Southern Ukraine campaign
Part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

A map of the Russian-occupied territory and military advances in Kherson Oblast at their maximum extent in March 2022
Date24 February 2022 – present
(1 year, 10 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Southern Ukraine (Donetsk Oblast, Kherson Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Oblast)
Status

Ongoing

Belligerents

 Russia

  Ukraine
Commanders and leaders
Russia Vladimir Putin
Russia Mikhail Mishustin
Russia Valery Gerasimov
Russia Gennady Zhidko
Russia Oleg Salyukov
Russia Nikolai Yevmenov
Russia Sergey Dronov
Russia Zaur Dimayev † (4th Battalion of the Akhmat Kadyrov special forces regiment)[11]
Russia Andrey Mordvichev (killed per Ukrainian claim)[12]
Russia Yakov Rezantsev (killed per Ukrainian claim)[13]		 Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Ukraine Denys Shmyhal
Ukraine Valerii Zaluzhnyi
Ukraine Oleksandr Syrskyi
Ukraine Serhiy Kotenko †[14]
Ukraine Vitaliy Nevinsky[15]
Ukraine Vyacheslav Dimov †[16]
Units involved
See order of battle See order of battle
Strength
c. 13,000 (March 2022)[17]
20,000–25,000 (August 2022)[18]
40,000 (October 2022)[19]
152,000 (May 2023)[20]		 Unknown

The southern Ukraine campaign is an ongoing theatre of operation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022. From their base in Russian-occupied Crimea, the Russian Armed Forces attacked Kherson Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast, and Zaporizhzhia Oblast in southern Ukraine,[21] battling the Armed Forces of Ukraine.[22]

Elements from the southern Russian offensive joined forces with elements from the eastern Ukraine offensive to jointly surround and bombard the city of Mariupol in Donetsk Oblast, which fell after months of siege.

Kherson was captured in March, after which Russian forces advanced quickly to the outskirts of Mykolaiv, where the front stabilised until a Ukrainian offensive in August. Ukrainian forces retook all of the territory west and north of the Dnieper river, and the front stabilised again just south of Kherson in November 2022. Kherson, the only oblast capital captured by Russia after its 2022 invasion, was liberated on 11 November.[23]

Background

In the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine.[24][25] Russian troops de facto occupied the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea for the next eight years. The Russian military presence in the peninsula increased during the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis by over 10,000 additional troops.[26]

On 24 February, Russian forces took control of the North Crimean Canal, allowing Crimea to obtain water from the Dnieper, previously cut off since 2014.[27] On 26 February, the siege of Mariupol began as the attack moved east towards the city, linking the front to separatist-held regions in Donbas.[28][29] En route, Russian forces entered Berdiansk and captured it.[30] On 1 March, Russian forces attacked Melitopol and other nearby cities.[31] Ivan Fedorov, mayor of Melitopol, later announced that Russian forces had occupied the city.[32]

On the morning of 25 February, Russian units from the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) advanced towards Mariupol and were defeated by Ukrainian forces near the village of Pavlopil.[33][34][35] By evening, the Russian Navy reportedly began an amphibious assault on the coast of the Sea of Azov 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Mariupol. A US defence official said that Russian forces might be deploying thousands of marines from this beachhead.[36][37][38]

Another Russian force advanced north from Crimea, with the Russian 22nd Army Corps approaching the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February.[39][40] On 28 February, they began a siege at Enerhodar in an attempt to take control of the nuclear power plant.[41] A fire began at the plant during the battle.[42] The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) subsequently said that essential equipment was undamaged.[43] By 4 March, the nuclear power plant fell under Russian control. Despite the fires, the power plant recorded no radiation leaks.[44]

A third Russian attack group from Crimea moved northwest, where they captured bridges over the Dnieper.[45] On 2 March, Russian troops won captured Kherson, which became the first major Ukrainian city to fall to Russian forces in the invasion.[46] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked the city two days later, but were later repelled by Ukrainian forces.[47] Following a renewed missile attack on 14 March in Mariupol, the Ukrainian government claimed more than 2,500 deaths in the city.[48]

By 18 March, Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians.[49] On 20 March, an art school in the city, sheltering around 400 people, was destroyed by Russian bombs.[50] The Russians demanded a full surrender, and several Ukrainian government officials refused.[51][52] On 24 March, Russian forces entered central Mariupol.[53] The city administration alleged the Russians tried to demoralise residents by publicly shouting claims of Russian victories, that Odesa had been captured among them.[54]

On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna stated that "[Mariupol's inhabitants] don't have access to water, to any food supplies, to anything. More than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed", and that Russia's objectives have "nothing to do with humanity".[55] In a telephone conversation with Emmanuel Macron on 29 March, Putin stated that the bombardment of Mariupol would end only when Ukrainian troops fully surrendered Mariupol.[56]

On 1 April, a rescue effort by the United Nations (UN) to transport hundreds of civilian survivors out of Mariupol with 50 allocated buses was impeded by Russian troops, who refused the buses safe passage into the city while peace talks continued in Istanbul.[57] On 3 April, following the retraction of Russian forces from Kyiv at the end of phase one of the military invasion, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine further west with increased bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.[58][59]

Timeline

Russian capture of southern Kherson Oblast

Shortly after Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a military operation in Ukraine, the Russian Air Force began to launch cruise and ballistic missiles at targets in several cities in Kherson Oblast. With air support, Russian Armed Forces then crossed into Kherson Oblast through areas of Crimea annexed by Russia in 2014.[60][61][62] The Russian Navy used a naval blockade in the Black Sea to prevent Ukraine from providing support to units located near Kherson Oblast, and restrict commercial trade and the flow of goods to southern Ukraine.[63]

By 3:30 AM local time, Ukraine closed all commercial shipping in the Sea of Azov, leaving more than 100 ships stuck in port.[64] By evening, the Russians had reached Kherson and engaged the Ukrainians in the battle of Kherson. The Russians initially crossed the Dnieper River over the Antonovskiy Bridge, but Ukrainian mechanized forces were able to recapture the bridge.[65]

A Ukrainian battalion was deployed to destroy the Henichesk bridge near the Isthmus of Perekop, and thereby slow the advance of Russian troops from Crimea.[66] Vitalii Skakun, the combat engineer who planted the explosives on the bridge, did not have enough time to retreat from the bridge, and so detonated the mines, killing himself and destroying the bridge.[67][68] Skakun was posthumously awarded the title Hero of Ukraine by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[69]

Russian troops established control over the North Crimean Canal.[70] Following Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea, Ukraine had blocked the canal,[71] which had provided 85% of Crimea's drinking water.[72] Sergey Aksyonov, head of the Republic of Crimea, told local authorities to prepare the canal to receive water from the Dnieper and resume the supply of water to Crimea, the following day.[73]

By the morning of 25 February, Russian forces had encircled and captured Nova Kakhovka.[74] The North Crimean Canal was unblocked, removing a longstanding water blockage imposed on Crimea after the 2014 Russian annexation of the peninsula.[75][76] Fighting began to spill into Zaporizhzhia Oblast as Russian forces moved through southeastern Kherson Oblast towards Melitopol, which later surrendered to advancing Russian forces after a small skirmish.[77][78] Later in the day, Russian forces captured the Antonovskiy Bridge.[79] Ukrainian forces counterattacked at Melitopol to take back control.[80]

Burned vehicles in Mykolaiv after Russian attacks

On 26 February, according to Kherson mayor Ihor Kolykhaiev, a Ukrainian airstrike forced the Russians to retreat from Kherson, leaving the city under Ukrainian control.[81][82] Ukrainian forces later recaptured the bridge.[83] Ukrainian Prosecutor General Iryna Venediktova said that Russian forces had killed a journalist and an ambulance driver near the village of Zelenivka, a northern suburb of Kherson.[84]

Another Ukrainian official later claimed that a Russian army column was defeated between the towns of Radensk and Oleshky, just south of Kherson.[85] In the afternoon of 26 February, 12 Russian tanks managed to break through in Kakhovka on the Dnieper and began advancing towards Mykolaiv.[86] Vitaliy Kim, the governor of Mykolaiv Oblast, said the city had had five hours to prepare.[87][88] Artillery and other arms were prepared.[89]

A Ukrainian official stated that Russian forces had advanced further towards the city of Enerhodar southwest of Zaporizhzhia, and its Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. The official stated that the Russians were deploying Grad missiles and warned of an attack on the plant.[90] The Zaporizhzhia Regional State Administration stated that the Russian forces advancing on Enerhodar later returned to Velyka Bilozerka, a village 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the city.[91] Russian forces later captured the coastal city of Prymorsk by 13:40.[92]

By evening, Russian tanks were in the outskirts of Mykolaiv. Oleksandr Senkevych, the mayor of Mykolaiv, ordered citizens to stay indoors, as far away from windows as possible.[93] Shortly after, Russian troops entered the city and a battle on the Southern Bug erupted about 10 minutes later.[94] According to some reports, tanks "passed through the city".[95] There were also sightings of large fires.[96]

Russian forces advanced from Melitopol towards Mariupol, where a battle had gone on since 25 February. They captured the coastal city of Prymorsk and surrounded the city of Berdiansk west of Mariupol.[28][97] At Berdiansk, Russian troops captured the port and the Berdiansk Airport.[98][99]

Russian Ministry of Defense spokesperson Igor Konashenkov announced that the city of Henichesk and Kherson International Airport had surrendered to Russian forces in the morning.[100][101][102] Later, Russian forces encircled and captured a part of Kherson,[103][104] with Ukrainian officials corroborating this claim.[105]

Russian forces were also able to enter and capture Berdiansk.[106][107] During the takeover, local authorities reported that one person was killed and another was wounded.[108][109] At least eight Ukrainian warships were seized in Berdiansk; two Gyurza-M-class artillery boats, two Zhuk-class patrol boats, a Sorum-class tugboat (converted to a patrol vessel[110]) and six small patrol boats. Russia Today did not mention the second Zhuk-class patrol boat or the six small patrol boats, but claimed that among these vessels captured were a Polnocny-class landing ship, a Ondatra-class landing craft, a Grisha-class corvette, a Matka-class missile boat, and a Yevgenya-class minesweeper (officially, the Ukrainian Navy had none of these assigned to bases west of the Kerch Strait prior to the war and no recent reporting of them crossing it was available).[111] Two of the smaller boats were later revealed to be UMS-1000 patrol cutters, three were Kalkan-M boats[112] and one was an Adamant-315 motor yacht.[113]

Later on 27 February, a group of Romani Ukrainian fighters allegedly captured a Russian armoured fighting vehicle near Kakhovka.[114] Ukrainian officials claimed that Russian forces were fully driven away from Mykolaiv.[115] The city was extensively damaged.[116][117][118] Russian forces tried to enter into Dniprorudne during the day, but were forced to turn back after being confronted by protesting locals.[119]

Russian advance into northern Kherson Oblast, eastern Mykolaiv Oblast, and western Zaporizhzhia Oblast

Advancing north from Crimea, with the Russian 22nd Army Corps approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February.[39][40] On 28 February, they began a siege at Enerhodar in an attempt to take control of the nuclear power plant.[41] A fire began at the plant during the battle.[42] The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) subsequently said that essential equipment was undamaged.[43] By 4 March, the nuclear power plant fell under Russian control. Despite the fires, the power plant recorded no radiation leaks.[44] On 28 February, the Russian Ministry of Defense claimed that Russian forces had captured Enerhodar, and surrounded the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. However, Dmitri Orlov, the mayor of Enerhodar, denied that the city and the plant had been captured.[120][121] A video later emerged showing local civilians preventing a Russian convoy from entering Enerhodar by barricading the entrance, forcing them to leave.[122]

Ukrainian official Vadim Denysenko accused Russian forces of trying to use civilians from villages around Kherson as human shields to cross the bridge into Kherson.[123] Russian troops advanced from Kherson towards Mykolaiv, reaching the city's outskirts and launching an assault at 11:00.[124][125] According to Oleksandr Svidlo, the mayor of Berdiansk, Russian forces left the city leaving a Russian military police detachment in the city.[126] Russian forces advanced towards Mariupol.[127] By reaching Mariupol, Russian forces established a land connection linking Crimea and the Donetsk People's Republic.[128]

Elsewhere, according to Ukrainian media reports, Russian sabotage and reconnaissance groups stole Ukrainian military uniforms from a military depot and engaged Ukrainian forces in Tokmak, northeast of Melitopol.[129][130][131] According to the Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security, the Russians were identified because they wore bulletproof vests that were used by the Russian army, and not the Ukrainian vests.[132][133] Ukraine claimed Russian forces suffered many casualties and retreated to the southern outskirts of the town.[134]

In the early morning of 1 March, Russian forces began assaulting Kherson from the west, advancing from Kherson International Airport towards the highway to Mykolaiv. They were able to surround the city and reached the neighboring settlement of Komyshany.[135] Later in the day, Russian forces entered Kherson.[136]

The mayor of Melitopol, Ivan Fedorov, announced that the Russian forces had occupied the city.[3] A United States Department of Defense official also confirmed that Russian forces had captured the city.[137]

A Russian staging area near Radensk, Kherson, March 2022
A Russian T-72 tank trapped on a bridge demolished by the Ukrainians in Kalinovka, Mykolaiv Oblast, 2 March

Russian forces also shelled Bashtanka and Mykolaiv. Ukrainian officials later claimed that a large Russian convoy was attacked and defeated by Ukrainian forces during the night near Bashtanka, forcing the Russians to retreat towards the neighboring city of Novyi Buh. They claimed that "several dozen [Russian] armored vehicles" were destroyed in the attack.[138] Kim stated that during the operation, a Ukrainian helicopter was destroyed, but its pilots survived.[139] Ukrainian officials stated that Russian forces had surrounded Enerhodar, with a Russian convoy advancing into the city around 14:00.[140] According to the mayor, the city had difficulties obtaining food.[140]

In the early morning of 2 March, Russian forces seized parts of Kherson, including the city's central square.[141] Later that evening, Kolykhaiev announced that he had surrendered the city to Russian forces, and that the Russian commander planned to set up a military administration in the city.[142] Russian forces also bombarded Voznesensk that morning, which has a bridge that can be used to cross the Southern Bug instead of the one near Mykolaiv, during the morning. Russian paratroopers then landed at a forested ridge near the town, and an armored column approached it. Forces from the 126th Coastal Defence Brigade were attacked while trying to reach them.[143]

The Russian troops, estimated to be 400 by Ukrainian officials, then captured the village of Rakove, whose houses it used to create a sniper nest. Afterwards, they set up a base at a gas station near the town's entrance and assaulted the base of the Territorial Defense Forces. Ukrainian forces struck back with artillery that night with the help of local volunteers who gave them coordinates.[143] Meanwhile, Anton Herashchenko said that Russian shelling hit many homes in Mariupol, with four people killed.[144]

In the evening, an unidentified missile struck the MVS Banglar Samriddhi, a Bangladeshi cargo ship which stranded in port near Olbia in Mykolaiv Oblast since the invasion began, killing a Bangladeshi engineer.[145][146]

Destroyed Russian artillery and vehicles near Mykolaiv, 3 March 2022

In the early morning of 3 March, Kolykhaiev announced that Kherson had fallen to Russian forces.[147] Heavy resistance was still raging in the north of Kherson, as well as the city of Mariupol.[148] Mariupol officials allege that hundreds of civilians had been killed by 3 March.[149][150] Meanwhile, Orlov stated that a large Russian convoy had entered Enerhodar.[151] Later, Russian forces took control of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. During the heavy fighting a fire broke out in a training facility outside of the main complex, which was quickly extinguished,[152] though other sections surrounding the plant sustained damage.[153]

Initial reports said that the radiation levels remained normal during this time and the fire did not damage essential equipment.[154][155] However, firefighters were unable to reach the fire due to the fighting.[156] Local volunteers and Ukrainian soldiers were able to repel Russian troops from Voznesensk during the day, forcing most of them to retreat 40 miles (64 km) to the east and others to flee into nearby forests, where ten of them were later captured. Ukrainian officials stated that Russian forces had lost 30 vehicles in the battle, in addition to around 100 soldiers. Ten civilians were killed in the fighting.[143]

On 4 March, local officials stated that Russian forces had captured some of the outskirts of Mykolaiv. Ukrainian forces recaptured Mykolaiv International Airport from Russian forces.[157] In the morning, after confirming that there were no changes to radiation levels, Russian forces captured Enerhodar and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.[158][159][160] Ukraine blew up a railway bridge on the border with Transnistria to prevent the 1,400 Russian troops stationed in the breakaway territory from crossing into Ukraine.[161]

On 5 March, Orlov stated that Russian forces controlled the perimeter of Enerhodar and the power plant, while the local authorities were allowed to remain in control in the operation of the city.[8] Russian forces briefly entered Huliaipole (which, according to Ukrainian forces, was attacked during the night while facing shelling and airstrikes[162]), but they were pushed back.[163]

A destroyed Russian BMP-3 near Mariupol, 7 March 2022

On 7 March, the Ukrainian regional military administration of Zaporizhzhia Oblast stated that Russian forces had thus far captured the cities of Berdiansk, Enerhodar, Melitopol, Vasylivka, Tokmak and Polohy in this oblast.[164] On March 8, Russian and Ukrainian forces fought in Orikhiv, with Russian forces briefly capturing the town, but later being forced to pull out.[165] Although shelling and air strikes by Russian forces still continued, forcing many inhabitants to leave the city.[166][167] The Ukrainian armed forces stated they had sunk Vasily Bykov, which had attacked Snake Island during the day, near Odesa. Videos posted on social media showed the warship being targeted.[168] However, on March 16 the ship was shown entering Sevastopol with no obvious damage.[169] The Ukrainian Air Force struck the military airbase at Kherson International Airport during the day, with Ukrainian officials claiming that more than 30 Russian helicopters were destroyed. Satellite imagery however showed that the number was fewer.[170]

Remnants of a shelled hospital in Mariupol, 9 March 2022

On 9 March, Russian troops entered the town of Skadovsk. According to local residents they entered at 08:45 and stationed themselves in the central square before being driven away by protesters. They then took over a building of the National Police of Ukraine in addition to vandalizing the city council building. The mayor Oleksandr Yakovlev stated that they took away computers from the city council building and had ordered that no political rallies be held.[171]

The next day, the Ukrainian General Staff reported that Russia deployed a battalion of the Baltic Fleet's 336th Naval Infantry Brigade toward Mykolaiv. Northwest of Mykolaiv, Russian and Ukrainian forces clashed in Voznesensk. The Institute for the Study of War opined that "Russian forces are likely experiencing difficulty advancing northwest beyond the Inhul River."[172] Heavy shelling hit Mykolaiv during the evening, causing several fires, and Vitaliy Kim reported "active hostilities near Guryivka" to the north of the city.[173] During the battles for Zaporizhzhia, Colonel Serhiy Kotenko, commander of the 9th Separate Motorized Infantry Battalion "Vinnytsia Scythians" was killed.[14]

Fall of Mariupol, Ukrainian counter-attacks, and stalemate

On 11 March, Governor Kim stated that Ukrainian forces had pushed Russian troops eastwards by 15–20 kilometres (9.3–12.4 mi) and had also surrounded some units who were negotiating for a surrender.[174] The Ukrainian forces stated that they had destroyed two Russian helicopters in Skadovsk Raion the following day, and one of the pilots survived.[175] A video was published on social media showing one of the destroyed helicopters.[176] Yakovlev later stated that Skadovsk had been "liberated" from Russian forces as they had left the city on 10 March, but settled on its outskirts.[177]

The mayor of Dniprorudne, Yevhen Matveyev, was arrested by Russian soldiers, according to Starukh. He had previously joined the "living shield" protests against the Russian occupation of the region on 27 February. Russian forces also began imposing their authority in the Kherson Oblast, imposing limitations in Nova Kakhovka, Kakhovka and Tavriisk.[178]

A column of Russian forces re-entered Skadovsk during the afternoon, according to its mayor, and settled in one of the children's camps on its outskirts.[179]

Mykolaiv Oblast governor Vitalii Kim later claimed that 200 Russian vehicles were destroyed and surrounded in Melitopol.[180] Anton Gerashchenko later clarified that this had occurred near Vasylivka and the Ukrainian forces had destroyed the 200 vehicles of Russian forces stationed near Melitopol using artillery. He added that their headquarters was destroyed as well.[181]

A Russian airstrike on Snihurivka at 06:00 on 14 March killed one civilian and damaged five buildings, according to the State Emergency Service.[182]

According to the Mariupol City Council, 2,357 civilians had been killed during the city's siege.[183]

On 15 March, Russian Defense Ministry stated that Russian forces had captured all of Kherson Oblast.[184] The Ukrainian Air Force later struck the military airbase at Kherson International Airport again, destroying multiple Russian helicopters.[170]

Gennady Korban, head of Staff of Dnipro Oblast's Territorial Defense Forces, stated that the region was prepared for a Russian offensive, unlike Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts. He added that Russian forces were staging in the settlements of Velyka Oleksandrivka, Novovorontsovka and Arkhanhelske.[185] Landing ships of the Russian Navy meanwhile approached the coast of Odesa in three groups, including the Ivan Gren-class landing ship Pyotr Morgunov.[186] Russian fighter jets and warships attacked settlements in Odesa Oblast during the day, according to Ukrainian officials. Attacks on one of the settlements in the morning wounded two people.[187]

A downtown street during the siege of Mariupol
Aftermath of a rocket strike in the Odesa region, 16 May 2022
SPH Bohdana howitzer fires on Russian positions on Snake Island in June 2022

On 16 March, the Ukrainian government said that its forces had begun a counteroffensive near Mykolaiv towards Kherson and captured the town of Posad-Pokrovske,[188] Ukrainian control of the town was independently confirmed five days later.[189] Meanwhile, Starukh stated that Russian forces had targeted civilian areas in the city of Zaporizhzhia for the first time, with rockets hitting the Zaporizhzhia-2 railway station. The city has acted as the first safe port for refugees fleeing Mariupol.[190] Oleksandr Yakovlev, the mayor of Skadovsk, was arrested by Russian soldiers during the day, but was released a few hours later.[191] Melitopol's mayor Ivan Fedorov was meanwhile freed as well. Some Ukrainian officials claimed he was freed in a "special operation".[192][193][194] However, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's press aide Darya Zarivnaya later said that he was exchanged for nine Russian conscripts captured by Ukrainian forces.[195]

By 20 March, Russia had completely encircled Mariupol with infantry and demanded a full surrender of the city, which Zelenskyy refused.[196] On 24 March, Russian forces entered central Mariupol,[197] seizing the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God. The city administration alleged that Russians were trying to demoralize residents by publicly shouting claims of Russian victories, including statements that Odesa had been captured.[198] On 27 March, Ukraine's deputy prime minister, Olha Stefanishyna, stated that Mariupol "simply does not exist anymore," and that Russia's objectives have "nothing to do with humanity." Stefanishyna summarized that: "They (Mariupol's inhabitants) don’t have access to water, to any food supplies, to anything. More than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed."[199]

By 10 April, Ukrainian forces had made significant advances and pushed back the Russian military in the area around Kherson, gaining ground at Osokorivka and Oleksandrivka. Russian counter-attacks failed to retake the lost territory, while Ukraine continued to harass local Russian airfields.[200] The Ukrainian counter-offensive had put Russia on the defensive in southern Ukraine, forcing it to focus on fortifying Kherson and improving its air defenses.[201] Guerrillas also began attacking Russian targets in the south, with one group reportedly operating in Melitopol.[202] By 18 April, fighting continued, and Ukraine claimed that its 80th Air Assault Brigade had retaken a number of villages near Mykolaiv.[203] Two days later, Russia counter-attacked and made minor gains at Oleksandrivka.[204]

On 1 June, according to a Ukrainian regional governor, Vitalii Kim, Russian forces started blowing up bridges near Kherson in anticipation of a counterattack by the Ukrainian army.[205]

On 1 June, Lt. Col. Zaur Dimayev, deputy commander of the 4th Battalion of the Akhmat Kadyrov special forces regiment, was killed along with one of his escorts after Ukrainian forces opened fire and destroyed his military SUV near the town of Komyshuvakha, Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[11] On 9 June, Reuters reported Ukrainian and British claims that Ukrainian forces had made gains in a counter-offensive towards Kherson, including establishing a bridgehead across the Inhulets River.[206] This offensive led to fierce fighting around Davydiv Brid, which saw positional warfare for the village due to its location on the river.[207][208]

On 10 June, Ukraine claimed to have hit two Russian positions using artillery. Ukraine claimed two Russian generals were killed, one from the Russian army and one from the FSB, who was preparing a referendum in the Kherson region. It was also claimed that fighters from Syria were killed in a strike in Chkalove, which would mark the first report of Syrian fighters in Ukraine if true.[209]

On 8 July, Russia's ambassador to the United Kingdom, Andrey Kelin, said during a Reuters interview that Russia was unlikely to withdraw its forces from southern Ukraine as part of any future deals to end the war, saying, "...we have already experienced that after withdrawal, provocations start and all the people are being shot and all that."[210]

On 12 August, UN Secretary-General António Guterres asked for a demilitarized zone to be created around the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant after shelling struck an area used to store radioactive material.[211] This echoed earlier calls by Ukraine.[212] Russia refused, saying that it was protecting the plant from "terrorist attacks",[213] though it has invited officials from the IAEA to visit.[211] Two plant workers told the BBC that the staff were hostages and shelling prevented them from doing their normal work.[214]

2022 Kherson counteroffensive

Civilians during President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's visit following the liberation of Kherson, 14 November 2022

On 10 July, Iryna Vereshchuk, the Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine and the Minister of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories, urged civilians in the Kherson region to evacuate ahead of an upcoming Ukrainian counterattack there, without specifying when the offensive would take place.[215] Ukraine's defence minister Oleksii Reznikov also signalled an upcoming offensive in the region.[216]

On 11 July, Ukrainian forces launched a missile attack with HIMARS rockets on the Russian-occupied city of Nova Kakhovka. Ukrainian officials claimed that the strike killed the chief of staff for the 22nd Army Corps, Major General Artyom Nasbulin, along with five colonels and a total of 150 soldiers. Russian forces confirmed the strike but did not confirm the death of the officers claimed by Ukraine, claiming that the Ukrainian rocket hit a warehouse that contained chemicals which then exploded.[217][218]

On 29 August, Ukraine launched a counteroffensive on the Kherson front.[219] During a 3 day period from 2 October to 4 October, Ukraine liberated 11 settlements in northern Kherson.[220] On 9 November, Russia announced the withdrawal of troops from Kherson,[221] with Ukrainian troops reported as entering Snihurivka the next day.[222][223][224] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered the city of Kherson,[225] and were met by crowds of Ukrainian citizens chanting "Slava Ukraini!" and "Glory to the ZSU,"[226] expressing their gratitude by lifting up soldiers and waving Ukrainian flags.[227][228]

Russian entrenchment and beginning of Dnieper campaign

Aftermath of Russian shelling of Kherson city, 24 December 2022

In the aftermath of Ukraine's recapture of right-bank Kherson Oblast, Ukrainian forces began conducting a small-scale military campaign on the Dnieper, conducting raids and incursions on the left bank and on the Kinburn Spit.[229]

In December 2022, following previous successful counter-offensives, speculation among Western analysts and media about a prospective Ukrainian campaign to retake Crimea abounded. In the event of such an offensive, observers and analysts suggested Ukraine could attack along the Zaporizhzhia front and advance towards the strategic city of Melitopol to cut Russia's "landbridge to Crimea." Throughout the month, Russia reinforced its defense lines in southern Ukraine, particularly along the Zaporizhzhia and Kherson fronts.[230] Attacks on "collaborators" and Russian agents by apparent Ukrainian partisans and saboteurs continued.[231]

On 23 December, Ukraine's mayor of Melitopol Ivan Fedorov said the Russians were transforming the city into a fortress, replete with dragon's teeth defenses.[231] Meanwhile, satellite imagery showed that Russian troops had established trenches around the perimeters of Tokmak in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, considered a strategic city on the approach towards Melitopol.[232] On 15 May 2023, Ukrainian military intelligence estimated that the Russians had stationed 152,000 troops in Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in anticipation of a potential Ukrainian counteroffensive.[233]

2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive and continued Dnieper incursions

A bombed-out school in Orikhiv, July 2023

As Ukraine prepared to launch its counteroffensive in the south, there were signs of activity on the Dnieper front.[234] However, on June 6, 2023, the Kakhovka Dam in Nova Kakhovka was purposefully destroyed while under Russian control since March 2022, massively flooding the region. Experts assess that Russian forces likely blew the dam up.[235][236] This forced combat to stop along the river for a time.[234]

In early June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched their counteroffensive on the eastern part of the southern front, focusing on multiple directions, including Orikhiv[237] and Velyka Novosilka,[238] which are located in eastern Zaporizhzhia Oblast and western Donetsk Oblast, respectively. By 11 June, Ukraine had recaptured the front line settlements of Neskuchne, Blahodatne, Storozheve, Makarivka, and Novodarivka.[239] The progress of the offensive slowed as time progressed, despite the capture of several more villages. By December 2023, prominent Ukrainian figures and Western analysts began giving negative assessments of the success of the counteroffensive; statements by Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi in early November 2023 that the war had arrived at a "stalemate" were seen by observers as an admission of its failure,[240] and followed more definite assessments made by analysts, especially with regard to operational success, from several weeks earlier.[241] Ukrainian forces did not reach the city of Tokmak, described as a "minimum goal" by Ukrainian general Oleksandr Tarnavskyi,[242] and the probable initial objective of reaching the Sea of Azov to split the Russian forces in southern Ukraine remained unfulfilled.[243][244][245]

As the floodwaters from the Dnieper receded, Ukraine resumed its incursions across the river on a larger scale. In December 2023, Ukraine established a foothold on the left bank at the village Krynky.[234]

Order of battle

Russia and pro-Russian separatists

 Russian Armed Forces
Donetsk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic People's Militia[10]
Luhansk People's Republic Luhansk People's Republic People's Militia[10]
Local separatist forces

Ukraine

 Ukrainian Armed Forces

Irregular civilian volunteers (militia)

  • Ukrainian guerrillas[202]

Environmental impact

The war has had a disruptive and destructive impact on the unique plants and wildlife of the Kinburn Spit such as the Сentaurea breviceps and Сentaurea Paczoskii cornflower species,[262] and their sensitive ecosystem.[263] Bombs, and the pollutants that came from them, killed nearby dolphins, and opened the sand and soil to the threat of chemicals seeping in and invasive species, according to the research and policy director at the UK-based Conflict and Environment Observatory Doug Weir.[264] In May 2022 a 4,000 hectares (10,000 acres) fire, started by rockets, inflicted lasting habitat damage to the perennial forests and salt marshes of the spit.[263][264][265]

See also

References

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