth. Veneers with direct resins are one of the common treatment options for clinical applications following the developments in adhesive and restorative dentistry in recent years. These restorations are applied on prepared tooth surfaces or even without any preparation, with an adhesive agent and a composite resin material directly in a single visit in the dental clinic.[21] If done properly, the aesthetic outcomes of direct composite veneers are very satisfactory in addition to superior optical and physical properties.[21] In recent history these restorations were thought to be temporary alternatives to indirect ceramic veneers; however, they are no longer named 'day savior fillings' today. These restorations are called minimally invasive, functional and long-lasting 'direct aesthetic restorations' that perfectly emulate natural dental tissues even in anterior area.[22][23] 3,4 Discolorations of teeth or restorations, dental malformations or mal-positions, diastemas, crown fractures and abrasive or erosive defects are some examples of up-to-date indications of direct composite veneers.[21] 1 Enamel hypoplasia is a developmental malformation generally resulting in poor aesthetics, tooth sensitivity, malocclusion and predisposition to dental caries.[24] 5 Direct composite veneer restorations where the whole labial surface is covered with resin, are good treatment options in such cases.,6[25] The conventional workflow sequence of a direct composite veneer is:

  1. Determine if composite veneers is the best option for the patient.
    1. Advantage of composite veneers is it takes much less time compared to a lab-fabricated veneer, it only takes one treatment for the preparation and veneer buildup.
    2. Secondly it is a cheaper option compared to other veneer options.
  2. Choosing of the composite shade. Composite button samples of different shades are placed on teeth and a dental photography taken
  3. impression and cast taken, wax up done on teeth, a silicone index guidance is fabricated
  4. Rubber dam as isolation
  5. Preparation is done by drilling of a thin layer of tooth structure. depth grooves are used to make the preparation more uniformed.
  6. Composite layering with dentin color, and the incisal area with enamel color
  7. Finishing with white stone bur, taking care to follow the natural anatomy of adjacent teeth if present
  8. Polishing with interdental strip and polishing disk with grains of increasing fineness, finally with a composite polishing paste
  9. Follow up with the patient regularly[3]

New method for Aesthetic Anterior direct composite veneers

In the past two and a half years the use of 3D designed and then printed plastic models has become very popular worldwide. The dentist uses a clear, Vinyl Polysiloxane material to make an index of the 3D printed model and this is placed over the patient's two and a flowable highly filled resin is injected into the mould and light cured.

Composite restoration closing diastema

Midline diastema (spacing in upper teeth) is a common occurrence in the population.[26] An arbitrary number for the spacing between the teeth to consider as midline diastema is a width of 0.5 from a proximal surface of a teeth to the proximal surface of adjacent teeth.[27] Midline diastema usually occur in the upper teeth compared to lower. The cause of this spacing includes but not limited to microdontia, labial frenulum, peg-shaped lateral incisors, mesiodens, cysts in midlene region, tongue trusting, finger sucking, dental malformations, maxillary incisor proclination, genetics, imperfect joining of interdental septum, dental skeletal discrepancies.[28][29] The technical factors affecting the course of treatment of the closing of midline diastema includes the size of the existing central incisors, the amount of reduction necessary, the morphology of existing tooth, and the subsequent possibility of a veneer or crown treatment needs to be taken into account, the patient factors affecting the course of treatment includes economic, psychological and time factors of the patient.[30][31] With a successful diastema closure, the normal arrangement of teeth can be established [32] Continuous improvement in material science and methodology enables the aesthetics of composite restoration to be of a high standard[33] and realistic in terms of aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties. Composites provides an array of hues, colour and opacities for composite layering techniques which mimics the opalescence of natural teeth.[34][35] The conventional workflow sequence for a diastema closure is 1)Shade selection was done for dentin shade and enamel shade. Composite button samples of different shades are placed on teeth and a dental photography taken to verify 2)Rubber dam isolation 3)Placing a retraction cord. 3)Etching enamel surface, 4)Application of bonding agent. Agitate the bonding agent against the enamel surface. Use a gentle stream of air to evaporate the solvent. Light polymerize the bonding agent 5)Layer dentin layer, followed by enamel shade 6)finishing with white stone bur, taking care to follow the natural anatomy 7)polishing with interdental strip and polishing disk with grains of increasing fineness, finally with a composite polishing paste.[36]

References

  1. ↑ Petricević, Nikola; Stipetić, Jasmina; Antonić, Robert; Borcić, Josipa; Strujić, Mihovil; Kovacić, Ivan; Celebić, Asja (December 2008). "Relations between anterior permanent teeth, dental arches and hard palate". Collegium Antropologicum. 32 (4): 1099–1104. ISSN 0350-6134. PMID 19149214.
  2. 1 2 3 Romero, Mario F. (July 2015). "Esthetic anterior composite resin restorations using a single shade: Step-by-step technique". The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 114 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.02.013. PMID 25917855.
  3. 1 2 Korkut, Bora (2018). "Smile makeover with direct composite veneers: A two-year follow-up report". Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects. 12 (2): 146–151. doi:10.15171/joddd.2018.023. ISSN 2008-210X. PMC 6076883. PMID 30087767.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Mackenzie, Louis (2013-05-01). "Direct Anterior Composites: A Practical Guide". Dental Update. 40 (4): 297–317. doi:10.12968/denu.2013.40.4.297. PMID 23829012.
  5. ↑ Keene, Harris J. (December 1963). "Distribution of diastemas in the dentition of man". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 21 (4): 437–441. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330210402. ISSN 0002-9483.
  6. ↑ Ceremello, Peter J. (February 1953). "The superior labial frenum and the midline diastema and their relation to growth and development of the oral structures". American Journal of Orthodontics. 39 (2): 120–139. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(53)90016-5. ISSN 0002-9416.
  7. ↑ Romero, Mario F.; Babb, Courtney S.; Brenes, Christian; Haddock, Fernando J. (April 2018). "A multidisciplinary approach to the management of a maxillary midline diastema: A clinical report". The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 119 (4): 502–505. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.06.017. ISSN 0022-3913. PMID 28838822.
  8. 1 2 Lempel, Edina; Lovász, Bálint Viktor; Meszarics, Réka; Jeges, Sára; Tóth, Ákos; Szalma, József (April 2017). "Direct resin composite restorations for fractured maxillary teeth and diastema closure: A 7 years retrospective evaluation of survival and influencing factors" (PDF). Dental Materials. 33 (4): 467–476. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2017.02.001. ISSN 0109-5641. PMID 28256273. S2CID 3733958.
  9. 1 2 Frese, Cornelia; Schiller, Petra; Staehle, Hans Joerg; Wolff, Diana (November 2013). "Recontouring teeth and closing diastemas with direct composite buildups: A 5-year follow-up". Journal of Dentistry. 41 (11): 979–985. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2013.08.009. ISSN 0300-5712. PMID 23954577.
  10. 1 2 Shahdad, S.A; Kennedy, J.G (November 1998). "Bond strength of repaired anterior composite resins: an it>/it> study". Journal of Dentistry. 26 (8): 685–694. doi:10.1016/s0300-5712(97)00044-4. ISSN 0300-5712. PMID 9793291.
  11. ↑ Van Meerbeek, B.; Perdigão, J.; Lambrechts, P.; Vanherle, G. (January 1998). "The clinical performance of adhesives". Journal of Dentistry. 26 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/s0300-5712(96)00070-x. ISSN 0300-5712. PMID 9479920.
  12. ↑ Millar, B J; Robinson, P B; Inglis, A T (January 1997). "Clinical evaluation of an anterior hybrid composite resin over 8 years". British Dental Journal. 182 (1): 26–30. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4809289. ISSN 0007-0610. PMID 9029809. S2CID 22001382.
  13. ↑ Elderton, R J (May 1985). "Six-monthly examinations for dental caries". British Dental Journal. 158 (10): 370–374. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4805616. ISSN 0007-0610. PMID 3893483. S2CID 259268.
  14. ↑ Närhi, T. O.; Tanner, J.; Ostela, I.; Narva, K.; Nohrström, T.; Tirri, T.; Vallittu, P. K. (2003-12-01). "Anterior Z250 resin composite restorations: one-year evaluation of clinical performance". Clinical Oral Investigations. 7 (4): 241–243. doi:10.1007/s00784-003-0231-6. ISSN 1432-6981. PMID 14505071. S2CID 23506444.
  15. ↑ Reusens, B.; D'hoore, W.; Vreven, J. (1999-07-19). "In vivo comparison of a microfilled and a hybrid minifilled composite resin in class III restorations: 2-year follow-up". Clinical Oral Investigations. 3 (2): 62–69. doi:10.1007/s007840050080. ISSN 1432-6981. PMID 10803113. S2CID 27871866.
  16. ↑ van Noort, R.; Davis, L.G. (August 1993). "A prospective study of the survival of chemically activated anterior resin composite restorations in general dental practice: 5-year results". Journal of Dentistry. 21 (4): 209–215. doi:10.1016/0300-5712(93)90128-d. ISSN 0300-5712. PMID 8354745.
  17. ↑ Rosenstiel, Stephen F; Land, Martin F; Rashid, Robert G (April 2004). "Dentists' molar restoration choices and longevity: a web-based survey". The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 91 (4): 363–367. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2004.02.004. ISSN 0022-3913. PMID 15116038.
  18. ↑ "Direct anterior composite restoration – a predictable outcome: сase report". Эндодонтия Today. 17 (3). 2019-09-20. doi:10.36377/1683-2981-2019-17-3-71-74. S2CID 243684534.
  19. ↑ Denehy, Gerald E. (September 2005). "Simplifying the Class Iv Lingual Matrix". Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 17 (5): 312–319. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2005.tb00137.x. ISSN 1496-4155. PMID 16225797.
  20. ↑ Li, Junying; Zhong, Lin; Zhang, Ling; Chen, Duanjing; Yu, Haiyang (March 2016). "A Morphometric Study of Labial Grooves on Anterior Maxillary Dentition". The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry. 36 (2): e41–e48. doi:10.11607/prd.2467. ISSN 0198-7569. PMID 26901309.
  21. 1 2 3 Korkut, Bora (2018-06-20). "Smile makeover with direct composite veneers: A two-year follow-up report". Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects. 12 (2): 146–151. doi:10.15171/joddd.2018.023. ISSN 2008-210X. PMC 6076883. PMID 30087767.
  22. ↑ Arakawa, Kazuo (December 2010). "Shrinkage forces due to polymerization of light-cured dental composite resin in cavities". Polymer Testing. 29 (8): 1052–1056. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2010.09.008. hdl:2324/26047. ISSN 0142-9418.
  23. ↑ Ramírez Barrantes, Juan Carlos; Araujo Jr, Edson; Narciso Baratieri, Luiz (2015-07-15). "Clinical Evaluation of Direct Composite Resin Restorations in Fractured Anterior Teeth". Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences (16): 47–62. doi:10.15517/ijds.v0i16.20326. ISSN 2215-3411.
  24. ↑ Salanitri, S; Seow, WK (2013-05-05). "Developmental enamel defects in the primary dentition: aetiology and clinical management". Australian Dental Journal. 58 (2): 133–140. doi:10.1111/adj.12039. ISSN 0045-0421. PMID 23713631.
  25. ↑ Chow, Y. W.; Pietranico, R.; Mukerji, A. (1975-10-27). "Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 66 (4): 1424–1431. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90518-5. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 6.
  26. ↑ Muthu, Ms; Rathna, PrabhuV; Koora, Kiran (2007). "Spontaneous closure of midline diastema following frenectomy". Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 25 (1): 23–6. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.31985. ISSN 0970-4388. PMID 17456963.
  27. ↑ Keene, Harris J. (December 1963). "Distribution of diastemas in the dentition of man". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 21 (4): 437–441. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330210402. ISSN 0002-9483.
  28. ↑ Gill, Daljit S.; Naini, Farhad B. (2013-08-23), "Principles of Orthodontic Treatment Planning", Orthodontics: Principles and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., pp. 106–116, doi:10.1002/9781118785041.ch12, ISBN 978-1-118-78504-1
  29. ↑ Tanaka, Orlando Motohiro; Morino, Alessandro Yuske Kusano; Machuca, Oscar Fernando; Schneider, Neblyssa Ágatha (2015). "When the Midline Diastema Is Not Characteristic of the "Ugly Duckling" Stage". Case Reports in Dentistry. 2015: 924743. doi:10.1155/2015/924743. ISSN 2090-6447. PMC 4540983. PMID 26345220.
  30. ↑ Chalifoux, Paul R. (July 1996). "Practice Made Perfect.: PERCEPTION ESTHETICS: FACTORS THAT AFFECT SMILE DESIGN". Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 8 (4): 189–192. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.1996.tb00424.x. ISSN 1496-4155.
  31. ↑ Prabhu, R; Bhaskaran, S; Geetha Prabhu, Kr; Eswaran, Ma; Phanikrishna, G; Deepthi, B (2015). "Clinical evaluation of direct composite restoration done for midline diastema closure - long-term study". Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 7 (6): S559-62. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.163539. ISSN 0975-7406. PMC 4606659. PMID 26538917.
  32. ↑ BMEDSc, Jonathan Penchas; Chiche, Gerald (1993). "Esthetic Dentistry. A Clinical Approach to Techniques and Materials". Implant Dentistry. 2 (3): 207. doi:10.1097/00008505-199309000-00028. ISSN 1056-6163.
  33. ↑ Lee, Yong-Keun; Lim, Bum-Soon; Kim, Cheol-We (2002). "Effect of surface conditions on the color of dental resin composites". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 63 (5): 657–663. doi:10.1002/jbm.10383. ISSN 0021-9304. PMID 12209913.
  34. ↑ Hickel, R.; Heidemann, D.; Staehle, H. J.; Minnig, P.; Wilson, N. H.; German Scientific Association for Operative Dentistry; European Federation of Conservative Dentistry (2004-05-18). "Direct composite restorations: Extendes use in anterior and posterior situations". Clinical Oral Investigations. 8 (2): 43–4. doi:10.1007/s00784-004-0269-0. ISSN 1432-6981. PMID 15221477. S2CID 2766580.
  35. ↑ Khashayar, G.; Dozic, A.; Kleverlaan, C.J.; Feilzer, A.J.; Roeters, J. (May 2014). "The influence of varying layer thicknesses on the color predictability of two different composite layering concepts". Dental Materials. 30 (5): 493–498. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2014.02.002. PMID 24602519.
  36. ↑ Korkut, Bora; Yanikoglu, Funda; Tagtekin, Dilek (2016). "Direct Midline Diastema Closure with Composite Layering Technique: A One-Year Follow-Up". Case Reports in Dentistry. 2016: 6810984. doi:10.1155/2016/6810984. ISSN 2090-6447. PMC 4736806. PMID 26881147.
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