1968 Canadian federal election

June 25, 1968
264 seats in the House of Commons 133 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout	75.7%[1] (0.9pp)
First party Second party Third party   Leader Pierre Trudeau Robert Stanfield Tommy Douglas Party Liberal Progressive Conservative New Democratic Leader since April 6, 1968 September 9, 1967 August 3, 1961 Leader's seat Mount Royal Halifax Burnaby—Coquitlam ran in Burnaby—Seymour (lost) Last election 131 seats, 40.18% 97 seats, 32.41% 21 seats, 17.91% Seats before 128 94 22 Seats won 154 72 22 Seat change 26 22 0 Popular vote 3,686,801 2,554,397 1,378,263 Percentage 45.37% 31.43% 16.96% Swing 5.18pp 0.98pp 0.95pp   Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Réal Caouette A.B. Patterson Party Ralliement créditiste Social Credit Leader since September 1, 1963 March 9, 1967 Leader's seat Témiscamingue Fraser Valley ran in Fraser Valley East (lost) Last election 9 seats, 4.66% 5 seats, 3.66% Seats before 8 3 Seats won 14 0 Seat change 6 3 Popular vote 360,404 68,742 Percentage 4.43%[lower-roman 1] 0.85% Swing 0.22pp 2.82pp
Popular vote by province, with graphs indicating the number of seats won. As this is an FPTP election, seat totals are not determined by popular vote by province but instead via results by each riding.
The Canadian parliament after the 1968 election
Prime Minister before election Pierre Trudeau Liberal Prime Minister after election Pierre Trudeau Liberal

The 1968 Canadian federal election was held on June 25, 1968, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 28th Parliament of Canada.

In April 1968, Prime Minister Lester Pearson of the Liberal Party resigned as party leader as a result of declining health and failing to win a majority government in two attempts. He was succeeded by his Minister of Justice and Attorney General Pierre Trudeau, who called an election immediately after becoming prime minister. Trudeau's charisma appealed to Canadian voters; his popularity became known as "Trudeaumania" and helped him win a comfortable majority. Robert Stanfield's Progressive Conservatives lost seats whereas the New Democratic Party's support stayed the same.

Background

Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson had announced in December 1967 that he would retire early in the following year, calling a new leadership election for the following April to decide on a successor. In February 1968, however, Pearson's government nearly fell before the leadership election could even take place, when it was unexpectedly defeated on a tax bill. Convention dictated that Pearson would have been forced to resign and call an election had the government been defeated on a full budget bill, but after taking legal advice, Governor General Roland Michener decreed that he would only ask for Pearson's resignation if an explicit motion of no confidence were called in his government. Ultimately, the New Democratic Party and Ralliement créditiste were not willing to topple the government over the issue, and even had they done so, Pearson would have been entitled to advise Michener not to hold an election until after the new Liberal leader had been chosen, but the incident made it clear that Pearson's successor could not feasibly hope to hold out until the next statutory general election date of November 1970, and would in all likelihood be forced to call an election much sooner.^[2]

Pierre Trudeau, who was a relative unknown until he was appointed to the cabinet by Pearson, won a surprise victory over Paul Martin Sr., Paul Hellyer and Robert Winters in the party's leadership election on April 6. He was sworn in as prime minister on April 20.

Parties and campaigns

Electoral system

In this election, for the first time since Confederation, all the MPs were elected as the single member for their district, through First past the post. Previously some had always been elected in multi-member ridings through Block Voting. From here on, single-winner First past the post would be the only electoral system used to elect MPs.^[6]

National results

The results of the election were sealed when on the night before the election a riot broke out at the St. Jean Baptiste Day parade in Montreal. Protesting the prime minister's attendance at the parade, supporters of Quebec independence yelled Trudeau au poteau [Trudeau to the gallows], and threw bottles and rocks. Trudeau, whose lack of military service during World War II had led some to question his courage, firmly stood his ground, and did not flee from the violence despite the wishes of his security escort. Images of Trudeau standing fast to the thrown bottles of the rioters were broadcast across the country, and swung the election even further in the Liberals' favour as many English-speaking Canadians believed that he would be the right leader to fight the threat of Quebec separatism.

The Social Credit Party, having lost two of the five seats it picked up at the previous election via defections (including former leader Robert N. Thompson, who defected to the Tories in March 1967), lost its three remaining seats. On the other hand, the Ralliement des créditistes (Social Credit Rally), the Québec wing of the party that had split from the English Canadian party, met with great success. The créditistes were a populist option appealing to social conservatives and Québec nationalists. They were especially strong in rural ridings and amongst poor voters. Party leader Réal Caouette campaigned against poverty, government indifference, and "la grosse finance" (big finance). The Canadian social credit movement would never win seats in English Canada again.

Atlantic Canada bucked the national trend, with the Tories making large gains in that region and winning pluralities in all four Atlantic provinces. In that region, the Tory brand was strengthened by the leadership of former Nova Scotian premier Stanfield. Voters in Newfoundland, who were growing increasingly weary of their Liberal administration under founding Premier Joey Smallwood, voted PC for the first time since entering Confederation.

Notes:

"% change" refers to change from previous election

x - less than 0.005% of the popular vote

"Dissolution" refers to party standings in the House of Commons immediately prior to the election call, not the results of the previous election.

Vote and seat summaries

Results by province

See also

• List of Canadian federal general elections
• List of political parties in Canada
• 28th Canadian Parliament

References

Further reading

• Argyle, Ray (2004). Turning Points: The Campaigns that Changed Canada 2004 and Before. Toronto: White Knight Publications. ISBN 978-0-9734186-6-8.
• Beck, James Murray (1968). Pendulum of Power; Canada's Federal Elections. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall of Canada. ISBN 978-0-13-655670-1.
• Peacock, Donald (1968). Journey to Power: The Story of a Canadian Election. Toronto: The Ryerson Press. ISBN 978-0-7700-0253-4.
• Saywell, John, ed. (1969). Canadian Annual Review for 1968. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-1649-2.
• Stevens, Geoffrey (1973). Stanfield. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9780771083587.
• Sullivan, Martin (1968). Mandate '68: The Year of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Doubleday.