Formation

The 31st/51st Battalion was formed on 12 April 1943 at Yatlee, near Cairns, Queensland,^[2] by the amalgamation of two previously existing Queensland-based Militia infantry battalions: the 31st and 51st Battalions.^[3] Upon establishment, the battalion adopted the territorial title of the "Kennedy/Far North Queensland Regiment", in order to perpetuate the designations of its two predecessor units.^[4] Although the battalion officially adopted the brown and yellow rectangular Unit Colour Patch of the 31st Battalion, members of the new battalion that had previously served with the 51st were authorised to wear its brown over light blue circular colour patch.^[2][5] Reinforcements to the unit were allocated the colour patch based upon the territorial area from which they had been recruited.^[2]

The amalgamation came about due to a shortage of manpower in the Australian economy which had occurred as a result of an over mobilisation of Australia's military forces in the early years of the war.^[6] In an attempt to rectify this situation, the Australian government made the decision to release Militia personnel who had previously been employed in "essential industries" back into the civilian workforce. As a result of this, both the 31st and 51st Battalions, which had large numbers of personnel drawn from the agricultural sector, were well below their authorised establishments, and so it was decided that they would be merged to form a complete battalion.^[4]

Merauke

Assigned to the 11th Brigade, 4th Division,^[4] in May the newly formed battalion undertook amphibious training and intensive physical activities such as route marches around Yorkeys Knob, Queensland, in preparation for deployment overseas.^[7] In June–July 1943, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Brock, the battalion was deployed to Merauke, in Dutch New Guinea^[3] as part of Merauke Force.^[4] They departed from Cairns on board the TSS Canberra on 20 June, arriving at Thursday Island on 24 June. From there they were transferred to Horn Island before boarding the MV Van de Ljin and arriving at Merauke on 16 July 1943.^[7]

From July 1943 until August 1944 the battalion undertook long range patrols in the surrounding area and established outposts along the coast to the north-west. During this time the patrols from the 31st/51st were involved in two major actions against the Japanese. The first came on 22 December 1943 near Japero,^[8] when a small patrol of nine men on board the Rosemary, a small diesel trawler, surprised a Japanese patrol consisting of two 40-foot (12 m) barges. In the fighting that followed, between 20 and 30 Japanese were killed for the loss of one Australian killed and five wounded.^[9] The second action came on 30 January 1944 when a waterborne force of about 200 Japanese was contacted and engaged by a 14-man detachment at an outpost near the start of the Eilanden River, about 250 miles (400 km) from Merauke. Anchoring about 150 yards (140 m) from the outpost, the Japanese were engaged with fire from Bren light machine-guns, small arms and anti-tank rifles. Initially taken by surprise, the Japanese lost about men 60 killed before withdrawing about 400 yards (370 m) out to sea and engaging the outpost with heavy machine-guns and mortars. Nevertheless, only three Australians were slightly injured as a result of the contact, receiving burns to their hands from their overheated Bren guns.^[10]

On 24 July 1944, the battalion was gazetted as an Australian Imperial Force unit, meaning that it could be sent outside of the bounds imposed upon Militia units as set out in the Defence Act (1903).^[11] Shortly afterwards, they received orders that they would be withdrawn back to Australia in preparation for employment in combat elsewhere in the Pacific theatre.^[11] In early August 1944, Lieutenant Colonel Philip Parbury took over command of the battalion, relieving Major Bernard Callinan who had been acting in the role after Brock was taken ill and later died in December 1943.^[12][13] On 8 August the battalion embarked to return to Australia.^[3] Upon arrival, the men were given a brief period of leave before the battalion concentrated at Strathpine, Queensland, where they received reinforcements and undertook further training. They remained there for four months before departing for Bougainville on 6 December 1944, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Kelly.^[3]

Bougainville

Australian casualties being treated at the 31st/51st Battalion regimental aid post, following the fighting on Tsimba Ridge, 6 February 1945

The 31st/51st Battalion arrived at Torokina on Bougainville four days later where, along with the rest of the 11th Brigade, they formed part of II Corps.^[14] The battalion then began an offensive campaign which saw them involved in heavy combat with the Japanese. They were committed to the fighting in three periods. The first, between December 1944 and February 1945, saw the battalion take Tsimba Ridge, cross the Genga River and capture Downs Ridge.^[3] Later, in March and April 1945, they undertook long range patrols in the central sector of the island in the vicinity of the Numa Numa Trail. Their final commitment came between May and July 1945 when the battalion was switched to the northern sector, where they took part in the fighting around the Bonis Peninsula. As a part of this phase, the battalion fought along the Ratsua front and undertook a disastrous amphibious landing at Porton Plantation.^[15][16]

Conceived as a company-level effort to outflank the significant Japanese defences that were holding up the advance from Ratsua,^[17] the operation was plagued by poor planning, inadequate resources, intelligence failures and strategic and tactical errors at all levels.^[18][19] After landing at the wrong beach on 8 June,^[20] and finding themselves caught in a tight box of Japanese defensive positions, the 190 men from 'A' and 'C' Companies, under Captain Henry Downs, were unable to advance inland.^[21] One of the landing craft ran aground and supplies began to dwindle.^[22] In an effort to link up with the beleaguered company, 'D' Company, which was holding the line along the Ratsua front, attempted to break through the Japanese lines. Although some patrols were able to penetrate to within 500 yards (460 m) of Porton, they were unable to get any closer.^[23]

Eventually the order to withdraw was given from 11th Brigade headquarters. During the subsequent evacuation, two more landing craft ran aground and although one managed to float free, the other remained stuck hard on a reef.^[22] Over the course of the next couple of days, the men in the landing craft were subjected to heavy Japanese attack and it was not until 11 June that rescue efforts were completed. The battalion lost 23 men killed or missing, presumed dead, while a further 106 were wounded in the operation.^[24]

Following the failure of the landing at Porton Plantation, the planned Australian advance into the Bonis Peninsula was called off, and the Australians focused their main effort on Bougainville towards the capture of Buin in the south. The effort in the north was reduced to that of a holding action as further resources were transferred out of the sector.^[25] Nevertheless, the 31st/51st Battalion continued to undertake patrols along the Ratsua front, during which they suffered further casualties, until they were withdrawn from combat operations on 28 June.^[4] They were subsequently moved back to Torokina.^[26]

Disbandment

Members of the 31st/51st Battalion inspect captured Japanese Type 97 tanks on Nauru in September 1945

Following the cessation of hostilities on 15 August 1945, the battalion undertook garrison duties on Nauru and Ocean Island.^[4] In this role they helped to maintain law and order and investigate war crimes, oversaw the transfer of over 4,000 Japanese prisoners of war to Bougainville and maintained a military administration until 1 November 1945 when civil control was re-established. A short time later, the detachment on Ocean Island was withdrawn back to Nauru.^[15]

In December 1945, most of the battalion (except one platoon) was withdrawn to New Britain to rejoin the 11th Brigade. In February 1946, the platoon that had remained on Nauru arrived in Rabaul. As the demobilisation process began, the 31st/51st stayed on New Britain until May when they received orders to return to Australia. On 15 April Lieutenant Colonel Donald Lamb took over as battalion commander.^[27] As personnel were discharged or transferred to other units for further service, the battalion's numbers declined until eventually, on 4 July 1946, the battalion was disbanded.^[4]

Throughout the course of the war, the 31st/51st Battalion lost 61 men killed and 168 wounded.^[4] The majority of these came during the fighting on Bougainville where 41 men were killed in action, seven were posted as missing in action (presumed killed) and 12 died of wounds.^[15] Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, three Military Crosses, 10 Military Medals, one British Empire Medal and 27 Mentions in Despatches.^[4]

Both the 31st and 51st Battalions were later re-raised as separate units when Australia's part-time military was re-raised in 1948 under the guise of the Citizen Military Forces. Later, they became company-level formations of the Pentropic 2nd Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment, in 1960.^[28] A further re-organisation saw the units split again in 1965 and re-raised as battalion-level formations under their old numerical designations.^[29] They have remained separate since then.^[30]