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The 1160s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1160, and ended on December 31, 1169.
Events
1160
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Spring – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) sends an embassy led by John Kontostephanos to Jerusalem, to ask King Baldwin III to nominate one of the princesses of the Crusader States, as a bride for the widowed emperor. Their two candidates are 15-year-old Maria of Antioch, and Melisende of Tripoli. Baldwin suggests Melisende, and her brother Count Raymond III sets about gathering an enormous dowry. The ambassadors are not satisfied, and delay the marriage for over a year. They hear rumours about Melisende's birth, based on her mother's (Countess Hodierna of Jerusalem) infidelity, and therefore Melisende's possible illegitimacy.[1]
Europe
- January 25 – King Frederick I (Barbarossa) captures Crema after a 6-month siege, as part of his campaign against the independent Italian city-states. Some 20,000 survivors are allowed to leave the city with whatever they could carry before Crema is looted and burnt to the ground.[2] The expense of the siege (over 2,000 silver marks) and Frederick's determination to enforce it over the winter, demonstrates his ability to hold troops in the field and to keep his allies on side.[3]
- May 18 – Erik Jedvardsson (Eric IX) is murdered, after which his murderer Magnus Henriksen proclaims himself king of Sweden as Magnus II. He is murdered in turn the following year, however. Erik is soon worshipped as a saint. Though never formally canonized by Pope Alexander III, he eventually becomes the patron saint of Sweden.
- A plot of land at Miholjanec is donated to the Knights Templar, who build a monastery in nearby Zdelia. This is the earliest historical mention of the Templars in Croatia and Hungary.[4]
- Spital am Semmering (modern Austria) is founded by Margrave Ottokar III. He erects a hospital and completes the colonization of the area around the Traisen and Gölsen rivers.
- Autumn – Within weeks of the death of his second wife, Queen Constance of Castile, King Louis VII marries Adela of Champagne, daughter of Count Theobald II (the Great).
- A large Portuguese offensive begins in the Alentejo region, against the Almoravids.[5] The city of Tomar is founded by Gualdim Pais, Grand Master of the Knights Templar.
Levant
- Autumn – Raynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, makes a plundering raid in the valley of the Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants. On his way back to Antioch, he and his retinue are attacked by Zangid warriors. Raynald is unhorsed and captured, and sent to Aleppo where he is put in jail.[6]
Africa
- The Almohads conquer Mahdia (modern Tunisia) from the Normans after an important naval success near the city, against Christian reinforcements coming from Sicily.[7]
- A commercial treaty, between the Almohad Caliphate and the Republic of Pisa, opens the North African ports to Tuscan merchants (approximate date).
Asia
- Siege of Sanjō Palace: A rebel force (some 500 men) under Minamoto no Yoshitomo launches a night attack against Emperor Nijō. They kidnap the retired-Emperor Go-Shirakawa and set fire to the palace in Kyoto.[8]
- Emperor Dharanindravarman II dies and is succeeded by his cousin Yasovarman II as ruler of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia). Dharanindravarman's son Jayavarman VII goes into exile in neighboring Champa.
By topic
Education
- The Derby School is founded at Derby, England.
1161
By place
Europe
- February 3 – Battle of Oslo: King Inge I (the Hunchback) is defeated and killed, while fighting the forces of Haakon II (the Broadshouldered). He is succeeded by Haakon with the 5-year-old Magnus V as co-ruler, but not without challenges to his sovereignty.
- Magnus II (Henriksson), pretender to the Swedish throne, is murdered by Charles VII (or Karl), who becomes king of Sweden (until 1167).
- An Almoravid offensive against the Kingdom of Portugal reaches the city of Almada (located on the Tagus River).[9]
- Géza II of Hungary and the envoys of Pope Alexander III conclude the Concordat of 1161.[10]
Asia
- Jin–Song Wars: The Battle of Tangdao (November 16) and Battle of Caishi (November 26–27) on the Yangtze River, between the Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty in China, result in two pivotal Song naval victories.
- December 15 – Wanyan Liang, Chinese prince of Hailing, is assassinated while on campaign. He is succeeded by Emperor Shi Zong of the Jin Dynasty (until 1189).
England
- Spring – Theobald of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury dies after an illness. King Henry II is informed and he expresses the wish to have his friend Thomas Becket elected as his successor.
- Bartholomew Iscanus is elected and consecrated as bishop of Exeter (until 1184).
By topic
Religion
- The Cross of Euphrosyne, commissioned by Euphrosyne of Polotsk, is created by craftsman Lazar Bohsa. (The cross later went missing during World War II, and has not been recovered).
1162
By place
Europe
- March 6 – German forces, led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), capture Milan; much of the city is destroyed three weeks later, on the emperor's orders. The fortifications are demolished, and the churches are destroyed. The population is dispersed, and the commune abolished.[11] The fate of Milan leads to the submission of Brescia, Piacenza, and many other northern Italian cities.[12]
- July 7 – Norwegian forces under the pretender Magnus V (Erlingsson) defeat the 15-year-old King Haakon II (Sigurdsson), who is killed in battle in Romsdal after a 5-year reign.
- July 15 – Ladislaus II, duke of Bosnia, is declared king of Hungary and Croatia. He is crowned by Archbishop Mikó and grants one-third of the kingdom to his brother, Stephen IV.
England
- June 3 – King Henry II has his chancellor Thomas Becket elected to succeed the late Theobald of Bec as archbishop of Canterbury. He accepts the pallium send by Pope Alexander III.
Africa
- The Almohad emir, Abd al-Mu'min, prepares a gigantic fleet of some four hundred ships to invade Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He dies the following year, before the fleet is completed.[13]
China
- July 24 – Emperor Gao Zong becomes embroiled in war again as hostilities resume with the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) after 21 years of peace. Another peace treaty is signed, Gao abdicates the throne in favor of his adopted son Xiao Zong. The smaller Southern Song empire becomes richer than the Song Dynasty.
By topic
Religion
- The Beisi Pagoda (or North Temple Pagoda) is completed during the Song Dynasty.
1163
- Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales.[14][15]
- Silesian duchies accept the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire.[16][17][18]
- The Law of Succession is introduced in Norway.[19][20][21]
- Council of Tours: Albigensians are named and condemned as heretics.[22][23]
- Loccum Abbey in Hanover is founded as a Cistercian house, by abbot Ekkehard.[24][25]
- The Guanfuchang salt-fields (官富場) in Hong Kong (nowadays To Kwa Wan, Kowloon Bay, Kwun Tong and Lam Tin districts) are first officially operated by the Song dynasty.[26]
- The first stone of Paris's Notre Dame Cathedral is set by Pope Alexander III.[27][28][29]
1164
By place
Europe
- Battle of Renfrew: A Norse-Gaelic army led by Lord Somerled, ruler of the Isles, invades Scotland and is routed by the Scottish forces under the command of Walter fitz Alan and Herbert of Selkirk, bishop of Glasgow.
England
- January 30 – King Henry II tries to delimit spiritual and royal jurisdictions in the Constitutions of Clarendon, written in large part by his councilor Richard de Luci. [30]
- November 2 – Thomas Becket, having contended with Henry II over the power of secular courts, is found guilty of contempt of court, and exiled to France.[30]
Levant
- Spring – Saladin accompanies his uncle, General Shirkuh, with an army sent to the Fatimid Caliphate (modern Egypt) by Nur al-Din, ruler (atabeg) of Syria.[31]
- August 12 – Battle of Harim: Zangid forces under Nur al-Din defeat and capture Bohemond III of Antioch, Raymond of Tripoli, and Hugh of Lusignan.
Africa
- A commercial treaty grants access to Almohad-dominated ports to merchants from several European powers, including Marseille and Savona.[32]
Asia
- September 14 – Emperor Sutoku dies in Sanuki Province (on the island of Shikoku), having lived in exile from the capital at Kyoto (since 1156).
By topic
Markets
- Venice secures its loans against fiscal revenues, to obtain lower interest rates. In the first operation of this kind, the Republic obtains 1150 silver marci, for 12 years of the taxes levied on the Rialto market.[33]
Religion
- April 20 – Antipope Victor IV dies at Rome and is succeeded by Paschal III , who has gained election through the influence of Archchancellor Rainald of Dassel.
- August 5 – Uppsala is recognized as the seat of the Swedish metropolitan, with the coronation of its first archbishop Stefan, by Pope Alexander III.
- King Olaf II of Norway is canonized as Saint Olaf by Alexander III, making him a universally recognised saint of the Catholic Church.
- Rainald of Dassel brings relics of the Three Magi, from Milan to Cologne as a gift for Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa).
1165
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Spring – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) makes an alliance with Venice against Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), who takes an oath at the Diet of Würzburg to support Antipope Paschal III against Pope Alexander III.
- Andronikos Komnenos, a cousin of Manuel I, escapes from prison at Constantinople. After passing through many dangers, he reaches Kiev and seeks refuge at the court of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl.
Europe
- Gerald the Fearless, Portuguese warrior and adventurer, seizes the city Évora by surprise. The same year (or soon after), he takes Cáceres, Trujillo, Montánchez, Moura, Monsaraz and Alconchel from the Almohads.
- October 15 – Battle of Fahs al-Jullab: Almohads forces defeat Ibn Mardanish, ruler of the Taifa of Murcia. His army is routed at a place called the "merchant field" near Alhama, in the valley of the Guadalentín.[34]
- Benjamin of Tudela, Spanish Jewish traveler, sets out on his journey from the northeast Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain), in what begins as a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[35]
- Otto II (the Rich), margrave of Meissen, grants Leipzig city and market privileges. The city is located at the crossways of the Via Regia and Via Imperii trade routes.
England
- King Owain ap Gruffydd (the Great) of Gwynedd forms an alliance with his nephew Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth, to challenge English rule. They drive the English forces out of Wales.
- Battle of Crogen: King Henry II invades Wales, but is defeated and forced to retreat. After Welsh forces under Owain ap Gruffydd inflict an unknown number of casualties on the English army.
- Henry II's marriage with Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine is effectively ended when she moves back to Aquitaine. Henry begins an affair with Rosamund Clifford.
- December 9 – King Malcolm IV dies at Jedburgh after a 12-year reign and is succeeded by his brother William I (the Lion) as ruler of Scotland (until 1214).
Asia
- January 30 – Emperor Go-Shirakawa holds an opening ceremony for the Sanjūsangen-dō, a temple built by Taira no Kiyomori.
- September 5 – Emperor Nijō abdicates the throne and dies after a 7-year reign. He is succeeded by his 1-year-old son Rokujō as the 79th emperor of Japan.
- In China the Jin Dynasty (Great Jin) and the Song Dynasty make a lasting peace (until 1205).
By topic
Religion
- Eskil, Danish archbishop of Lund, appoints Fulco as the first Bishop of Estonia, marking the early beginning of the introduction of Christianity to the country. He will visit Estonia for the first time in 1169 or 1170.
- Hildegard of Bingen, German Benedictine abbess, founds Eibingen Abbey on the opposite bank of the Rhine near Rüdesheim (approximate date).
- The construction of Liuhe Pagoda (Six Harmonies Pagoda) in Hangzhou, China, is completed during the Song Dynasty.
1166
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) asks Venice to help pay the costs of defending Sicily, whose Norman rulers have had good relations with Venice. Doge Vitale II Michiel refuses to pay the requested subsidy. Manuel begins to cultivate relationships with the main commercial rivals of Venice: Genoa and Pisa. He grants them their own trade quarters in Constantinople, very near the Venetian settlements.
Europe
- May 7 – King William I (the Wicked) of Sicily dies at Palermo after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son William II (the Good), whose mother, Margaret of Navarre, will be regent until he comes of age.
- Battle of Pantina: The Byzantines intervene on behalf of Grand Prince Tihomir of Serbia against his rebellious brother, Prince Stefan Nemanja, who defeats the Byzantine forces and becomes Grand Župan of Serbia.
- Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, has the Brunswick Lion created at Dankwarderode Castle in Braunschweig (modern Germany). Mentioned by Albert of Stade, a German abbot and chronicler, as the year of origin.
- July 5 – The town of Bad Kleinkirchheim (modern Austria) is first mentioned, in an ecclesiastical document, in which Archbishop Conrad II of Salzburg confirms the donation of a chapel, nearby Millstatt Abbey.
- Autumn – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) begins his fourth Italian campaign, hoping to secure the claim of Antipope Paschal III in Rome and the coronation of his wife Beatrice I as Holy Roman Empress.
- Mieszko III (the Old) proclaims a Prussian crusade against the pagans and pressures the collaboration of Frederick I. He leaves Greater Poland in the hands of his younger brother Casimir II (the Just).
England
- Diarmaid mac Murchadha is exiled and goes to Normandy, and the court of King Henry II to ask for assistance in retaking his kingdom. Henry gives him permission to find a willing army from either England or Wales.
- Richard de Clare (Strongbow), 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and his half-brothers Robert FitzStephen and Maurice FitzGerald, agree to help Diarmaid mac Murchadha in return for Diarmaid's daughter's hand in marriage.
- Cartae Baronum ("Charters of the Barons"), a survey commissioned by the Treasury requiring each baron to declare how many knights he had enfeoffed.
- Summer – Henry II invades and conquers Brittany to punish the local Breton barons. He grants the territory to his 7-year-old son Geoffrey.[36]
- Henry II enacts the Assize of Clarendon, reforming English law, with the aim of improving the justice process, including the jury system.[30]
- William Marshal, a Norman statesman, described as "the greatest knight that ever lived", is knighted while on campaign in Normandy.
Ireland
- Muirchertach mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland, is killed. He is succeeded by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht, who defeats Diarmaid mac Murchadha (or Dermot) in battle, another ruler in eastern Ireland.
1167
By place
Europe
- April 7 – Oath of Pontida: Supported by Pope Alexander III, the Lombard League is founded, a military alliance between the municipalities of Milan, Lodi, Ferrara, Piacenza and Parma, against the German invading forces of Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) in Northern Italy. The League (with other Italian cities) openly challenges Frederick's claim to power (Honor Imperii).
- April 12 – King Charles VII (Sverkersson) is murdered at Visingsö by supporters of Canute I (son of Eric IX), who proclaims himself king of Sweden. However, Charles's half-brothers Boleslaw and Kol Sverkerson proclaim themselves rulers of Östergötland, in opposition to Canute, which leads to fights for the power in Sweden (until 1173).
- May 29 – Battle of Monte Porzio: The army of the Commune of Rome is defeated by German forces under Frederick I and the local princes; Alexander III leaves Rome.[37] Frederick proceeds to Rome, where he is crowned by Antipope Paschal III for the second time. A sudden outbreak of pestilence kills many of his advisors and knights.[38]
- July 8 – Battle of Sirmium: Byzantine forces (15,000 men) under General Andronikos Kontostephanos defeat the Hungarians at Sirmium. Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) consolidates his control over the western Balkans.
- August – Frederick I claims imperial authority over Bohemia, Greater Poland and Hungary. He installs his 3-year-old son Frederick V as duke of Swabia, after Frederick's cousin, Frederick IV, dies of disease at Rome.
Egypt
- March 18 – Battle of Al-Babein: A second Zangid army (some 12,000 men) under General Shirkuh and his nephew Saladin marches towards Egypt, but is met by the combined Crusader-Fatimid forces led by King Amalric of Jerusalem. After skirmishing down the Nile, the Crusaders are defeated near Giza and forced to retreat to Cairo.[39]
- May–June – Saladin leads the defence of Alexandria against the Crusader-Fatimid forces. He takes command over the garrison (plus some 1,000 cavalry), and the army's sick and wounded.[40]
- August 4 – Amalric I accepts a peace treaty and enters Alexandria at the head of the Crusader army. Saladin and his troops are escorted out with full military honours, and retreats to Syria.[41]
Ireland
- Diarmaid mac Murchadha (or Dermot), former king of Leinster, returns to Ireland with an advance party of Flemings under Richard fitz Godbert de Roche.
England
- King Henry II prohibits English students from attending the University of Paris; many settle at the University of Oxford.[42]
Asia
- Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan.
By topic
Religion
- Absalon, Danish archbishop and statesman, leads the first synod at Lund. He is granted land around the city of "Havn" (modern-day Copenhagen) and fortifies the coastal defence against the Wends.
1168
By place
Levant
- Summer – King Amalric I of Jerusalem, and Byzantine emperor Manuel I (Komnenos), negotiate an alliance against Fatimid-Egypt. Archbishop William of Tyre is among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople, to finalize the treaty.
- Autumn – William IV, count of Nevers, arrives in Palestine with a contingent of elite knights. In Jerusalem he is present during a council with Amalric and other nobles to decide on an expedition to Egypt.
- October 20 – Amalric I invades Egypt again from Ascalon, sacking Bilbeis and threatening Cairo. In November, a Crusader fleet sails up the Nile and arrives in Lake Manzala, sacking the town of Tanis.[43]
- Nur al-Din, Zangid ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, sends an expedition under General Shirkuh to Egypt on request of the Fatimid caliph Al-Adid. He offers him a third of the land, and fiefs for his generals.[44]
Egypt
- December 22 – Afraid that the Egyptian capital Fustat (modern-day Old Cairo) will be captured by Crusader forces, its Fatimid vizier, Shawar, orders the city set afire. The capital burns for 54 days.
Europe
- March 27 – Patrick of Salisbury, Angevin governor of Poitou, is killed in an ambush at Poitiers by French forces under Guy of Lusignan. He is escorting Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine on a journey near the border of Aquitaine. Patrick's nephew, William Marshal, is part of the royal escort and is taken prisoner. Later he is ransomed and becomes a member of Eleanor's household.[45]
- King Valdemar I (the Great) of Denmark conquers the Wendish capital at Arkona on the island of Rügen (modern Germany). The Wends become Christians and subject to Danish suzerainty.
- Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, marries the 12-year-old Matilda (or Maud), daughter of King Henry II of England.[46]
- The newly born Commune of Rome conquers and destroys the rival neighboring city of Albano (modern Italy).[47]
- Stephen du Perche, Sicilian chancellor, is accused of plotting to claim the throne and is forced to flee.
Asia
- April 9 – Emperor Rokujō is deposed by his grandfather, retired-Emperor Go-Shirakawa, after an 8-month reign. He is succeeded by his 6-year-old uncle, Takakura, as the 80th emperor of Japan.
- Yuanqu County (known as Wanting County) in China is destroyed by a flood of the Yellow River.
By topic
Religion
- September 20 – Antipope Paschal III dies at Rome after a 4-year reign. Giovanni di Struma is elected as his successor and will reign as Antipope Callixtus III with support from Emperor Frederick I.
1169
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Late Summer – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) sends an embassy to Egypt to demand tribute, and threatens the country with war when they refuse to pay it. The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Andronikos Kontostephanos sets out from the Hellespont; 60 war galleys are sent to Palestine with money for "the knights of Jerusalem". Andronikos with the rest of the fleet sails to Cyprus, at which he defeats a patrolling squadron of 6 Fatimid ships.[48]
Europe
- Spring – Gerald the Fearless, Portuguese warrior and knight, receives the support of King Afonso I (the Great). The Almohad caliph, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, manages to broker an alliance with King Ferdinand II against Afonso. The allies manage to besiege Badajoz, and finally take both Afonso and Gerald prisoner.[49]
- King Henry II of England and Louis VII sign a peace treaty which includes the betrothal of their respective heirs, the 11-year-old Richard I and the 8-year-old Alys of France (or Alice).[50]
- Andrey Bogolyubsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, sacks Kiev (with help from allies) and makes Vladimir the capital of Kievan Rus'. He installs relatives on the throne at Kiev.
- During the Swedish power struggle, Boleslaw is killed, but his brother Kol continues as ruler of Östergötland (until 1173), in opposition to King Knut I (Eriksson) of Sweden.
- February 4 – 1169 Sicily earthquake: An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of around 7 strikes the eastern coast of Sicily, causing an estimated 15,000 deaths.
- Stephen III of Hungary concludes a concordat with Pope Alexander III, renouncing his right of investiture.[51]
England
- Henry II makes an effort to end the strife between him and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, in order that he may dally in western Herefordshire with his mistress, Rosamund Clifford, the daughter of Walter de Clifford. He divides the succession to his kingdom among his four sons, Henry the Young King, Richard I, Geoffrey II and John.
Ireland
- May – Norman invasion of Ireland: Anglo-Norman mercenaries land at the request of King Diarmaid mac Murchadha (Dermot).[52] Among those arriving is Richard de Clare (a vassal of Henry II), who has made an alliance with exiled Diarmaid mac Murchadha to help him regain the throne of Leinster. This begins the period of Anglo-Norman dominance of Ireland.
Egypt
- Spring – A Zangid expedition under General Shirkuh accompanied by his nephew Saladin invades Egypt. King Amalric I of Jerusalem orders his fleet to return to Acre and retreats with the Crusaders back to Palestine.
- January 8 – Shirkuh enters Cairo, leaving the Zangid army encamped outside the city. He goes to the palace, where the 18-year-old Fatimid caliph Al-Adid welcomes him with ceremonial gifts and promised money.[53]
- January 18 – Shawar, Fatimid vizier and de facto ruler, is invited to join Shirkuh on a pilgrimage to the tomb of Al-Shafi'i. Underway he and his escort are taken prisoner; on orders from Al-Adid, Shawar is decapitated.[54]
- March 23 – Shirkuh dies from over-eating after a 2-month reign.[55] He is succeeded by Saladin, who is appointed chief vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate. He takes over as commander of Nur al-Din's forces in Egypt.[56]
- Summer – Saladin invites his brother Turan-Shah to join him in Cairo. He brings his family and retinue with him but also a substantial army provided by Nur al-Din. Turan-Shah is welcomed by Al-Adid as a friend.[57]
- August 21–23 – At the Battle of the Blacks, Saladin crushes a rebellion by Sudanese forces (50,000 men) of the Fatimid army, along with a number of Egyptian emirs and commoners. He never again has to face a military uprising from Cairo.[58]
- Winter – Saladin supported by reinforcements from Nur al-din, defeats a Crusader-Byzantine force under Amalric I near Damietta. During the 3-month siege, the Crusaders are forced to retreat to Palestine.[59]
By topic
Art and Science
- Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II, to establish her own court in Poitiers. It will become known as a center of courtly love. Richard I accompanies his mother and is made heir to Aquitaine.
Significant people
- Al-Mustanjid caliph of Baghdad
- Pope Alexander III
- Al-Adid last Fatimid caliph
Births
1160
- October 4 – Alys of France, daughter of Louis VII (d. 1220)
- December 3 – Conrad of Querfurt, German bishop (d. 1202)
- Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, Almohad caliph (d. 1199)
- Adolf III, count of Schaumburg and Holstein (d. 1225)
- Alice of Courtenay, French noblewoman (d. 1218)
- Ali ibn al-Athir, Arab historian and biographer (d. 1233)
- Azriel of Gerona, Catalan Jewish leader (d. 1238)
- Beatrice of Viennois, countess of Savoy (d. 1230)
- Bertold V, German nobleman (House of Zähringen) (d. 1218)
- Cadenet, French poet and troubadour (approximate date)
- David Kimhi, French rabbi and grammarian (d. 1235)
- Dulce of Aragon, queen of Portugal (d. 1198)
- Eschiva of Ibelin, queen of Cyprus (d. 1196)
- Eudokia Komnene, French noblewoman (d. 1203)
- Hartmann I, count of Württemberg (d. 1240)
- Isaac the Blind, French rabbi and writer (d. 1235)
- John of Hexham, English chronicler (d. 1209)
- John of Matha, French priest and saint (d. 1213)
- Konoe Motomichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1233)
- Ma Yuan, Chinese landscape painter (d. 1225)
- Mestwin I, duke of Pomerania (approximate date)
- Parisius (or Parisio), Italian priest and saint (d. 1267)
- Philip the Chancellor, French theologian (d. 1236)
- Rudolph I, count palatine of Tübingen (d. 1219)
- Sasaki Takatsuna, Japanese samurai (d. 1214)
- Sibylla (or Sibylle), queen of Jerusalem (d. 1190)
- Siraj al-Din al-Sakaki, Persian scholar (d. 1229)
- Taira no Koremori, Japanese general (d. 1184)
- Taira no Noritsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1185)
- Tamar the Great, queen of Georgia (approximate date)
- Vladislaus III, duke of Bohemia (approximate date)
1161
- February 22 – Innocent III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1216)
- September 20 – Takakura, emperor of Japan (d. 1181)
- Alfonso Téllez de Meneses, Spanish nobleman (d. 1230)
- Baldwin IV (the Leper), king of Jerusalem (d. 1185)
- Beatrice of Albon, duchess of Burgundy (d. 1228)
- Belgutei, half-brother of Genghis Khan (d. 1271)
- Börte, wife of Genghis Khan (approximate date)
- Constance, duchess of Brittany (approximate date)
- Da'ud Abu al-Fadl, Ayyubid physician (d. 1242)
- Eleanor of England, queen of Castile (d. 1214)
- Guðmundur Arason, Icelandic bishop (d. 1237)
- Sancho (or Sanche), Spanish nobleman (d. 1223)
- Sasaki Yoshikiyo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1242)
- Satō Tadanobu, Japanese samurai (d. 1186)
- Tsangpa Gyare, Tibetan Buddhist leader (d. 1211)
1162
- March 5 – Ogasawara Nagakiyo, Japanese warrior (d. 1242)
- March 11 – Theodoric I, margrave of Meissen (d. 1221)
- June 20 – Benchō, Japanese Buddhist patriarch (d. 1238)
- June 30 – Yang (or Gongsheng), Chinese empress (d. 1233)
- Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, Abbasid traveler and writer (d. 1231)
- Fujiwara no Teika, Japanese poet and calligrapher (d. 1241)
- Gebre Mesqel, ruler of the Ethiopian Empire (d. 1221)
- Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire (d. 1227)
- Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex (approximate date)
- Guillem de Cabestany, Spanish troubadour (d. 1212)
- Kajiwara Kagesue, Japanese nobleman (d. 1200)
- Renier of Montferrat, Byzantine politician (d. 1183)
1163
- Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia (d. 1204)[60]
- Canute VI of Denmark (d. 1202)[61][62]
- Ottokar IV of Styria (d. 1192)[63][64]
- Hōjō Yoshitoki, Kamakura regent (d. 1224)[65][66][67]
- As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, ruler of Syria (d. 1181)[68][69]
- Ibn al-Qabisi (d. 1235)[70]
1164
- July 16 – Frederick V, son of Frederick I (Barbarossa)
- December 28 – Rokujō, emperor of Japan (d. 1176)
- Fulk of Pavia, Italian prelate and bishop (d. 1229)
- Hatakeyama Shigetada, Japanese samurai (d. 1205)
- Ibn Tumlus, Moorish scholar and physician (d. 1223)
- Isabel de Bolebec, English noblewoman (d. 1245)
- Shi Miyuan, Chinese official and politician (d. 1233)
1165
- August 21 – Philip II, king of France (d. 1223)
- Albéric Clément, Marshal of France (d. 1191)
- Albert of Buxhoeven, bishop of Riga (d. 1229)
- Blacas III, French knight and troubadour (d. 1237)
- Conrad III, German cleric and bishop (d. 1224)
- Han (or Gongshu), Chinese empress (d. 1200)
- Henry I (the Brave), duke of Brabant (d. 1235)
- Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1197)[71]
- Henry the Bearded, High Duke of Poland (d. 1238)
- Hermann von Salza, German nobleman (d. 1239)
- Ibn Arabi, Andalusian philosopher (d. 1240)[72]
- Jean Bodel, French poet and writer (d. 1210)
- Jean de Montmirail, French nobleman (d. 1217)
- Joan of England, queen of Sicily (d. 1199)
- Phillipe de Plessis, French Grand Master (d. 1209)
- Renaud I (or Reginald), French nobleman (d. 1227)
- Ruben II (or Roupen), Armenian prince (d. 1170)
- Shizuka Gozen, Japanese court dancer (d. 1211)
- Theobald Walter, Norman High Sheriff (d. 1206)
- Waleran III (or Walram), duke of Limburg (d. 1226)
- William the Breton, French chronicler (d. 1225)
1166
- February 24 – Al-Mansur Abdallah, Zaidi imam (d. 1217)
- July 29 – Henry I (or Henry II), king of Jerusalem (d. 1197)
- December 24 – John, king of England (d. 1216)
- Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, Moorish pharmacist (d. 1239)
- Alan IV (the Young), viscount of Rohan (d. 1205)
- Arnold of Altena, German nobleman (d. 1209)
- Choe U, Korean general and dictator (d. 1249)
- Humphrey IV, lord of Toron (approximate date)
- Judah ben Isaac Messer, French rabbi (b. 1224)
- Odo III (or Eudes), duke of Burgundy (d. 1218)
- Philip d'Aubigny, English nobleman (d. 1236)
- Prithviraj Chauhan, Indian ruler of Ajmer (d. 1192)
- Shimazu Tadahisa, Japanese warlord (d. 1227)
- Shunten (or Shunten-Ō), Ryukyu ruler (d. 1237)
- Tamar the Great, queen of Georgia (d. 1213)
- Wansong Xingxiu, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 1246)
- William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey (d. 1240)
1167
- February – Frederick VI, duke of Swabia (d. 1191)
- Anders Sunesen, archbishop of Lund (d. 1228)
- Warin II (the Younger), Norman knight (d. 1218)
- William I, count of Holland (Low Countries) (d. 1222)
1168
- April 22 – Abubakar ibn Gussom, Arab poet (d. 1242)
- August 31 – Zhang Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1208)
- November 19 – Ning Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1224)
- Ibn Muti al-Zawawi, Arab jurist and philologian (d. 1231)
- Robert of Braybrooke, English High Sheriff (d. 1210)
- Robert of Courtenay, French nobleman and knight (d. 1239)
- Temüge (or Otgon), brother of Genghis Khan (d. 1246)
- William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby (approximate date)
1169
- September 10 – Alexios II Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1183)
- Ahi Evren, Bektashi Sufi preacher and philosopher (d. 1261)
- Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus (d. 1225)
- Eustace de Vesci, English nobleman and military leader (d. 1216)
- Ibn al-Mustawfi, Ayyubid governor and historian (d. 1239)
- Fujiwara no Yoshitsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1206)
- Muhammad II, Khwarezmid viceroy and ruler (d. 1220)
- Nasu no Yoichi, Japanese samurai (approximate date)
- Taira no Atsumori, Japanese samurai (d. 1184)
Deaths
1160
- March 12 – Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 1096)[73]
- April 3 – William FitzAlan, Breton nobleman (b. 1105)
- April 27 – Rudolf I, count of Bregenz and Chur (b. 1081)
- May 18
- Eric IX (the Holy), king of Sweden (b. 1120)
- Ibn al-Qalanisi, Arab politician and chronicler
- May 31 – Mechtildis of Edelstetten, German abbess
- July 23 – Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1149)
- October 4 – Constance of Castile, queen of France (b. 1141)
- December 17 – Gilla na Naemh Ua Duinn, Irish poet (b. 1102)
- December 22 – Fujiwara no Nariko, Japanese empress (b. 1117)
- Dharanindravarman II, Cambodian ruler of the Khmer Empire
- Fujiwara no Michinori, Japanese nobleman (b. 1106)
- Fujiwara no Nobuyori, Japanese nobleman (b. 1133)
- Gonzalo Fernández de Traba, Galician nobleman
- Helena of Skövde, Swedish noblewoman and saint
- Herman III (the Great), German nobleman (b. 1105)
- Herman of Carinthia, German astronomer (b. 1100)
- Hugh Candidus, English monk and historian (b. 1095)
- Ibn Quzman, Andalusian poet and writer (b. 1087)
- Mahsati, Persian female poet and writer (b. 1089)
- Minamoto no Tomonaga, Japanese samurai (b. 1144)
- Minamoto no Yoshihira, Japanese nobleman (b. 1140)
- Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Japanese general (b. 1123)
- Niklot, Obotrite prince (House of Mecklenburg) (b. 1090)
- Peter Lombard, French bishop and theologian (b. 1096)
- Philip of France, French prince and archdeacon (b. 1132)
- Raymond du Puy, French knight and Grand Master (b. 1083)
- Robert I (Nostell), Norman churchman and prior (b. 1100)
- Sophie of Winzenburg, German noblewoman (b. 1105)
1161
- February 3 – Inge I (the Hunchback), king of Norway (b. 1135)
- April 18 – Theobald of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1090)
- May 12 – Fergus of Galloway, Scottish nobleman
- June 14 – Qin Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1100)
- September 10 – Tala'i ibn Ruzzik, Fatimid vizier
- September 11 – Melisende, queen of Jerusalem (b. 1105)
- October 12 – Henry V, duke of Carinthia (House of Sponheim)
- October 28 – Imar of Tusculum, French abbot and bishop
- November 21 – William III, count of Nevers and Auxerre
- November 23 – Adam of Ebrach, German monk and abbot
- December 15 – Wanyan Liang, Chinese emperor (b. 1122)
- Akarius Fitz Bardolph, English nobleman and knight
- Hu Hong, Chinese scholar and philosopher (b. 1105)
- Magnus II (Henriksson), king of Sweden (b. 1130)
- Rechung Dorje Drakpa, Tibetan Buddhist leader
- Roger IV, duke of Apulia and Calabria (b. 1152)
1162
- February 18 – Theotonius, Portuguese advisor (b. 1082)
- May 31 – Géza II, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1130)
- July 7 – Haakon II (Sigurdsson), king of Norway (b. 1147)
- July 29 – Guigues V, count of Albon and Grenoble (b. 1125)
- July 31 – Fujiwara no Tadazane, Japanese nobleman (b. 1078)
- August 6 – Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona (b. 1114)
- September 27 – Odo II, duke of Burgundy (b. 1118)
- Adalbert of Pomerania, German missionary and bishop
- Angharad ferch Owain, queen of Gwynedd (b. 1065)
- Odo of Deuil (or Eudes), French abbot and historian
- Henry Aristippus (or Henricus), Italian chancellor
- Hugh de Morville, Norman nobleman and knight
- Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (b. 1094)
- Judith of Baden, German margravine
- Richard de Belmeis II, English bishop and politician
- Sylvester of Marsico, Norman nobleman (b. 1100)
- Tiantong Zongjue, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 1091)
1163
- January 14 – King Ladislaus II of Hungary (b. 1131)[74][75][76]
- February 10 – King Baldwin III of Jerusalem (b. 1130)[77][78][79]
- date unknown
1164
- January 30 – William of Anjou, viscount of Dieppe (b. 1136)
- March 13 – Fujiwara no Tadamichi, Japanese regent (b. 1097)
- April 20 – Victor IV, antipope of Rome (b. 1095)[88]
- May 16 – Héloïse, French scholar and abbess
- May 19 – Bashnouna, Egyptian monk and martyr
- June 18 – Elisabeth of Schönau, German abbess
- September 4 – Henry II, prince-bishop of Liège
- September 14 – Sutoku, emperor of Japan (b. 1119)
- November 11 – Hugh of Amiens, French archbishop
- December 23 – Hartmann of Brixen, German bishop (b. 1090)
- December 31 – Ottokar III, margrave of Styria (b. 1124)
- Herbert of Selkirk, Scottish bishop and chancellor
- Hodierna of Jerusalem, countess of Tripoli (b. 1110)
- Ortlieb of Zwiefalten, German Benedictine abbot
- Zhang Jun, Chinese grand chancellor (b. 1097)
1165
- January 24 – William of Ypres, Flemish nobleman (b. 1090)
- February 7 – Stephen of Armenia, Armenian nobleman (b. 1111)
- March 27 – Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra, Abbasid vizier (b. 1105)
- April 11
- Ibn al-Tilmidh, Arab physician and calligrapher (b. 1074)
- Stephen IV, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1133)
- September 5 – Nijō, emperor of Japan (b. 1143)
- December 9 – Malcolm IV, king of Scotland (b. 1141)
- Adalgott II of Disentis, German abbot and bishop
- Goswin of Anchin, Flemish Benedictine abbot (b. 1086)
- Gottfried of Admont, German Benedictine abbot
- Helias de Say (or Hellias), Norman nobleman
- John FitzGilbert, Marshal of England (b. 1105)
- Muhammad al-Idrisi, Arab geographer (b. 1100)
- Rostislav Glebovich, Kievan prince of Minsk
- Sibylla of Anjou, countess of Flanders (b. 1112)
1166
- February 21 – Abdul Qadir Gilani, Persian preacher (b. 1078)
- April 9 – Waleran de Beaumont, English nobleman (b. 1104)
- May 7 – William I (the wicked), king of Sicily (b. 1120)
- October 12 - Henry I, duke of Wiślica
- Ahmad Yasawi, Turkic Sufi religious leader (b. 1093)
- Athanasius VII bar Qatra, Syrian patriarch of Antioch
- Fujiwara no Motozane, Japanese waka poet (b. 1143)
- Gillamaire Ua Conallta, Irish poet and Chief Ollam
- Grigor III, Armenian catholicos of Cilicia (b. 1093)
- Konoe Motozane, Japanese nobleman (b. 1143)
- Muirchertach mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland
- Rosalia, Norman nobleman and saint (b. 1130)
1167
- January 12 – Aelred of Rievaulx, English abbot (b. 1110)
- February 27 – Robert of Melun, bishop of Hereford (b. 1100)
- April 12 – Charles VII (Sverkersson), king of Sweden (b. 1130)
- July 13 – Xia (Shenfu), Chinese empress consort (b. 1136)
- August
- August 14 – Rainald of Dassel, German archbishop (b. 1120)
- August 17 – Nicolò Politi, Italian monk and hermit (b. 1117)
- August 22 – Relindis of Hohenburg, French abbess
- September 10 – Matilda, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1102)
- Abraham ibn Ezra, Spanish philosopher (approximate date)
- Alaungsithu, Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty (b. 1090)
- Basava, Indian philosopher and statesman (b. 1105)
- Christian I (the Quarrelsome), count of Oldenburg
- Euphrosyne of Polotsk, Kievan princess (b. 1104)
- Hugh of Poitiers, French monk and chronicler
- Occo of Schleswig (or Ogge), Danish bishop
- Raymond I (or Raimond), French nobleman
- Rostislav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1110)
1168
- January 17 – Thierry of Alsace, count of Flanders (b. 1099)
- March 27 – Patrick of Salisbury, Norman nobleman (b. 1122)
- April 5 – Robert de Beaumont, English nobleman (b. 1104)
- September 20 – Paschal III, antipope of Rome (b. 1110)
- October 24 – William IV, count of Auxerre and Nevers
- November 5 – Hugh IX (Lusignan), French nobleman
- Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi, Persian scholar (b. 1097)
- Bermudo Pérez de Traba, Spanish nobleman (b. 1088)
- Conrad of Babenberg, archbishop of Salzburg (b. 1115)
- Wivina, French Benedictine abbess and saint (b. 1103)
1169
- January 13 – Bertrand de Blanchefort, French Grand Master
- January 18 – Shawar, Fatimid vizier and de facto ruler
- February 4 – John of Ajello, Italian bishop of Catania
- February 6 – Thoros II (the Great), prince of Armenia
- March 23 – Shirkuh, Zangid general and chief vizier[89]
- May 21 – Berthold of Zwiefalten, German abbot
- July 9 – Guido of Pisa, Italian geographer
- Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, Persian polymath
- Basil bar Shumna, archbishop of Edessa
- Bohemond II, Italian count of Manoppello
- Boleslaw, Swedish co-ruler of Östergötland
- Gerhoh of Reichersberg, German theologian
- Hilary of Chichester, English bishop (b. 1110)
- Hillin of Falmagne, German archbishop
- Luke Chrysoberges, Byzantine patriarch
- Mujir al-Din Abaq, governor of Damascus
- Otomae, Japanese female singer (b. 1085)
- Ramiro Fróilaz, Leonese military leader
- Stephen du Perche, Sicilian chancellor
References
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 292–293. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ Bradbury, Jim (1992). The Medieval Siege, p. 92. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-851-15357-5.
- ↑ Andrew Roberts (2008). Great Commanders of the Medieval World (454–1582), p. 134. ISBN 978-0-85738-589-5.
- ↑ Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, József. The Crusades and the Military Orders. Central European University. Dept. of Medieval Studies. p. 246. ISBN 978-963-9241-42-8.
- ↑ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman, VIIIe-XIIIe siècle: L'Occident dál-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 291. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- ↑ Samson, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334, pp. 256–258. Standford University Press. ISBN 08-0470-523-2.
- ↑ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman, VIIIe-XIIIe Siècle: L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ↑ Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 75. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.
- ↑ Andrew Roberts (2011). Great Commanders of the Medieval World (454–1582), p. 135. ISBN 978-0-85738-589-5.
- ↑ Comyn, Robert (1851). History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, p. 246.
- ↑ Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. 77.
- ↑ Duffy, Séan (2007). "Henry II and England's Insular Neighbours". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; Vincent, Nicholas (eds.). Henry II: New Interpretations. Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 134. ISBN 9781843833406.
- ↑ Malone, Patricia (2008). ""Se Principem Nominat:" Rhetorical Self-Fashioning and Epistolary Style in the Letters of Owain Gwynedd". Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 28: 169–184. ISSN 1545-0155. JSTOR 41219622.
We know from Thomas Becket's letter to Pope Alexander that Owain had begun to refer to himself as princeps by at least 1163
- ↑ Scholz, Albert August (2013) [1964]. Silesia: Yesterday and Today. The Hague, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9789401760027.
- ↑ Hartshorne, Richard (1933-12-01). "Geographic and Political Boundaries in Upper Silesia". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 23 (4): 195–228. doi:10.1080/00045603309357073. ISSN 0004-5608.
The separation of Silesia from Poland dates, for practical purposes perhaps from 1163
- ↑ HARRINGTON, JOSEPH F. (1974). "Upper Silesia and the Paris Peace Conference". The Polish Review. 19 (2): 25–45. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25777197.
Upper Silesia had not been Polish since 1163
- ↑ Brégaint, David (2015). Vox regis: Royal Communication in High Medieval Norway. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 91. ISBN 9789004306431.
- ↑ Emmerson, Richard K. (2016) [2006]. Routledge Revivals: Key Figures in Medieval Europe (2006): An Encyclopedia. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 295. ISBN 9781351681681.
- ↑ Vandvik, Eirik (2010-06-29). "Donatio Constantini and early Norwegian church policy". Symbolae Osloenses: Norwegian Journal of Greek and Latin Studies. 31 (1): 131–137. doi:10.1080/00397675508590469.
- ↑ Robinson, I. S. (1996) [1990]. The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780521319225.
- ↑ Warner, Rev H. J. (2007) [1922]. The Albigensian Heresy. San Diego, CA: Book Tree. p. 41. ISBN 9781585092932.
- ↑ Ozola, Silvjia (2018). "Impact of Catholic Monastery Church Building on Cistercian Monastery Formation in Livonia and the State of the Teutonic Order during 13th and 14th Century" (PDF). Scientific Journal of the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies "Landscape Architecture and Art". 12 (12): 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- ↑ Peters, Greg (2014). Reforming the Monastery: Protestant Theologies of the Religious Life. New Monastic Library. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 9781630870454.
- ↑ "Hong Kong Time Line Chronological Timetable of Events - Worldatlas.com". www.worldatlas.com. 7 April 2007. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
- ↑ Wright, Craig (2008) [1989]. Music and Ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris, 500-1550. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 287. ISBN 9780521088343.
- ↑ Pope, Thomas Canon (1871). The Council of the Vatican, and the events of the time. Dublin: James Duffy. pp. 63.
1163 Notre Dame Pope.
- ↑ Clark, William W.; Mark, Robert (1984-03-01). "The First Flying Buttresses: A New Reconstruction of the Nave of Notre-Dame de Paris". The Art Bulletin. 66 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1080/00043079.1984.10788136. ISSN 0004-3079.
The traditional starting date is associated with the visit of Pope Alexander III to Paris between March 24 and April 25, 1163, during which time he dedicated the "new" chevet at St.-Germain-des-Pres and is said to have laid the cornerstone of Notre-Dame
- 1 2 3 Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 125–126. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ↑ David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 – Saladin, p. 4. ISBN 978-1-84908-317-1
- ↑ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- ↑ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
- ↑ Vallvé Bermejo, Joaquín (1972). "La división territorial en la España musulmana (II): la cora de "Tudmīr" (Murcia)". Al-Andalus, p. 171.
- ↑ Shatzmiller, Joseph (1998). "Jews, Pilgrimage, and the Christian Cult of Saints: Benjamin of Tudela and his Contemporaries", p. 338. ISBN 978-0-8020-0779-7.
- ↑ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 67–69. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ↑ Vigueur, Jean-Claude Maire (2010). L'autre Rome: Une histoire des Romains à l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. p. 315. ISBN 978-2-84734-719-7.
- ↑ Andrew Roberts (2011). Great Commanders of the Medieval World (454–1582), pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-85738-589-5.
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 304–305. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 - Saladin, p. 11. ISBN 978-1-84908-317-1.
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 305. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ Sager, Peter (2005). Oxford and Cambridge: An Uncommon History. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 36. ISBN 0500512493.
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 309–310. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 311. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ Asbridge, Thomas (2015). The Greatest Knight: The Remarkable Life of William Marshal, Power Behind Five English Thrones, p. 87. London: Simon & Schuster.
- ↑ Hywell Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 126. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ↑ Vigueur, Jean-Claude Maire (2010). L'autre Rome: Une histoire des Romains à l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. p. 314.
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 314. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman, VIIIe-XIIIe siècle: L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ↑ Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. University of California Press. p. 37.
- ↑ Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 105–106. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.
- ↑ Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X., eds. (1967). The Course of Irish History. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 370.
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 311. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 311–312. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 312. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Commander 12 - Saladin, p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84908-317-1.
- ↑ David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Commander 12 - Saladin, pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-84908-317-1.
- ↑ Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, D. E. P. (1982). Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–36. ISBN 0-521-31739-8..
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 314–316. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
- ↑ Clancy, Tim (2017). Bosnia & Herzegovina (Edition 5 ed.). Chalfont St Peter, UK and Guilford, CT: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 260. ISBN 9781784770181.
- ↑ Svanberg, Jan (1999). "The legend of saint Stanislaus and king Boleslaus on the 12th century font in Tryde, Sweden". Folia Historiae Artium. 5–6.
Knud VI, king of Denmark, 1163-1202
- ↑ Thomas, Alastair H. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Denmark. Lanham, MA, Boulder, CO, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 303–304. ISBN 9781442264656.
- ↑ Maurer, Helmut (2012). Die deutschen Königspfalzen. Lieferung 3,5: Baden Württemberg: Rottweil – Ulm (in German). Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 191. ISBN 9783525365199.
- ↑ Dopsch, Heinz (1999). "Otakar IV". Neue Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 19. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 640. ISBN 3-428-00200-8.
- ↑ Brownlee, John S. (1999) [1997]. Japanese Historians and the National Myths, 1600-1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jinmu. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780774842549.
- ↑ Morrell, Sachiko Kaneko; Morrell, Robert E. (2006). Zen Sanctuary of Purple Robes: Japan's Tokeiji Convent Since 1285. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780791468289.
- ↑ Brownlee, John (1975). "Crisis as Reinforcement of the Imperial Institution. The Case of the Jōkyū Incident, 1221". Monumenta Nipponica. 30 (2): 193–201. doi:10.2307/2383842. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2383842.
- ↑ Lock, Peter (2016). Marino Sanudo Torsello, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross: Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis. London and New York: Routledge. p. 301. ISBN 9781317100607.
- ↑ "As-Salih Ismail al-Malik (Biographical details)". British Museum. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ↑ Ibn al-Sha'ar al-Mawsili (2005). عقود الجمان في شعراء هذا الزمان (in Arabic). Vol. V, Part VI (First ed.). Damascus, Syria: DKI (Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah ). pp. 308–311.
- ↑ Kleinhenz, Christopher (2 August 2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-135-94880-1.
- ↑ "The Meccan Revelations". World Digital Library. 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
- ↑ Zetterstéen, K. V. (1993). "al-Muḳtafī". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume VII: Mif–Naz (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 543–544. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
- ↑ Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780521781565.
- ↑ Christie, Olav H. J.; Rácz, Anita; Elek, János; Héberger, Károly (2014). "Classification and unscrambling a class-inside-class situation by object target rotation: Hungarian silver coins of the Árpád Dynasty, ad 997–1301" (PDF). Journal of Chemometrics. 28 (4): 287–292. doi:10.1002/cem.2601. ISSN 1099-128X. S2CID 54977823. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
1162-1163 László II
- ↑ Berend, Nora (2001). At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and 'Pagans' in Medieval Hungary, C.1000 - C.1300. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 9780521651851.
- ↑ Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095-1396. Toronto, New York and Plymouth, UK: University of Toronto Press. p. 325. ISBN 9781442600584.
- ↑ Nicholson, Robert Lawrence (1973). Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States: 1134-1199. Leiden: Brill Archive. p. 30. ISBN 9789004036765.
- ↑ Schein, Sylvia (2002) [2001]. "Women in Medieval Colonial Society: The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Twelfth Century". In Edgington, Susan; Lambert, Sarah (eds.). Gendering the Crusades. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 143. ISBN 9780231125994.
- ↑ Murray, Alan V (2016). "Constance, Princess of Antioch (1130 - 1164): Ancestry, Marriages and Family". In Houts, Elisabeth Van (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies XXXVIII: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2015. Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. p. 94. ISBN 9781783271016.
- ↑ Burgtorf, Jochen (2015). "Antioch, Principality of". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.). The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO: ABC-CLIO. p. 10. ISBN 9781610697804.
- ↑ Beauregard, Erving E. (2012). Magill, Frank N. (ed.). The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography. Vol. 2. London and New York: Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 9781136593130.
- ↑ Empey, Heather J. (2017). "The Mothers of the Caliph's Sons: Women as Spoils of War during the Early Almohad Period". In Gordon, Matthew; Hain, Kathryn A. (eds.). Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9780190622183.
- ↑ Hogendijk, Jan P. (1986-02-01). "Discovery of an 11th-century geometrical compilation: The Istikmāl of Yūsuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd, king of Saragossa" (PDF). Historia Mathematica. 13 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(86)90227-2. ISSN 0315-0860. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Abd al-Mu'min (the famous Almohad conqueror, who died in 1163)
- ↑ Share, Robert H. (2007). "How to Think with Chan Gong'an". In Furth, Charlotte; Zeitlin, Judith T.; Hsiung, Ping-chen (eds.). Thinking With Cases: Specialist Knowledge in Chinese Cultural History. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 231. ISBN 9780824830496.
- ↑ Yixuan, Linji (2009). Kirchner, Thomas Yūhō (ed.). The Record of Linji. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 111. ISBN 9780824833190.
- ↑ Zürn, Tobias Benedikt (2016). "The Resurrected Skeleton: From Zhuangzi to Lu Xun by Wilt L. Idema (review)". Journal of Chinese Religions. 44 (1): 84–86. ISSN 2050-8999.
Song dynasty (960-1279) Chinese Chan exegete, Dahui Zonggao 大慧宗杲 (1089-1163).
- ↑ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church-Momticelli; S. Miranda
- ↑ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 312. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
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