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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1998.
Flora
Lycophytes
Lycophyte research
- Wehr (1998) reports, without description, Selaginella species spikemoss fossils occurring in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands Klondike Mountain Formation.[2]
Fungi
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Currah, Stockey, & LePage |
A hyperparasitic pleosporalean fungus of uncertain family affinity. |
|||||
|
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Currah, Stockey, & LePage |
A parasitic phyllachoralean fungus of uncertain family affinity. |
|||||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Fungal research
- Currah, Stockey, & LePage (1998) describe the a phyllachoralean "tar spot" parasitizing Uhlia palm leaves, and host for a hyperparasitic pleosporalean fungus. They note them to be one of the first occurrences of hyperparasitic relationships in the fossil record.[3]
Arthropods
Newly named crustaceans
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp nov |
Jr synonym |
Jenner, Hof & Schram |
A mantis shrimp, moved to the genus Daidal (2007)[5] |
|||||
Newly named insects
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
| |||||
|
Aquarius lunpolaensis[7] |
Comb nov. |
valid |
(Lin) Andersen |
Lunpola Basin |
A water strider |
|||
|
Carabus neli[8] |
Sp nov. |
valid |
Deuve |
Montagne d'Andance |
A ground beetle |
 Carabus neli | ||
|
Cylindromyrmex antillanus[9] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
 Cylindromyrmex antillanus | ||||
|
Daniavelia[7] |
Gen et sp nov. |
valid |
Andersen |
MØclay |
A macroveliid water strider |
|||
|
Electrovelia[7] |
Gen et sp nov. |
valid |
Andersen |
A riffle bug |
||||
|
Eocenometra longicomis[7] |
Sp nov. |
valid |
Andersen |
MØclay |
A marsh treader |
|||
|
Ledouxnebria[8] |
Gen et sp nov. |
valid |
Deuve |
Montagne d'Andance |
A ground beetle |
 Ledouxnebria brisaci | ||
|
Limnoporus wilsoni[7] |
Sp nov. |
valid |
Andersen |
|||||
|
Palaeogerris[7] |
Gen et 3 sp nov. |
valid |
Andersen |
MØ clay |
A water strider |
|||
|
Palaeometra[7] |
Gen et sp nov. |
valid |
Andersen |
A limnobatodine water strider |
||||
|
Telmatrechus defunctus[7] |
Comb nov. |
valid |
(Handlirsch) Andersen |
A water strider |
||||
Molluscs
Bivalves
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
sp nov |
Valid |
Geyer & Streng |
Early Cambrian Fordillidae bivalve |
|||||
Amphibians
newly named anurans
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Henrici |
A possible Rhinophrynidae frog |
|||||
Archosauromorpha
Dinosaurs
- A paper in the journal Nature is published by Karen Chin and others announcing the earlier discovery of a "king-sized coprolite" attributed to Tyrannosaurus rex.
- Lourinhasaurus gastroliths documented.[12]
- Cedarosaurus gastroliths documented.[13]
- Caudipteryx gastroliths documented.[14]
- Volunteers from the Denver Museum of Natural History discovered Tony's Bone Bed in the Cedar Mountain Formation's Poison Strip Member.[15]
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[16]
| Name | Status | Authors | Location | Notes | Images | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altirhinus[17] | Valid taxon |
| ||||
| ''Augustia'' |
Preoccupied |
|
||||
| Camposaurus[18] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Caseosaurus[18] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|
||
| Caudipteryx[19] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Cristatusaurus[20] | Valid taxon | |||||
| Eobrontosaurus[21] | Valid taxon. Now Synonym of Brontosaurus | |||||
| Eolambia[22] | Valid taxon | |||||
| Gargoyleosaurus[23] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Gastonia[24] | Valid taxon | |||||
| Gongxianosaurus[25] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Histriasaurus[26] | Valid taxon |
|
||||
| Lourinhanosaurus[27] | Valid taxon |
|
||||
| Lourinhasaurus[28] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Megaraptor[29] | Valid taxon |
|
||||
| Nedcolbertia[30] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Notohypsilophodon[31] | Valid taxon |
|
||||
| Ozraptor[32] | Valid taxon |
|
||||
| Protohadros[33] | Valid taxon |
|
||||
| ''Rahona''[34] | Preoccupied |
|
|
|||
| Rahonavis[35] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Scipionyx[36] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Shanxia[37] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Shuvuuia[38] | Valid taxon |
|
||||
| Sonorasaurus[39] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Suchomimus | Valid taxon | An African spinosaurs | Sereno et al. 1998 | |||
| Tianzhenosaurus[40] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Variraptor[41] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
| Zuniceratops[42] | Valid taxon |
|
|
|||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Newly named birds
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Abavornis bonapartei [43] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Andrei V. Panteleyev |
An Alexornithidae Brodkorb, 1976, this is the type species of the new genus. |
||||
|
Actitis balcanica [44] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid ? |
Zlatozar N. Boev |
Late Pliocene |
MN 17 |
A Scolopacidae?, the holotypical tarsometatarsus looks more like a Charadriidae. |
||
|
Aizenogyps toomeyae [45] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Steven D. Emslie |
Late Pliocene |
Late Blancan |
|
A Cathartidae, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|
|
Anhinga beckeri [45] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Steven D. Emslie |
Early Pliocene |
Late-Early Irvingtonian |
|
An Anhingidae. |
|
|
Basityto rummeli [46] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Jiří Mlíkovský |
Early Miocene |
MN 2-3 |
A Gruidae, transferred to the genus Balearica by Mourer-Chauviré in 2001,[47] this is the type species of the new genus. |
||
|
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Hou Lianhai |
Late Pleistocene |
Cave Deposits |
An Accipitridae. |
|||
|
Buteo spassovi [49] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Zlatozar N. Boev |
Late Miocene |
MN 11-12 |
An Accipitridae. |
||
|
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Andrei V. Panteleyev |
An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Incertae Sedis, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||||
|
Chloephaga robusta [50] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Claudia P. Tambussi |
Middle-Late Pliocene |
Irene Formation |
An Anatidae. |
||
|
Coccothraustes balcanicus [51] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Zlatozar N. Boev |
Late Pliocene |
A Fringillidae. |
|||
|
Coccothraustes simeonovi [51] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Zlatozar N. Boev |
Late Pliocene |
A Fringillidae. |
|||
|
Diamantornis spaggiarii [52] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Yannicke Dauphin |
Early Middle Miocene |
Karingarab |
A Struthionidae, eggshells. |
||
|
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Andrei V. Panteleyev |
An Alexornithidae Brodkorb, 1976, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||||
|
Gargantuavis philoinos [53] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Jean Le Loeuff |
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Marnes de la Maurine Formation |
An Ornithothoraces, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||
|
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Jiří Mlíkovský |
Middle Miocene |
A Gaviidae. |
||||
|
Geronticus balcanicus [55] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Zlatozar N. Boev |
Late Pliocene, |
||||
|
Glaucidium explorator [45] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Steven D. Emslie |
Late Pliocene |
|
A Strigidae. |
||
|
Gracilitarsus mirabilis [56] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Eocene |
A Piciformes, Gracilitarsidae G. Mayr, 2001, this is the type species of the new genus. |
||||
|
Hassiavis laticauda [57] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Eocene |
An Apodiformes, ?Archaeotrogonidae Mourer-Chauviré, 1980, this is the type species of the new genus. |
||||
|
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Andrei V. Panteleyev |
An Alexornithidae Brodkorb, 1976, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||||
|
Intulula tinnipara [58] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Jirí Mlíkovský |
Early Miocene |
MN 2a |
A Strigidae, this is the type species of the new genus. |
||
|
Masillacolius brevidactylus [59] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Dieter S. Peters |
Middle Eocene |
A Coliidae, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||
|
Messelirrisor halcyrostris [56] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Eocene |
An Upupiformes, Laurillardiidae Harrison, 1979. |
||||
|
Messelirrisor parvus [56] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Eocene |
An Upupiformes, Laurillardiidae Harrison, 1979, this is the type species of the new genus. |
||||
|
Mioglaux debellatrix [58] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Jirí Mlíkovský |
Early Miocene |
A Strigidae, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||
|
Miopico benimellalensis [56] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Miocene |
A Miopiconidae G. Mayr, 1998, this is the type species of the new genus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Robert F. Baird Patricia Vickers Rich |
Etadunna Formation |
A Phoenicopteriformes, Palaelodidae Stejneger, 1885. |
||||
|
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Robert F. Baird Patricia Vickers Rich |
Etadunna Formation |
A Phoenicopteriformes, Palaelodidae Stejneger, 1885. |
||||
|
?Primozygodactylus ballmanni [56] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Eocene |
A Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971, not surely a Primozygodactylus. |
||||
|
Primozygodactylus danielsi [56] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Eocene |
A Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971, this is the type species of the new genus. |
||||
|
Primozygodactylus major [56] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Eocene |
A Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971. |
||||
|
Pseudastur macrocephalus [61] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Eocene |
A Halcyornithidae Harrison et Walker, 1972. The genus Pseudastur is preoccupied and replaced by Pseudasturides Mayr, 2004, this is the type species of both genera.[62] |
||||
|
Psittacopes lepidus [63] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
ppMichael Daniels |
Middle Eocene |
A stem Psittaciformes, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||
|
Quasisyndactylus longibrachis [64] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Middle Eocene |
An Alcediniformes Incertae Sedis, this is the type species of the new genus. |
||||
|
Rostratula pulia [65] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Jíří Mlíkovský |
Early Miocene |
MN 4b |
|||
|
Scolopax hutchensi [45] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Steven D. Emslie |
Late Pliocene |
|
A Scolopacidae. |
||
|
Struthio karingarabensis [52] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Yannicke Dauphin |
Early Miocene |
Karingarab |
A Struthionidae, eggshells. |
||
|
Tetrao rhodopensis [66] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Zlatozar N. Boev |
Early Pliocene |
A Phasianidae. |
|||
|
Xenopsitta fejfari [67] |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Jiří Mlíkovský |
Early Miocene |
A Psittacidae, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Pterosaurs
New taxa
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
References
- ↑ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
- ↑ Wehr, W. "Middle Eocene insects and plants of the Okanogan Highlands". In Martin, J. (ed.). Contributions to the Paleontology and Geology of the West Coast. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 99–109.
- 1 2 3 Currah, R.S.; Stockey, R.A.; LePage, B.A. (1998). "An Eocene tar spot on a fossil palm and its fungal hyperparasite". Mycologia. 90 (4): 667–673. doi:10.1080/00275514.1998.12026955.
- ↑ Jenner, Ronald A.; Hof, Cees H. J.; Schram, Frederick R. (1998). "Palaeo- and archaeostomatopods (Hoplocarida, Crustacea) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Mississippian (Namurian), of central Montana". Contributions to Zoology. 67 (3): 155. ISSN 1383-4517.
- ↑ Schram, Frederick R. (2007). "Paleozoic Proto-Mantis Shrimp Revisited". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (5): 895–916. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ↑ De Andrade, M. L. (1998). "First description of fossil Acanthostichus from Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft. 71: 269–274.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Andersen, N.M. (1998). "Water striders from the Paleogene of Denmark and review of fossil record and evolution of semi aquatic bugs (Hemiptera Gerromorpha)". Biologiske Skrifter. 50: 1–157.
- 1 2 Deuve, T. (1998). "Trois fossiles remarquablement conservés du Miocène de France, appartenant aux genres Carabus L. et Ledouxnebria nov. (Coleoptera, Carabidae et Nebriidae)". Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France. 103 (3): 229–236. doi:10.3406/bsef.1998.17421. S2CID 133246271.
- ↑ de Andrade., M. L. (1998). "Fossil and extant species of Cylindromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 105: 581–664. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.80052.
- ↑ Elicki, O.; Gürsu, S. (2009). "First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves" (PDF). Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (2): 267–291. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0021-9. S2CID 49380913. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ↑ Henrici, A. C. (1998). "A new pipoid anuran from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (2): 321–332. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011060.
- ↑ Dantas et al. (1998). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.
- ↑ Sanders and Carpenter (1998). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.
- ↑ Qiang et al. (1998). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.
- ↑ "Introduction," DiCroce and Carpenter (2001). Page 185.
- ↑ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
- ↑ Norman, D.B. 1998. On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 3. A new species of Iguanodontid dinosaur. Zool. Journal Linn. Soc. 122: pp. 291-348.
- 1 2 Hunt, A.P., Lucas, S.G., Heckert, A.B., R.M. Sullivan, and M.G. Lockley. 1998. Late Triassic Dinosaurs from the Western United States. Geobios 31 (4): pp. 511-531.
- ↑ Ji, Q.., P.J. Currie, M.A. Norell, and S.-A. Ji. 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393: pp. 753-761.
- ↑ Taquet, P. and D.A. Russell. 1998. New data on spinosaurid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of the Sahara. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 327: pp. 347-353.
- ↑ Bakker, RT. 1998. Dinosaur Mid-Life Crisis: The Jurassic-Cretaceous Transition in Wyoming and Colorado: In: Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems (S.G.Lucas, J.I. Kirkland and J.W. Estep, eds.). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14: pp. 67- 77.
- ↑ Kirkland, J.I. 1998. A new hadrosaurid from the Upper Cedar Mountain Formation (Albian- Cenomanian: Cretaceous) of Eastern Utah - the oldest known hadrosaurid (Lambeosaurine?). Pp. 283-295 in: Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems (S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, and J.W. Estep, eds.). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14.
- ↑ Carpenter, K., C. Miles, and K. Cloward. 1998. Skull of a Jurassic ankylosaur (Dinosauria). Nature. 393: pp. 782-783.
- ↑ Kirkland, J.I. 1998. A Polacanthinae Ankylosaur (Ornithischia: Dinosauria) from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of Eastern Utah. In: Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems (S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, and J.W. Estep, eds.). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14: pp. 271-281.
- ↑ He X., C. Wang, S. Liu, F. Zhou, T. Liu, K. Cai, and B. Dai. 1998. A new sauropod dinosaur during Early Jurassic in Gongxian County, Sichuan China. Sichuan Dizhi Xuebao Acta Geologica Sichuan 18 (1), pp. 1-6.
- ↑ Dalla Vecchia, F.M. 1998. Remains of Sauropoda (Reptilia, Saurischia) in the Lower Cretaceous (Upper Hauterivian/Lower Barremian) Limestones of SW Istria (Croatia). Geol. Croat 51 (2): pp. 105-134.
- ↑ Mateus, O. 1998. Lourinhanosaurus antunesi, a New Upper Jurassic Allosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Lourinhã (Portugal). Memórias da Academia de Ciências de Lisboa. 37: pp. 111- 124.
- ↑ Dantas, P.M., J.L. Sanz, C.M. Silva, F. Ortega, V.F. Santos, and M. Cachão. 1998. Lourinhasaurus n. gen. Novo dinossáurio saurópode do Jurássico superior (Kimmeridgiano superior-Titoniano inferior) de Portugal. Actas do V Congresso de Geologia. 84 (1): A-91-A-94.
- ↑ Novas, F.E. 1998. Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (1): pp. 4-9.
- ↑ Kirkland, J.I., B.B. Britt, C.H. Whittle, S.K. Madsen, and D.L. Burge. 1998. A small coelurosaurian theropod from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of eastern Utah. In: Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial ecosystems (S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, and J.W. Estep, eds.). Bull. New Mexico Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci.14: pp. 239-248.
- ↑ Tapia, A. 1919. Una mandibula de dinosaurio procedente de Patagonia. Rev. Soc. Arg. Cienc. Nat. Vil. 4: pp. 369-370.
- ↑ Long, J.A. and R.E. Molnar. 1998. A new Jurassic theropod dinosaur from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum. 19: pp. 121-129.
- ↑ Head, J.J. 1998. A new species of basal hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cenomanian of Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (4):pp. 718-738.
- ↑ Forster, C.A., S.D. Sampson, L.M. Chiappe, and D.W. Krause. 1998. The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science. 279: pp. 1915-1919.
- ↑ Forster, C.A., S.D. Sampson, L.M. Chiappe, and D.W. Krause. 1998. The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science. 279: pp. 1915-1919.
- ↑ Dal Sasso C. and M. Signore. 1998. Scipionyx samniticus (Saurischia, Theropoda): the first Italian dinosaur. Third European Workshop on Vertebrate Paleontology (abstract): p. 23.
- ↑ Barrett, P. M., Y. Hailu, R. Upchurch, and A.C. Burton. 1998. A new ankylosaurian Dinosaur (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 18 (2): pp. 376-384.
- ↑ Chiappe, L.P., M.A. Norell, and J.M. Clark. 1998. The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature. 392: pp. 275-278.
- ↑ Ratkevich, R and R. Scarborough. 1998. New Cretaceous brachiosaurid dinosaur, Sonorasaurus thompsoni, gen. et. sp. nov, from Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 31 (1): pp. 71-81.
- ↑ Pang, Q., and Z. Cheng. 1998. A new ankylosaur of Late Cretaceous from Tianzhen, Shaxi. Progress in Natural Science 8 (3): pp. 326-334.
- ↑ Le Loeuff, J., and E. Buffetaut. 1998. A new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France. Oryctos 1: pp. 105-112.
- ↑ Wolfe, D.G., and J.I. Kirkland J I. 1998. Zuniceratops christopheri n. gen. & n. sp., a ceratopsian dinosaur from the Moreno Hill Formation (Cretaceous, Turonian) of West-Central New Mexico. In: Lower and Middle Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems (S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, and J.W. Estep, eds.). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 14: pp. 303- 317.
- 1 2 3 4 Andrei V. Panteleyev (1998). "New Species of Enantiornithines (Aves: Enantiornithes) from Upper Cretaceous of Central Kyzylkum". Russian Journal of Ornithology, Express-issue. 35: 3–15.
- ↑ Zlatozar N. Boev (1998). "Actitis balcanica Sp. N. - A Late Pliocene Sandpiper (Aves: Scolopacidae) from Bulgaria" (PDF). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica. 9: 71–77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
- 1 2 3 4 Steven D. Emslie (1998). "Avian Community, Climate, and Sea-level Changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 50 (50): 1–113. doi:10.2307/40166707. JSTOR 40166707.
- ↑ Jiří Mlíkovský (1998). "A New Barn Owl (Aves: Strigidae) from the Early Miocene of Germany, with Comments on the Fossil History of the Tytoninae" (PDF). Journal für Ornithologie. 139 (3): 247–261. doi:10.1007/bf01653335. S2CID 46731635. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
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