Mahapurusa Achyutananda Dasa (Odia:-ଅଚ୍ୟୁତାନନ୍ଦ ଦାସ ) was a 16th-century poet seer and Vaishnava saint from Odisha, India. He was popularly known as Gopala Guru.[1] He was considered to have the power to see the past, present and future. He was a prolific author, and one of the group of five, that led a revolution in spirituality in Odisha by translating Sanskrit texts into the Odia language for common people.

He was one of the famous five seers collectively called Panchasakha, named Sri Ananta Dasa, Sri Jagannatha Dasa, Sri Balarama Dasa and Sri Jasobanta Dasa who translated the ancient Hindu scriptures into Odia, for the people of Odisha. Achyutananda Dasa was the most prolific writer of the Panchasakha[2] and wrote numerous books, many of which could be loosely translated as the Book of Prophecies. He is known as the Mahapurusa (a Great Person) for his vast knowledge on many subjects such as spirituality, Yoga, rituals, Yantra, Tantra, Ayurveda, and other various shastras. His major works include Harivamsa (in Oriya), Kaibarta Gita, Gopalanka-ogala, Gurubhakti Gita, Anakar-samhita, Chahayalisa-patala etc.[3]

Early life

As Achyutananda became a popular figure, much of his life began to become legend. He is famous for being one of the few who wrote about the social situation of his time[4] and this is a scholarly reason many study his writings. His poetry was often cryptic about himself, and written in code or analogies. Mahapurusa Achyutananda belonged to Gopal caste by birth.[5][6] His surname Dasa means servant of God.

Birth

Achyutananda was born in a village by the name Tilakana,[7] where two distributaries of the Mahanadi, Luna (Labana Dhara) and Chitrotpala bifurcated, of Cuttack district of Odisha, during the twenty first anka (year of region) of the Gajapati (king) Purushottama Deva. This is thought to be somewhere between 1480 and 1505 by different scholars. His mother was Padmavati, and his father was Dinabandhu Khuntia, and his grandfather was Gopinatha Mohanty, a scribe in the Jagannath Temple, Puri. He was born after his mother prayed at the pillar in front of the Jagannath Temple, and his father had a dream that the divine bird Garuda brought him a child. In legend he is believed to be an incarnation of Garuda. He left his samadhi at Nemalo village at Cuttack. His predecessors are Mahanta Gagananda Gosain, Mahanta Nigamananda Gosain and others

Education

Achyutananda had a formal education in Puri. It is agreed by most texts that, like many contemporaries, he met Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in his youth, and took mantra initiation from him. It is important to differentiate that he was an Utkaliya Vaishnava (ancient Odisha school of Vaishnavism, Jagannatha Temple tradition), not a Gaudiya Vaishnavism (which means Bengali Vaishnavism). He became the youngest of the Panchasakha.[8]

Panchasakha

Achyutānanda was part of the famous Panchasakha ('five friends'), who lived between 1450 and 1550 CE. The contemporaneous five saints – Achyutānanda Dasa, Sisu Ananta Dasa, Jasobanta Dasa, Jagannātha Dasa, and Balarāma Dasa - shaped Vaiṣṇava philosophy, spiritualism and literature of Odisha.

Two important factors set the Panchasakhas apart from other Indian Hindu Saints. They were the first to take the Hindu Sanskrit texts into the reach of the common people, by translating them into the local language (Odia). This was first done by Sāralā Dasa's translation of the Mahābhārata in the mid-15th century, followed by Balarama Dasa's Jagamohana Ramayana, Jagannath Dasa's Bhagavata Purana, and Achyutananda Dasa's Harivamsa. The second aspect is their form of Odia Vaiṣṇavism, traditionally called Utkaliya Vaishnavism, which sees God as the "Sunya Purusa" and the nature of the soul as being able to merge into the Absolute.

Some authors, such as N.N. Vasu, have depicted Odia Vaishnavism as 'Buddhist-Vaishnavism', since it does not accept Ramanuja's Viśiṣṭādvaita philosophy (11th century), nor does it adhere to orthodox Gaudiya Vaishnavism created in the 16th century Bengal. Other scholars, such as Prabhat Mukerjee, have denied these claims supporting the different varieties of Vaishnava philosophy.[9] Scholars debate the influence of the Panchasakha from the original Vaishnava Agama (Pancharatras) while others source their ideas in Sahajayana Buddhism, and the Natha sampradaya. Both the Sahajayana Buddhists and the Panchasakha worshipped the image of Jagannatha as the Buddha,[10] though the Panchasakhas saw Jagannatha as an incarnation of Vishnu as seen in the Dasāvatara image on the main mantel of the Jagannatha Temple.

Utkaliya Vaishnavism

Utkaliya Vaishnavism (sometimes called Odia Vaishnavism in modern literature) developed into its present state, in the 15th century. According to the Panchasakhas, Lord Jagannath is the "Purna-Brahma", and all the avatars of Vishnu emanate from Him, and also enter into Him at the end. Jagannatha was the chief god of the devotional sect. The chief ideal of the Panchasakhas was that as a bhakta they would be faithful, humble, learned, selfless, active, benevolent and affectionate.[11] The Panchasakhas were against the caste system; they considered all beings as one. They translated the Sanskrit Classics into local language, Odia. Anyone could become a Vaishnava, even Muslims.[12]

At the time of Shri Chaitanya, his followers who came from Nadia, called later as Gaudiya, considered themselves greater or superior to the Utkaliya Vaishnavas and disregarded them.[13] So there was a cold war between them. Because of the animosity between the sects, Shri Chaitanya conferred the title of 'Atibadi' (the greatest one) on Jagannatha Dasa.[14] The conflict of these two groups is evident in the Barana Charita Gita of Achyutananda and Jagannatha Charitamruta of Dibakara Dasa, and even in modern-day derogatory language of the Gaudiya Vaishnavas towards the Utkaliya Vaishnavas.

Philosophical ideology of Achyutananda

Sunya Purusa

nāhi tāhāra rūpa varṇa, adṛsha avarṇa tā cinha.
tāhāku brahmā boli kahi, śūnya brahmhati se bolāi.

It has no shape, no colour,
It is invisible and without a name
This Brahman is called Sunya Brahman.[15]

Achyutananda (and the other four saints) believed in a concept of God (Vishnu) as Sunya (emptiness, void, zero) called Sunya Purusa and/or Sunya Brahman. This sunya signifies a transcendental principle that eludes the conceptual nexus applied to human thinking as described in the Upanishads.[16] Achyutananda's culminating work is called the Sunya Samhita where he discusses this philosophy in depth.[17]

śūnyara ākāra viira śūnyara vicāra, śūnye thāi dekha vīra e sacarācara.
dekha e sacarācara śūnyare prakāsha, śūnyu ude hoicanti śūnyare vilāse.

Oh vira look at the sunya
By placing yourself in sunya,
And meditate on mahasunya,
Sunya itself is the form,
Ground of all discriminating knowledge.
Look at the whole world from the pedestal of sunya;
You will find everything manifested in the sunya,
Everything arises out of sunya and
Everything flourishes in the Sunya Brahman.[18]

The philosophy sees Sunya as being full or whole (purna), and this view of Brahman is sometimes called the Purna Sunya (the full/complete void). The Panchasakhas project the deity Jagannatha as the embodiment of the Sunya Purusa.[19] Achyutananda uses a classical (pre-Ramanuja) concept of Vaishnavism that uses both form, and formless aspects of god. This is seen in his statement from the Gurubhakti Gita :

dui je deṇāre pakṣī uḍikari jāi, dui je cakṣure sehi saṃsāre khelai.
eka je na thile kaṇā dui gale anḍha, eṇukari nirguṇa saguṇa sehi bheda.

A bird can only fly with both wings. It can have a perfect vision with both the eyes.
In the absence of one, it becomes one-eyed, and in the absence of both, it is totally blind.
Thus like two eyes Nirguna [god perceived as formless]and Saguna [god perceived with form] are chained together.[20]

Jnana-mishra bhakti-marga

The Panchasakhas were Vaishnavas by thought. But they differed from Chaitanya's path of devotion and preached Jnana-mishra bhakti or Devotion with mix of Wisdom. Chaitanya's path of devotion was known as Raganuga Bhakti Marga (brought to Odisha in 1509), which says all one needs is love (devotion) to reach God. The Panchasakhas believed that one needs a combination of love (bhakti) and wisdom (Jnana) to reach God. With one's knowledge, if one shows one's pure love (bhakti), one can definitely reach the Sunyatma. The Panchasakhas therefore promoted a Vaishnavism that involved study of scriptures, yoga, rituals, and devotion.[21]

Pinda-Brahmanda Tattwa

The concept of the Piṇḍa-Brahmāṇḍa is that the body (Piṇḍa) is a replica of the Universe (Brahmāṇḍa), or microcosm is a reflection of the macrocosm.[22] Many of the yogic teachings of Achyutananda are based on this core concept. His teachings are filled with references to outer locations existing as energies in the body.

Sabda Brahman

The concept of the Sabda Brahman is that God created the universe as sound, and that all things have sound vibration as their essence. The writings of Achyutananda are filled with mantras and esoteric concepts about sounds and their effects on consciousness. For example, in Achyutananda's Rama Rasa Boli, the demon Ravanna is said to have meditated on the sound "Sleem" while focusing on the ten other sacred sounds (yoga-dasakhyara) to please Goddess Sita. Even more esoteric is this verse from the Sunya Rahasa where one can see the interwoven nature of internal yogic theory and sound found in Achyutananda's writings:

Oh Jnanins: utter the name of Hari [God]
May be you are the eldest or the youngest.
Piercing six chakras blooms the lotus
Near the ethereal void of air
Between the Sutala and Rasatala
The bee abides at the zenith of the void
One is not a servant of the Lord just because they have a rosary
Unless he utters the name of Krisna in his inner heart;
The Name is the seed, rosary its robe
Rosary is of no use if God's name is mindlessly uttered
The three cords are the three triadic streams
Make your oblations there
Ayudhya, Dwarika, and the city of Gopa
This knowledge is memorised by every soul.[23]

References

  1. ↑ Deb, A.K. (1984). The Bhakti Movement in Orissa: A Comprehensive History. Orissa studies project. Kalyani Devi. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  2. ↑ Chaini, p.7
  3. ↑ Mukherjee, Sujit (1998). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9.
  4. ↑ Chaini, p. 14
  5. ↑ Das, p.iii of preface
  6. ↑ Mukherjee, P. (1981). The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa. Asian Educational Services. p. 83. ISBN 978-81-206-0229-8. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  7. ↑ Due to lPANDIT LATE KURAMANI PATHI SAHRAMA THE EXACT LOCATION OF BIRTH PLACE OF SRI ACHYUTANDA HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED.
  8. ↑ Sri Sri Mahapurusa Siddha Ashram, p.5
  9. ↑ Prabhat, p.151-152
  10. ↑ Mishra, p. 44
  11. ↑ Chaini, Ratnakar, p.13
  12. ↑ Chaini, Ratnakar, p.12
  13. ↑ Chaini, Ratnakar p.6
  14. ↑ Chaini, Ratnakar, p.7
  15. ↑ Acyutānanda, Brahma Saṃhitā, translated by Patnaik, p.117
  16. ↑ Patnaik, p.106
  17. ↑ Chaini, p.57
  18. ↑ Acyutānanda, Śūnya Saṃhitā Cauṣaṭhī Ṭika, translated by Patnaik p.146
  19. ↑ Patnaik, p.125
  20. ↑ Acyutananda, Gurubhakti Gita, translated by Chaini, p.10
  21. ↑ "Chaitanya's Panchasakha and Lord Jagannath" (PDF). Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  22. ↑ Patnaik, p.171 and Chaini p.59
  23. ↑ Shunya Rahasa, Canto 3, Verses 1–3, translated by Chaini, p.43

Notes

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