Livonian Peasants' Laws were laws introduced in the 19th century for Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire. About the same time similar laws has been enacted in all Baltic governorates and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. These laws changed and clarified peasants rights and obligations, who ethnically were mainly Estonians and Latvians.[1][2] This development culminated in Peasant Community Code of 1866 which codified peasants self-governance.[3]

Background

In the Livonian Confederation, farmers living in the castle districts retained personal freedom and self-government, but were forced to perform military and civilian duties and pay taxes.[4] After the devastation caused by the Livonian War, the political influence and power of the manor owners increased over the peasants. After the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia came under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, most peasants lost their personal freedom and became the "movable" property of the nobles. However, personal freedom was maintained by free peasants (Vidzeme leimans and Curonian Kings), as well as city residents. The Curonian Kings was the inhabitants of seven villages of Kurzeme (Ķoniņi, Pliķi, Kalēju, Ziemeļu, Viesalga, Sausgaļi and Dragūnai), who had received special county books from masters of the Livonian Order. In legal terms, the royals were no different from the nobles, they did not pay regular dues and did not comply with the clauses, and they were the complete determinants of the land they cultivated themselves or with the help of paid labor. Like the nobles, the Curonian Kings had the rights of fishing, hunting, own and use mills, as well as their own coats of arms.[5]

At a time of Swedish Livonia (1629—1721) in 1681 King Charles XI proposed an abolition of serfdom in Livonia however Ritterschaft of Livland considered it as infringement on their rights in regards to peasants: domestic discipline, ownership of the peasants, and right to keep peasants on their land.[6] Since Livonian nobility provided much needed resources to support Sweden's wars it had sufficient leverage to maintain laws and social order as they see fit.[7][8]

Once Livonia, Estonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia became part of Russian Empire local voices for abolition of serfdom emerged. Among the first were pastor Johann Georg Eisen von Schwarzenberg[9] and Garlieb Merkel.[10]

In 1794, Garlieb Merkel advocated abolition of serfdom in Livonia and Estonia in his influential book German: Die Letten vorzüglich in Liefland am Ende des philosophischen Jahrhunderts, Ein Beytrag zur Völker- und Menschenkunde ("The Admirable Latvians of Livonia at the end of the Century of Philosophy, with an Addendum on Peoples and Anthropology") which was promptly translated into French, Danish and Russian.[11]

Russian Empress Catherine the Great had annulled an act by Peter III that essentially freed the serfs belonging to the Orthodox Church.[12] She also tried to take away serfs right to petition her. Far away from the capital, serfs were confused as to the circumstances of her accession to the throne.[13] Pugachev's Rebellion of 1774 pushed Empress away from the idea of serf liberation. During Catherine's reign (1762–1796), despite her enlightened ideals, the serfs were generally unhappy and discontented.

Among other factors Baltic German nobility was more willing to abolish serfdom than Russian nobility and thus Baltic governorates became the testing ground for entire Russian Empire.[14]

Livonian Peasants Act of 1804

In October 1802, widespread Kauguri riots took place in the vicinity of Valmiera, which were suppressed only by troops. After investigating the causes of the peasant uprising, new peasants' laws were issued in 1804,[15] which determined that the peasants were attributed to the manor's parish and not to the landowner. The law determined the status of farmers, and the court system was reformed (parish court, land court, criminal court). In addition, in 1809, "Additional Points to the Farmers' Law" were issued.

In 1805, this law also came into force for the peasants of the Governorate of Estonia. Livonian Peasants Act of 1804 in effect replaced serfdom with villeinage. Similar law was enacted with Estonian Peasants Act of 1804.[16][17]

Livonian Peasants' Act of 1819

Analogous Peasantry Laws were approved by Landtags (Diet of knighthood) of the governorate of Estonia in 1816, governorate of Courland in 1817 and the governorate of Livonia in 1819[18] and then all has been confirmed by emperor Alexander I of Russia.[19] 23 May 1816 the Livonian Peasant Law was adopted and came into force in 1819, abolishing serfdom; the peasantry could also acquire real estate; financial leasing was introduced as a burden. Peasant communities were to create municipalities.

Garlieb Merkel economic study

After the War of 1812 and the French invasion of Kurzeme, Emperor Alexander I established a commission to improve the legal status of the peasants in Kurzeme.[20] In 1814, Garlieb Merkel submitted an economic study on the benefits of employing free peasants as opposed to the work of commoners to the tender announced by the Free Economic Society, which justified the abolition of serfdom in the Baltic provinces.[21]

After a long debate, in April 1817, the Landtag of Kurzeme adopted a decision on the release of the peasants, which was approved on 8.25.1817 and announced at a solemn ceremony in the presence of Emperor Alexander I on 8.30.1818 in Jelgava. The Kurzeme Farmers' Release Law formally gave personal freedom and freedom of movement to 300,000 people. On 3.26.1819 a similar law was approved by Vidzeme Landtag, it was promulgated on 1.6.1820 1820 in Riga and Sāmsala. However, the abolition of marital status took place gradually, the so-called temporary status was established. With the release of the farmers, a change in the lowest administrative structure was also envisaged.

After the release, for 3 years the farmers were not allowed to leave the boundaries of their parish district, but for the next 3 - the boundaries of the district of the mayor (in Kurzeme) or the boundaries of the district of the lord (Vidzeme). Only in 1832 did Jurģi farmers gained the right to change their place of residence within the boundaries of their province, but in Kurzeme until 1848, farmers were not allowed to settle in cities.

After the release of the peasants in 1820, Merkel published an essay dedicated to Alexander I, "Free Latvians and Estonians". For this, as well as for other works dedicated to the release of peasants, the monarch granted the author a lifetime pension of 300 silver rubles.

Livonian Peasants' Act of 1849

The Livonian Peasants' Law of 1849 came into force 1850. from the autumn of 1849, after publication in Estonian and Latvian.

The law confirmed that the entire land was the property of the manor, but determined how it was to be used. That part of the land which had hitherto been at the disposal of the peasants was declared farmland, the use of which was in accordance with the free contract. It could be rented out as viable farms, preferably for money or sold to the peasants for real.[22]

Other law provisions

The law also regulated compulsory schooling. The maintenance of the schools remained the responsibility of the municipalities, with Lutherans having to bear their own and Orthodox their own schools. A new link for the management of Lutheran peasant schools was the parish school government, which included a landowner, pastor, a parish school teacher and one municipality judges. The management of the Orthodox schools remained the responsibility of the Orthodox Church and the Synod.

Livonian Peasants' Act

§ 1049. The perpetrators of the beatings on the road, on the Wainus, or in another awal place (under the direction of Art.) but if there is a wiga or more damage in the beating, the culprits will be brought to justice.

§ 1098. Whoever kicks a peasant may be ordered by a court to pay a conciliation close from one to ten rubles of silver. perhaps one of the three main rubles placed.

§ 1100. Taverns shall not serve in the service of God on the principal holidays of saints and saints. sell neither wine nor beer in the garden, otherwise they will be one ruble and ten kopecks of silver fine.

§ 1099. Who surrenders to the sin of drinking, on the road, in an awful place perhaps a lot of unworthy and mischievous history

tab, or on the way, or somewhere awesome, is found to be intoxicated, one wolf must be wanged on three heads, or ten wits must be sentenced to thirty blows. But if his drunkenness has made a mistake, or done evil, or caused harm to someone, his commander must be reprimanded for the orders given to him.

— Livonian Peasants' Law[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ (in Latvian) Zemnieku brīvlaišana. Vēsture.eu
  2. ↑ Evans, Ifor L. "The Agrarian Revolution in the New Baltic States." The Slavonic Review, vol. 3, no. 9, 1925, pp. 587–608. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4201891. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021.
  3. ↑ Marju Luts-Sootak, Hesi Siimets-Gross BALTIC PEASANTS AFTER EMANCIPATION – FREE AND EQUAL PEOPLE OR A NEW SOCIAL ESTATE IN THE ESTATE-BASED SOCIETY? pp. 158-167 In: Legal Science: Functions, Significance and Future in Legal Systems II Riga 2019, University of Latvia, 2020 ISBN 978-9934-18-530-4 https://doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.7.2.12
  4. ↑ Indrikis Sterns (in Latvian) Latvijas vēsture 1290-1500 740 pages, Riga, Daugava, 1997 ISBN 9789984531502
  5. ↑ Proof of the Rights of the Curonian Kings Delphi, 29 July 2013
  6. ↑ Marten Seppel THE SEMIOTICS OF SERFDOM: How serfdom was perceived in the Swedish conglomerate state, 1561–1806 Scandinavian Journal of History Volume 45, Issue 1 Pages 48-70 2019 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2019.1612466
  7. ↑ Ilmar Tammisto Money and grain for law and order: interaction between the nobility and state authorities in Livland in the 17th century Scandinavian Journal of History 2020 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2020.1865196
  8. ↑ Andrew James Blumbergs The Nationalization of Latvians and the Issue of Serfdom: The Baltic German Literary Contribution in the 1780s and 1790s Cambria Press, 319 pages, 2008 ISBN 9781604975567
  9. ↑ Bartlett, Roger Russia's First Abolitionist: The Political Philosophy of J. G. Eisen Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas; Breslau Vol. 39, Iss. 2, (Jan 1, 1991): 161.
  10. ↑ Bartlett, Roger The Question of Serfdom: Catherine II, the Russian Debate and the View from the Baltic Periphery (J. G. Eisen and G. H. Merkel). In: Bartlett R., Hartley J. (eds) Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment. Palgrave Macmillan, London. 1990 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20897-5_8
  11. ↑ Ross Eaman Historical Dictionary of Journalism 520 pages Rowman & Littlefield, 2021 ISBN 9781538125038
  12. ↑ Marc Raeff, "Pugachev's Rebellion," in Preconditions of Revolution in Early Europe, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1972, 170
  13. ↑ Madariaga, Isabel De (1981). Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great. Yale University Press. pp. 239–55.
  14. ↑ Guntis Zemitis ABOLITION OF SERFDOM IN THE BALTICS – A DEMAND DICTATED BY THE MODERN WORLD DOI:https://doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.7.2.13
  15. ↑ Livländ Bauerverordnung vom 20 Febr 1804
  16. ↑ 1710-1850 The Baltic Landesstaat. Agrarian reforms and economic innovations Estonica
  17. ↑ (in German) Auszug aus den Bauerverordnungen von 1804 und 1809, die Frohnleistungen betreffend 1842
  18. ↑ Livländ Bauerverordnung vom 26 März 1819
  19. ↑ Valdis Blūzma LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ABOLITION OF SERFDOM IN BALTIC GOVERNORATES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN EARLY 19TH CENTURY: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, REALISATION, SPECIFIC FEATURES AND. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Social Changes in the Global World", 1(6), 575-589, 2019
  20. ↑ Closing of the release of farmers in the territory of Latvia Delphi, 29 July 2013
  21. ↑ Jānis Niedre. Foreword to the Latvian edition of G. Merkel's book "Latvians, especially in Vidzeme, at the end of the philosophical century". Riga, 1953; Page 13
  22. ↑ Ernst von der Bruggen (in German) Die Agraren Verhältnisse in den russischen Ostseeprovinzen 33 pages Berlin 1883 ASIN B000ITOJQO
  23. ↑ Main features of the development of Estonian peasant law, Repository No. 1 / 1938
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