2009 Red River flood
Red River of the North in Fargo, March 28, 2009
DateMarch 2009–April 2009
LocationNorth Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba
Deaths3[1]
Property damageUnknown

The 2009 Red River flood along the Red River of the North in North Dakota and Minnesota in the United States and Manitoba in Canada brought record flood levels to the Fargo-Moorhead area. The flood was a result of saturated and frozen ground, spring snowmelt exacerbated by additional rain and snow storms, and virtually flat terrain. Communities along the Red River prepared for more than a week as the U.S. National Weather Service continuously updated the predictions for the city of Fargo, North Dakota, with an increasingly higher projected river crest. Originally predicted to reach a level of near 43 feet (13 m) at Fargo by March 29, the river in fact crested at 40.84 feet (12.45 m) at 12:15 a.m. March 28,[2] and started a slow decline.[3] The river continued to rise to the north as the crest moved downstream.[4]

Background

Geology

The Red River flows from the United States into Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada. Since it flows northward, into colder climates, melting snow and river ice, as well as runoff from its tributaries, often create ice jams, which cause the river to overflow. The valley is essentially flat, leading to overland flooding, with no high ground on which to take refuge.[5]

Climate

Ground which was already saturated when it froze at the onset of winter, melting snow which could not be absorbed by the frozen ground,[6][7] and additional precipitation from high winter snow fall, a rain storm on March 22 and a later snowstorm, high temperature snow melt rate, are reasons for the serious flooding.[6][8][9]

A low-pressure area caused the rain storm on March 22 and by March 25 a total of 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) fell in the Winnipeg area, and 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 in) in southern Manitoba. In northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota, around 8 inches of snow accumulated from the same storm.[10]

Predictions and preparations

Fargo-Moorhead

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A line of sandbagging volunteers in Fargo, North Dakota.
HESCO collapsible barriers were used to prevent flooding

Warnings for the 2009 flood occurred as early as March 9 when the National Weather Service warned that the Fargo-Moorhead area could see a significant flood of between 35 and 36 feet (11 and 11 m).[11] As preparations began for the flooding on March 16, North Dakota Governor John Hoeven declared a statewide disaster in anticipation of flooding across the state.[12] On March 19, the National Weather Service raised the predicted flood level in the Fargo area to between 37 and 40 feet (11 and 12 m). The city began filling sandbags on March 20.[13] In anticipation of a rain and snow storm, the predicted crest level was raised on March 22 to a range from 39 to 41 feet (12 to 12 m).[14]

Volunteers continued preparing sandbags, with 560,000 bags filled by late March 22, out of an expected 1.5 million to 2 million needed.[15] By March 24, residents in Fargo-Moorhead had filled over 1 million sandbags and were attempting to fill a total of 2 million by the 26th.[16] A levee in Georgetown, Minnesota was raised another two feet, and emergency dikes were being built in Fargo, Moorhead, Harwood, Grafton and Richland County.[17] The predicted flood crest was raised again on March 26, changed to between 41 and 42 feet (12 and 13 m) by March 28, with a possibility of 43 feet (13 m).

Volunteers fill sandbags in the Fargodome.

In addition to the sandbags, the construction of the dikes protecting the city required large amounts of clay. Clay had been brought from several places in and around the city, including the soccer field at Centennial Elementary School and around Discovery Middle School.[18]

Wahpeton-Breckenridge

Elsewhere along the river, early predictions for the Wahpeton-Breckenridge area saw a predicted level of at least 16 feet (4.9 m).[19] By March 24, the National Weather Service predicted the crest in Wahpeton and Breckenridge not to top 18 feet (5.5 m), below the cities' levees.[20]

Grand Forks

In the Grand Forks, North Dakota area, flood predictions released February 27 predicted a possibility of a flood crest between 44 and 46 feet (13 and 14 m). The snowstorm that struck March 9–10 raised the predicted levels between 47 and 50 feet (14 and 15 m) prompting the city to declare a state of emergency.[21] On March 22 the predicted crest level was changed to 52 feet (16 m).[14]

Manitoba

Flooding in Manitoba on April 19, 2009
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In Manitoba, the 2009 flood was the second worst on record since 1826. The Red River Floodway was not initially opened, due to the Red River being full of ice, which can lead to damage of the floodway and the flooding of Selkirk. The Red River Floodway was opened in early April once the ice jams cleared. Several towns and R.M.s declared a state of emergency due to the ice jams built up in places along the Red. Flooding in Manitoba was not expected until the second week of April. The CPR Line from Winnipeg to Emerson closed.

The floodway was opened around 1 p.m. on April 8 due to a crest expected to hit the city of Winnipeg. Highway 75, a major artery between Winnipeg and the U.S. border, was closed between April 7 and May 13. This closure cost Manitoba trucking companies thousands of dollars in additional travel costs and severely hurt the economy of the town of Morris.[22]

An eight-year-old boy fell into the river on Thursday, April 9 on the Westroc Hutterite Colony which is near Portage la Prairie.[23] Samuel Gross came out of his 13-day coma after being under icy cold water for 20 minutes. The team under Murray Kesselman, director of the Health Sciences Centre pediatric intensive care unit, worked on Gross's heart for two hours before it started to beat on its own and he began to recover.[24][25] Walter Imbeck, 68 years old, went missing since April 11 when friends and neighbours thought he was trying to clear a broken drain behind his home, which was along the riverbank.[26] As of April 13, several communities north of Winnipeg had to be evacuated due to flash flooding and ice jams on the Red River. It was predicted to be the third worst flood, next to the floods of 1950 and 1997. A 79-year-old woman, Mary, died, and her 82-year-old husband, Glen Silverthorn, went missing Easter Sunday after their car was swept into the Woody River. A search commenced, and his body was found on May 19.[27][28][29]

Prime Minister Stephen Harper toured the flooded area on April 14, 2009.[30] Damages were expected to be in the millions. On April 15, 2009, Winnipeg declared a local state of emergency due to several of the rivers, which flow into the Red River, swelling extremely fast.[31] On April 16, 2009, the Red River crested in Winnipeg at 22.6 feet (6.9 m) before retreating. If Winnipeg had not had any flood protection, the city would have been 9.23 meters (30.3 ft) submerged.[32] The crest from North Dakota was expected to hit either April 19 or April 20 and forced 28,000 evacuations.[33] 777 km2 (300 sq mi) are under water at some places 19 kilometers (12 mi) wide as reported April 18.[34] 740 people were evacuated from the Peguis First Nation, which is located north of Winnipeg. Peguis Chief Glenn Hudson said "either build a dike, or a floodway around ... I think we have to do something," [35] Steve Ashton, minister responsible for the emergency measures organization, said that Disaster Financial Assistance was doubled to $200,000. The Federal Government was expected to assist with up to 90% of the relief, and 100% on reserves.[36][37]

The province assessed whether homeowner buyouts would be voluntary or mandatory. "We'd look at voluntary buyouts as the first option, but the municipalities have raised this ...they're the ones that have to send in first responders and rescue crews," said Steve Ashton, the province's Emergency Measures Minister.[38] Mayor Sam Katz reported an estimated $5 million for sandbag flood prevention costs, which included making and setting into place the sandbags and patrolling them, and then removing them after the river went back down. Some roads and bridges were also damaged as a result of flooding. Peguis Chief Glen Hudson estimated the evacuation and dike construction for the first nation reserve was pegged at approximately $3 million.[39] A water quality warning went into effect, and residents who remained were advised to boil water before use. Free water analysis was provided by the Manitoba government until July.[40] On April 20, the total amount of land submerged was upgraded to 1,680 km2 (650 sq mi), and the river crest was still 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of Winnipeg.[41]

Flooding

A graph of the flood gauge reading at Fargo from March 25–April 4, showing the previous record level in red
U.S. President Barack Obama, at the U.S. Capitol, meets with Minnesota and North Dakota's senators and representatives about the flooding.

At 7:15 p.m. CDT on March 26, 2009, the river exceeded the 1997 crest of 39.57 feet (12.06 m) at Fargo, which was the previous second-highest crest. The projected crest was 24 feet (7.3 m) above flood stage and higher than the record-setting floods in 1997 and 1897.[42]

At 2:30 a.m. CDT on March 27, the National Weather Service offices in Grand Forks issued a Flash Flood Warning for extreme east-central Cass County due to a levee breach in Fargo on Lindenwood Drive.[43] With the river more than 6 meters (20 feet) above flood stage, there appeared to be a growing sense in Fargo that despite best efforts, it might not be possible to build dikes high enough to hold back the river.[44] The Manitoba government upgraded the 2009 flood as the second highest to hit southern Manitoba over the last 150 years, just 60 centimeters (24 in) lower than the 1997 Flood of the Century.[45] The highest level in 2009 was 6.9 meters (23 ft), and in 1997 it was 7.5 meters (25 ft). However, without flood control measures such as the Red River floodway, Portage Diversion and Shellmouth dam, the peak would have been 10.2 meters (33 ft), which is higher than the 1950 peak of 9.3 meters (31 ft) in Winnipeg.[46] The Red River showed signs of receding April 23, however the Souris river was expected to crest towards the end of the month of April.[47]

Ice jams

On March 25, an ice jam formed north of Winnipeg, causing the municipalities of St. Andrews, St. Clements, East St. Paul and West St. Paul to declare a state of emergency. Flooding from the ice jam necessitated the evacuation of about thirty homes.[48] While the jam was broken, it reformed near Lower Fort Garry, causing the water to rise 4.5 meters (15 feet) in 2 hours.[49] On March 31, a state of emergency was declared for the city of Selkirk due to concerns over ice jams.

Dominion City was the first town in Manitoba to declare a state of emergency on Monday, March 23.[50] Government officials handed out evacuation alerts to 850 residents. Forty homes north of Winnipeg were evacuated, while dozens of homes were flooded due to ice jams. On Thursday, March 26, some 95 elderly and special needs people were evacuated from the Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation.[51] An engineering firm detonated charges downstream of Bismarck, North Dakota to clear an ice jam which was causing flooding in the city causing an evacuation of 1,700 persons. There were three million sandbags, rolls of poly film Hesco bastion flood walls, and water pumps sent out by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to North Dakota.[52] Both North Dakota and Manitoba used backhoes from the river bank and from bridges, but these machines had a 20-foot (6.1 m) reach for a 0.25-mile-wide (0.40 km) river.[53] A Chinook helicopter was deployed with a 1,400-kilogram (3,100 lb) concrete weight to try to break up an ice jam, but only small pieces of ice broke away.[54] The North Dakota National Guard used 160 pounds (73 kg) of C-4 plastic explosives on the 3-foot-thick (0.91 m) ice placed into 80 holes. The ice was then coated with road salt to hasten melting. The Army Corps of Engineers also resorted to using sand, salt, chemicals and drilling to alleviate the ice jams.[55] The Manitoba government chose not to use dynamite, as explosives work well on large ice sheets but not as well on broken and fused ice. To set the dynamite, holes need to be drilled in the ice, which would require someone to hang suspended from a helicopter. The result of dynamite forms a hole centrally in the ice without loosening up the ice jam blockage to allow water to flow past.[56] Manitoba purchased five new certified emergency response trailers (CERTs), which are 15-meter-long (49 ft) tubes with 60 compartments which can be filled with water and used to build dikes. These tubes take 10 minutes to fill up and provide the same protection as 500 sandbags.[57] Volunteers created over 600,000 sandbags to shore up defences against the Red River and unpredictable flows caused by ice jams.[58][59]

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Dikes were placed along the shoreline within the city to protect neighbourhoods against ice jam flooding. Over 1,600 volunteers came out since April 1 to assist with creating sandbag dikes which were built 20.5 feet (6.2 m) high. Frozen culverts and sewer inlets were cleared to allow runoff from meltwaters and floodwaters.[60]

External videos
video icon Amphibious icebreaker in Selkirk
video icon Greg Selinger about 3rd icebreaker

Amphibex excavator icebreakers were at work breaking up ice flows on the Red River.[61] Ice breakers and backhoes were to be strategically placed along the Red River Floodway, which might have needed to be opened before the ice was fully melted. Officials examined past ice jams and provided contingency plans if the Floodway jammed upstream of bridges or on tight corners.[62]

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On Easter Sunday, April 12, Winnipeg was clear of ice blocks and ice jams.[63] Sightseers traveling by car, boat, kayak and anyone ignoring road closures were being ticketed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as they were hampering ice clearing operations.[64][65] Residents of the rural municipalities of St. Andrews and St. Clements were given evacuation alerts on Good Friday. Some chose to remain behind, and rescue efforts commenced for them over the Easter week-end.[66][67] Homes were smashed in and knocked off their basements and footings by 7-foot-high (2.1 m) sheets of ice.[29]

Devils Lake and Stump Lake

There was a 6% chance Devils Lake and Stump Lake would rise to historic levels, which could have caused problems in the Sheyenne River Valley.[68]

Flooding and ice jam mitigation considerations

Structural adaptations to the river channel or the placement of dams and ice booms would control where ice jams would form. Hairpin curves and bridges are problem areas for the jamming of ice. Following the 1997 Red River flood, Grand Forks and East Grand Forks smoothed out some of the river curves in those cities.[55] Rural municipality reeves have approached the Canadian government with a CA$288,000 plan which would use the province of Manitoba's existing Amphibex ice-breaking excavators to dredge the Red River between Selkirk and the mouth of Lake Winnipeg.[69]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Fargo’s Flood Fight Goes on as Red River Levels Fall. Bloomberg.com. March 29, 2009.
  2. ↑ "Fargo mayor: More levees will be breached". National Public Radio. March 29, 2009. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2009. (AP)
  3. ↑ "Daily and Hourly Changes in Level for the Red River at Fargo, ND".
  4. ↑ Real-time water data for Red River of the North at Pembina, ND, United States Geological Survey, March 29, 2009
  5. ↑ Schwert, Don (interviewed by Tom Crann), The geology of the Red River flood plain, Minnesota Public Radio, 25 March 2005. Taped interview.
  6. 1 2 Kives, Bartley (2009-04-04). "A Gathering of Waters How the Red swells on its journey to Lake Winnipeg". CBC.ca. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  7. ↑ Nelson, Tim (March 27, 2009). "Record flood can be traced to summer and fall rains". Minnesota Public Radio.
  8. ↑ "Flood fears spreading through southern Manitoba". CBC News. March 17, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  9. ↑ Kolpack, Dave (March 21, 2009). "ND city scrambles to prepare for record flooding". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  10. ↑ McKinney, Matt; Bill McAuliffe; Allie Shah (March 25, 2009). "In Fargo, a race against the river". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  11. ↑ "Fargo stands 50-50 chance of major flooding". The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. March 10, 2009.
  12. ↑ "Hoeven Declares Statewide Flood Emergency". Governor of North Dakota. March 16, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  13. ↑ "Fargo residents rushing to fill sandbags for flood onslaught". Winnipeg Free Press. March 20, 2009.
  14. 1 2 "Crest predictions rise: 52.5 feet (16.0 m) in GF; 41 feet (12 m) in Fargo". Grand Forks Herald. March 22, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  15. ↑ "'Fear is setting in' as sandbag volunteers desperately needed in flood fight". The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. March 23, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  16. ↑ Welch, Chris (March 25, 2009). "Flood warnings issued; N. Dakota braces for record deluge". CNN.com. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  17. ↑ Springer, Patrick (March 22, 2009). "Race against time: Flood-fighting efforts intensify as storm threatens area". The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  18. ↑ Smith, Kelly (2009-03-30). "FLOOD UPDATE: Fargo Public Schools slated to resume next Monday". Fargo Forum.
  19. ↑ "Wahpeton-Breckenridge Flood Outlook". MSNBC. KVLY-TV. March 16, 2009. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  20. ↑ Kolpack, Dave (March 24, 2009). "Lower projection on Red upstream may help Fargo". The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead.
  21. ↑ Johnson, Ryan (March 11, 2009). "New snow will impact flood outlook". Grand Forks Herald. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  22. ↑ "Manitoba trucking industry hurting financially from flooded highway". CBC News. May 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  23. ↑ "Boy dies after being rescued from culvert". CBC News. 2009-04-12. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  24. ↑ "Boy rescued from culvert regains consciousness". CBC news. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  25. ↑ "Boy's recovery from near-drowning and coma a rare thrill: doctor". CBC News. April 24, 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  26. ↑ Matin, Nick (April 19, 2009). "Missing man feared dead in Red River flood". Winnipeg Free Press.
  27. ↑ Sanders, Carol; Bartley Kives; Jen Skerritt; Bill Redekop (April 14, 2009). "1 dead, 1 missing in northern Manitoba flooding". Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  28. ↑ Skerritt, Jen; Bill Redekop (April 14, 2009). "Manitoba coping with third-worst flood of century". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  29. 1 2 Skerritt, Jen; Bill Redekop (April 14, 2009). "Manitoba coping with third-worst flood of century". Leader Post. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  30. ↑ "Harper tours flooded regions in Southern Manitoba". CBC News. April 14, 2009. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  31. ↑ Halusa, Goran; Lorraine Remer. "Floods on the Red River". NASA. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  32. ↑ Turen, Paul; Jason Halstead (April 16, 2009). "Manitoba flood second highest on record Forecast beats '50, '79 levels; only '97 was higher". Sun Media. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  33. ↑ Kusch, Lary; Bartley Kives (April 15, 2009). "Flood waters swamp Manitoba, force more evacuations". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  34. ↑ "'Worst not over,' Manitoba tells those in flood zone". CBC news. April 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  35. ↑ "Manitoba First Nations bear brunt of flooding". CTV News. April 19, 2009. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  36. ↑ "Manitoba doubles flood relief compensation to $200K". Winnipeg Free Press. April 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  37. ↑ "Government might buy, not rebuild, some flood-prone homes". CBC News. April 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  38. ↑ Lambert, Steve (April 28, 2009). "Manitoba ponders whether to force flood moves". The Canadian Press. Globe and mail. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  39. ↑ "Winnipeg flood clean-up expected to cost millions: mayor". CBC news. April 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  40. ↑ "Flood-weary Manitobans keep watch over dikes, pumps". CBC news. April 19, 2009. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  41. ↑ "Manitoba flood has submerged twice as much land as previously thought 1,680 square kilometres under water; crest still moving through southern province". CBC News. Retrieved 2004-04-27.
  42. ↑ Springer, Patrick (March 23, 2009). "Forecast flood crest earlier, higher than first thought". The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  43. ↑ NWS Grand Forks, ND
  44. ↑ "Cold temperatures slowing rise of the Red River: U.S. forecaster". CBC News. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
  45. ↑ Kusch, Larry; Bartley Kives (April 18, 2009). "Winnipeg through the worst of flooding: officials". The Star Phoenix. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  46. ↑ "Government might buy, not rebuild, some flood-prone homes". CBC news. April 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  47. ↑ "Manitoba flood waters slowly receding". Sun Media. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  48. ↑ "Ice jam dislodged north of Winnipeg". CBC News. March 26, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
  49. ↑ "New ice jam raising water levels, and fears, north of Winnipeg". CBC News. March 26, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  50. ↑ "Roseau River First Nation readying for flood evacuation". CBC.ca. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  51. ↑ Chinta, Puxley; Steve Lambert (2009-03-26). "Manitoba communities 'expecting the worst, hoping for the best' as floods threaten". The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  52. ↑ "Ice Jam Detonated at North Dakota Capital, Residents Evacuate". Environment News Service (ENS). 2009-03-26. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  53. ↑ "Ice jam dislodged north of Winnipeg". CBC News. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  54. ↑ "Snow, ice jam continue threat in Red River flood fight". CBC News. 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  55. 1 2 Haga, Chuck (26 March 2009). "No one answer to Red River's troublesome ice jams". MinnPost. Archived from the original on 5 April 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
  56. ↑ "Manitoba blows off dynamite as a solution to ice jams". CBC News. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  57. ↑ MSN news (2009-03-26). "Manitoba invests in new flood-fighting technology". Bell Canada, Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on April 4, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  58. ↑ "Hundreds of Manitobans work to fill sandbags to deal with floodwaters". The Canadian Press. 2009-04-04. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  59. ↑ "Red River drops as locals learn to cope with flood". CTV news. April 17, 2009. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009.
  60. ↑ EmergWeb Media Centre (2009-04-04). "Winnipeggers come out by the hundreds to volunteer! Dike-Building Continues Due to Possible Ice Jams". City of Winnipeg. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  61. ↑ Ice Hammer Archived 2010-10-06 at the Wayback Machine Discovery Channel. Accessed: 8 January 2011.
  62. ↑ Skerritt, Jen (2009-04-04). "Flood fight ramps up as Red's crest approaches". Winnipeg Press. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  63. ↑ Romaniuk, Ross (2009-04-12). "Manitoba flood thread melting away Huge blocks push up banks of Red River in Selkirk". Sun Media. Canoe.ca. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  64. ↑ "RCMP ready to ticket Red River floodway sightseers". CBC News. 2009-04-12. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  65. ↑ </"More sections of Highway 75 closed due to Red River flooding". CBC News. 2009-04-12. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  66. ↑ "Flood damage, evacuations reported as ice wall moves north of Winnipeg". CBC News. 2009-04-12. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  67. ↑ "Flood forces rooftop rescues, ice wall moves north of Winnipeg". CBC News. 2009-04-12. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  68. ↑ "Devils Lake & Stump Lake Could Rise To Historic Levels on KFYR-TV North Dakota's NBC News Leader". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  69. ↑ Owen, Bruce (2009-03-19). "Dredge the Red, reeves urge feds Would reduce ice jams on river, leaders say". MinnPost. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
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