This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021, their root domain contains 1502 top-level domains.[2][3] As of March 2021, the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains.[1] Those are not represented in IANA's listing[2] and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain).[4]

Types

IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[5]

Original top-level domains

Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and predate the creation of ICANN in 1998.

Name Entity Administrator[6] Notes IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.comcommercialVerisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,[7] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense.YesYesYesYes
.orgorganizationPublic Interest RegistryThis is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."[8][9] While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use.YesYesYesYes
.netnetworkVerisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."[9]YesYesYesYes
.intinternationalInternet Assigned Numbers AuthorityThe .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria.NoYesYesYes
.edueducationEducause (via Verisign)The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by American colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names.NoYesYesYes
.govU.S. national and state government agenciesCybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign)The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments.NoYesYesYes
.milU.S. militaryUnited States Department of DefenseThe .mil TLD is limited to divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense.NoYesYesYes

Infrastructure top-level domains

InfrastructureEntityNotesIDNDNSSEC
.arpa"Address and Routing Parameter Area"Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD.NoYes

Country code top-level domains

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022, the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.[1]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

English

A

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.academySchools, military academies, online learning websites, PTAs and student portals, or any site created to be educational on a particular topic.—Identity Digital[ID 1]YesYes
.accountantCertified Public Accountants, tax advisors, corporate accountants, personal and business accountants, and professional CPA organizations.—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.accountantsAccountants and accounting firms.—Identity Digital[ID 2]YesYes
.activeReserved for Active Network.The Active NetworkUn­knownYes
.actorAspiring actors and their agents, theaters and movie studios, entertainment outlets, streaming video sites, movie review sites, and celebrity gossip sites.—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.adsadvertisingReserved for Google AdSense.Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11]
.adultSites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.-ICM RegistryYesYes
.aeroAir-transport industry.Must verify eligibility for registration; only those in various categories of air-travel-related entities may register.SITANoNo
.africaAfrican and pan-African topics, African Union —ZA Central RegistryUn­knownYes
.agencyMarketing and advertising agencies, PR or communications agencies, design firms, talent agencies, travel agencies, and other related agencies.—Identity Digital[ID 3]Yes[12]Yes
.airforceMilitary recruiters, flight training schools, supply companies, military aircraft suppliers and repair companies, and Air Force members and veterans.—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.amazonReserved for Amazon.Amazon
.analyticsReserved for SAS Institute.Campus IP LLC[11]
.apartmentsProperty (apartment) managers, condominium/apartment developers, college websites/centers, and city guides and community centers.—Identity DigitalYesYes
.appApps.[13]—Google[n 2]YesYes
.appleApple.[14]Reserved for Apple.[15]AppleUn­knownYes
.archiarchitects and architect firms[16]Restricted to individuals and organizations that can verify participation in architecture industry.[17]STARTING DOT LIMITEDUn­knownYes
.armyMilitary recruiter, army supply stores, military training schools, army members and veterans—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.artartists, museums, art galleries, dealers, service providers and contractors—UK Creative IdeasYesYes
.arte Reserved for Arte Yes
.associatesAccountants, law firms, consulting firms, real estate agencies, health & medical groups—Identity Digital[ID 4]YesYes
.attorneyIndependent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.auctionAuction houses & online auctions, car and truck auction, B2B commodity auctions, charity auctions for non-profits and schools, buyer and seller communities—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.audibleReserved for AudibleAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.audiostereo/sound systems, music—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.author—Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]Yes
.autovehiclesXYZ.com[11]Yes
.autosvehicles—XYZ.comUn­knownYes
.awsReserved for Amazon Web ServicesAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]Yes

B

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.babyFor selling baby-related productsXYZ.com[11]YesYes
.band Music venues, ticket sale/resale sites, music band & musician sites, school band sites, music review sites — Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.bankbanksRestricted to banks and savings associationsfTLD Registry Services, LLCUn­knownYes
.barBars and related industry—Punto 2012YesYes
.barefootReserved for Gallo Vineyards Inc.Gallo Vineyards, Inc.[11]
.bargainsOnline retailers, large and small, "sale" sections on retail websites, discount & overstock sites, bargain hunters, frugal-living bloggers—Identity Digital[ID 5]YesYes
.baseballbaseballReserved for MLBMLB Advanced Media DH, LLC[11]
.basketballbasketballReserved for FIBAFédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA)[11]
.beautybeauty—XYZ.com[11]YesYes
.beerbreweries and beer aficionados—Minds + Machines[n 3]Un­knownYes
.best—BestTLD Pty LtdUn­knownYes
.bestbuyReserved for Best BuyBBY Solutions, Inc.[11]
.betgambling—Identity Digital plc[11]YesYes
.bible—American Bible Society[11]YesYes
.bidauctions—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]YesYes
.bikeBicycle & motorcycle enthusiasts, bike retailers & gear shops, bike repair shops, biking event organizers, bike or motorcycle clubs—Identity Digital[ID 6]Yes[19]Yes
.bingoBingo halls, casinos, online & casual gaming sites, travel agencies—Identity DigitalYesYes
.bioOrganic agriculture[20]Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrants who are "producers, transformers and retailers, or otherwise involved in the field of agriculture, food and farming" must comply with the Principles of Organic Agriculture.[21][22]Identity Digital[23]Un­knownYes
.bizbusinessOpen TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not held by commercial entities in accordance with the domain's charter. This TLD was created to provide relief for the .com TLD, where many names have already been taken.NeuStarYes[12]Yes
.blackthose who like the color black[24]—Identity DigitalYesYes
.blackfridayBlack Friday, retail—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.blockbusterReserved for Blockbuster LLCDish DBS Corporation[11]
.blogBlogs—Automattic[25][12]Yes
.bluethose who like the color blue[26]—Identity DigitalYesYes
.boo——Google[n 2]YesYes
.bookAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.bootsReserved for Boots Company LtdTHE BOOTS COMPANY PLC[11]
.bostonwebsites related to the city of Boston, Massachusetts USABoston TLD Management, LLC[11]Un­knownYes
.botPreviously restricted to online "bots" using approved frameworks (Amazon Lex, Dialogflow, Gupshup, Microsoft Bot Framework, and Pandorabots)[27] and now has no restrictions.[28] Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.boutiqueSpecialty online retailers, vintage shops, designers, artists and artisans, craftspeople—Identity Digital[ID 7]YesYes
.boxindividuals and businesses, in order to promote personal cloud storage—NS1 LimitedYesYes
.broadwayBroadway theatreReserved for members of the Broadway LeagueCelebrate Broadway, Inc.[11]
.brokerDOTBROKER REGISTRY LTD[11]
.buildconstruction industryPlan Bee LLCYesYes
.buildersContractors, subcontractors, commercial/residential architects, interior designers—Identity Digital[ID 8]YesYes
.businessCreative businesses & agencies, freelancers & independent consultants, any other business looking to differentiate from the competition—Identity Digital[ID 9]YesYes
.buysalesAmazon Registry Services, INC[11]
.buzzmarketing and social networking—DOTSTRATEGYYesYes

C

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.cabAirline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions—Identity Digital[ID 10]YesYes
.cafeCafes, restaurants, delis, cafeterias, coffee shops & coffee stands, student lounges, mobile food/beverage vendors, cooking schools—Identity DigitalYesYes
.callAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.camCameras, photography, broadcasting, film-making and livestreaming.—CAM Connecting SarL [29]YesYes
.cameraProfessional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online—Identity Digital[ID 11]YesYes
.campCamping/RV sites, travel writers & bloggers, outdoor adventure companies, summer camps for kids, hotels, hostels, lodges, bed & breakfast lodging—Identity Digital[ID 12]YesYes
.cancerresearchOrganizations, research institutes and individuals interested in ending cancer through research[30]—Australian Cancer Research FoundationUn­knownYes
.capitalMortgage companies, financial services professionals, investment services, venture capital investors—Identity Digital[ID 13]YesYes
.carvehiclesCars Registry Limited[11]
.cardsOccasion shoppers (holiday, birthday, bereavement), occasion-related websites, gift buyers, corporate HR departments—Identity Digital[ID 14]YesYes
.careSurgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, insurance providers, hospitals & clinics, medical, dental, or vision specialists, service based products or services—Identity Digital[ID 15]YesYes
.careerjobs and job-searching—dotCareer LLCYesYes
.careersCareer services (coaching, resume writing), job sites & recruiters, business coaches, staffing firms, HR department of any business—Identity Digital[ID 16]YesYes
.carsAutomotive—UniregistryYesYes
.caseReserved for CNH IndustrialCNH Industrial N.V.[11]
.cashPawn shops and consignment shops, currency exchanges, other cash-based businesses, check cashing services—Identity Digital[ID 17]YesYes
.casinoCasino & online gaming sites, travel agencies, local tourist sites, hotel booking sites—Identity DigitalYesYes
.cateringCaterers & personal chefs, specialty food vendors, wedding planners & event planners, event spaces, wholesale suppliers—Identity Digital[ID 18]YesYes
.catholicCatholicismDicastery for Communication[11]
.centerCommunity centers, business centers, shopping centers, tourist sites/city centers, tutoring & learning centers—Identity Digital[ID 19]YesYes
.cernCERNCERNCERNUn­knownYes
.ceoCEOs—[31]CEOTLD Pty LtdUn­knownYes
.cfdclothing fashion design ShortDot SA[11]
.channel—Google[n 2]Yes[12]Yes
.chatOnline chat rooms, dating, political, religious, sports, human interest, & hobbyist forums, companies with live chat help desks, chatbot technology companies—Identity DigitalYesYes
.charity — Identity DigitalYesYes
.cheapOnline retailers, discount sites, overstock sites, businesses who sell bulk products at discounted prices, bargain hunters & frugal-living bloggers—Identity Digital[ID 20]YesYes
.christmasChristmas—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.churchChurches, youth organizations, spiritual communities, religion-based organizations, anyone who publishes spiritual or religious content—Identity Digital[ID 21]YesYes
.circle—Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.cityCity resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions, transportation businesses—Identity Digital[ID 22]YesYes
.claimsInsurance adjusters & claims representatives, insurance claims departments (auto, medical, homeowners), customer service departments of insurance companies, law firms—Identity Digital[ID 23]YesYes
.cleaningContractors, commercial/home cleaning services, auto detailing/cleaning services—Identity Digital[ID 24]YesYes
.click—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.clinicHealthcare clinics, medical or healthcare specialists, sports clinics, urgent care clinics—Identity Digital[ID 25]YesYes
.clothingOnline retailers, department stores, designers—Identity Digital[ID 26]YesYes
.cloudCompanies involved in cloud computing—Aruba S.p.A.
.clubgroups, organizations, assemblies, communities, general—[32].CLUB DOMAINSYes[33]Yes
.coachAthletic organizations, personal trainers & coaches, business, life, & health coaches, school & community club coaches or tutors, affordable travel, airline, train, car, or other transportation companies—Identity DigitalYesYes
.codesSoftware and web developers, IT companies, technology R&D companies, coding enthusiasts, coding classes & camps—Identity Digital[ID 27]YesYes
.coffeeCoffee shops, roasters, wholesalers & suppliers, machine & equipment suppliers and stands—Identity Digital[ID 28]YesYes
.collegeEducational—XYZ.comYesYes
.communityCity guides & community centers, online communities, neighborhood associations, churches, mosques, temples, and other spiritual communities, local writers & bloggers—Identity Digital[ID 29]YesYes
.companySmall, medium, or large businesses, business that want to demonstrate authority in their field, makers, artisans, anyone who sells a niche product—Identity Digital[ID 30]YesYes
.compareReserved for Gocompare.com LimitediSelect Ltd[11]
.computerComputer manufacturers, computer repair services, computer resellers, computer training & education programs, tech companies—Identity Digital[ID 31]YesYes
.condosReal estate brokers/agents, property (condominium) managers, mortgage companies, condominium/apartment developers, condominium associations—Identity Digital[ID 32]YesYes
.constructionContractors, commercial/residential architects, wholesale and retail construction suppliers—Identity Digital[ID 33]YesYes
.consultingConsulting firms, independent consultants, specialty services, businesses that offer expert training—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.contactTop Level Spectrum, Inc.[11]
.contractorsConstruction-related businesses, contractors, subcontractors, independent contractors with unique skills and expertise, unions or other organizations promoting their people and skills—Identity Digital[ID 34]YesYes
.cookingsharing recipes—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.coolFashion magazines & blogs, meme aggregators, trend tracking sites, online merchants, fun publications & sites—Identity Digital[ID 35]YesYes
.coopcooperativesThe .coop TLD is limited to cooperatives as defined by the Rochdale Principles.DotCooperationNoYes
.countrygeneral—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.coupondiscounts and rebatesAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.couponsCoupon pages, coupon sites, discount sites, coupon-themed blogs, bargain hunters—Identity DigitalYesYes
.courseseducationOpen Universities Australia Pty Ltd[11]
.cpaaccountants and accounting firmsRestricted to licensed CPAs and CPA firmsAmerican Institute of Certified Public AccountantsUn­knownYes
.creditCredit card companies, lenders, credit unions, collection agencies, credit counselors & financial planners—Identity Digital[ID 36]YesYes
.creditcardCredit card companies, store/retailer credit card sites, credit counselors & financial planners, credit card processing services—Identity Digital[ID 37]YesYes
.cruiseCruise lines, cruise-related products or services, travel agencies & vacation services, private charter boatsViking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.[11]
.cricketcricket—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.cruisescruise businesses and travel—Identity Digital[ID 38]YesYes
.cyou For any individual or business that shares the ethical values of diversity, inclusivity, and independence[34] — Shortdot SA[35] Yes

D

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.dadfathers—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.danceDance studios & instructors, nightclubs & music venues, dance teams & troupes, dance shoe, clothing & equipment manufacturers, fans of dance & live performances—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.dataDish DBS Corporation[11]
.dateonline dating—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.datingDating & matchmaker sites, travel sites & city guides, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, event businesses—Identity Digital[ID 39]YesYes
.daygeneral—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.dealsalesAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.dealsDiscount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages. coupon-themed guides, directories and blogs—Identity Digital[ID 40]YesYes
.degreeBrick-and-mortar schools & universities, online universities, other learning courses, other educational resources—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.deliveryConsumer delivery services, commercial shipping services, transportation services, messenger services, any business that ships their products—Identity Digital[ID 41]YesYes
.democratPolitical candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.dentalDentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care—Identity Digital[ID 42]YesYes
.dentistDentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.designgraphic art and fashion—Top Level DesignYesYes
.devsoftware development—GoogleUn­knownYes
.diamondsJewelers, diamond wholesalers and retailers, jewelry appraisers and buyers, pawn shops—Identity Digital[ID 43]YesYes
.dietdieting and dietary —UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.digitalAdvertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), online event, meetup & gaming sites, technology companies, e-commerce sites—Identity Digital[ID 44]YesYes
.directDirect-to-consumer stores, bargain hunters, transportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services—Identity Digital[ID 45]YesYes
.directoryListings organizations, name, phone & address directories, online business directories, clubs, groups, & other organizations directories—Identity Digital[ID 46]YesYes
.discountDiscount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages, coupon-themed blogs—Identity Digital[ID 47]YesYes
.diydo-it-yourselfLifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11]
.docsTechnical DocumentationCharleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11]
.doctorDoctors, any business with “doctor” in the name, other health care providers, PhD experts in any fieldIdentity DigitalYesYes
.dogDog breeders, dog walking, grooming & sitting businesses, veterinarians, animal shelters & adoption centers, pet stores & suppliers—Identity DigitalYesYes
.domainsAny web-based service, network consultants, domain brokers, resellers and registrars, home-related products and services—Identity Digital[ID 48]YesYes
.dotDish DBS Corporation[11]
.downloadtechnology—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.driveReserved for Google DriveCharleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11]

E

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.earthIndividuals or businesses with a worldwide focus—Interlink Co., Ltd.[11]Yes
.eatrestaurants and foodies—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.ecoSustainability minded companies, non-profits and professionals.[36]Open to anyone pledging a commitment to sustainability action.[37]Big Room Inc.[38]NoYes
.educationColleges & universities, public schools, PTAs & other school groups, education research organizations, any organization focused on educating its audience—Identity Digital[ID 49]YesYes
.emailAdvertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, email marketing experts, CRM and marketing technology specialists, anyone who wants a memorable email address—Identity Digital[ID 50]YesYes
.energyElectrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear & thermal energy producers, solar, wind, hydro, bio & other sustainable alternative energy producers, battery manufacturers & oil industry R&D, energy conservation organizations, energy food & drink manufacturers—Identity Digital[ID 51]YesYes
.engineerComputer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.engineeringComputer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers—Identity Digital[ID 52]YesYes
.edekaedeka firms—EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V.YesYes
.entertainment Ticket outlets, travel sites & local tourist sites, performance halls, theaters, & music venues, anyone in the entertainment industry, celebrity news sites — Identity DigitalYesYes
.enterprisesEntrepreneurs, startups, parent & holding companies, enterprise SaaS solutions & tech services—Identity Digital[ID 53]YesYes
.equipmentHome improvement stores, construction equipment rentals, construction equipment sales, sporting goods stores—Identity Digital[ID 54]YesYes
.esqlawyers, law firms, legal professionalsTo be restricted to verified lawyers and attorneys[39]Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.estateEstate sale management & appraisal services, estate planners & lawyers, real estate agents & brokers—Identity Digital[ID 55]YesYes
.eventsEvent planners, sports & gaming agencies/sites, ticket sale/resale sites, city guides & community centers, performance halls, music clubs/bars—Identity Digital[ID 56]YesYes
.exchangeForeign currency exchanges, stock brokers, investment fund traders, ETF distributors, brokers, & dealers—Identity Digital[ID 57]YesYes
.expertHome services providers, online review sites, skilled worker databases, freelancers, consultants, & subject matter experts—Identity Digital[ID 58]YesYes
.exposedTabloid sites, celebrity romance blog, TV spoiler sites, sites that host leaked documents, investigative journalism sites—Identity Digital[ID 59]YesYes
.expressTransportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services, direct-to-consumer stores—Identity DigitalYesYes

F

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.failOnline meme aggregators, humor websites, video sites —Identity Digital[ID 60]YesYes
.faithreligion and churches—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.familyFamily-focused travel sites, blogs about family-friendly activities & games, family history sites, photo sites, obstetricians & family practice doctors—Identity DigitalYesYes
.fanFan sites, current events & gossip sites, sport blogs and forums, personal & business sites about niche topicsIdentity DigitalYesYes
.fansgeneral—ZDNS International LimitedUn­knownYes
.farmReal estate brokers/agents, farming services & equipment dealers, farmers & ranchers, property managers, health food distributors, cryptocurrency farmers—Identity Digital[ID 61]YesYes
.fashionclothing industry—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.fastReserved for AmazonAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.feedbackfeedback and reviews—Top Level SpectrumUn­knownYes
.fiat Reserved for Stellantis (previously Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and Fiat S.p.A.) Stellantis N.V.Un­knownYes
.filmfilmsMotion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd[11]
.finalfinal versions of anythingNúcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br[11]
.financeInvestment services, banks & financial institutes, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders—Identity Digital[ID 62]YesYes
.financialInvestment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders—Identity Digital[ID 63]YesYes
.fireReserved for Amazon (promotion of Fire devices)Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.fishSeafood markets, restaurants & suppliers, sport fishing & fly fishing enthusiasts, fishing gear, tackle, & product manufacturers, travel outfitters & fishing guide companies, aquariums, pet & fish supply stores, marine biology programs & conservation organizations—Identity Digital[ID 64]YesYes
.fishingfishing businesses, sports, and interests—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.fitFitness and exercise—Minds + Machines[n 3]Un­knownYes
.fitnessGyms, athletic clubs & family health organizations, personal trainers, weight loss, health & wellness clinics, health & exercise blogs, fitness competition & events companies—Identity Digital[ID 65]YesYes
.flightsAirline-related products or services, helicopter rides, skydiving, & hang gliding, travel agencies & travel services, private pilots, airport transportation—Identity Digital[ID 66]YesYes
.floristFlorists, flower delivery services, floral designers, flower seed suppliers—Identity Digital[ID 67]YesYes
.flowersflorists and gardens—UniregistryYesYes
.flytravelTo be restricted to verified airlines, travel agencies and travel resellers[40]Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.fooprogramming and development—[41]Google[n 2]YesYes
.foodLifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11]
.foodnetworkReserved for Food NetworkLifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11]
.footballProfessional & amateur football & soccer teams, football clothing, gear & fan merchandise, football equipment manufacturers, football coaches & players—Identity DigitalYesYes
.forsaleIndividual real estate brokers and brokerages, wholesalers and retailers across many product categories, discount, flash sale and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.forumforumsFegistry, LLC[11]Arabic[12]Yes
.foundationCharitable organizations, public school foundations, other philanthropic organizations & foundations—Identity Digital[ID 68]YesYes
.freesalesAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.frontdoorReserved for HGTVLifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11]
.fun—Radix RegistryYesYes
.fundInvestment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, lenders—Identity Digital[ID 69]YesYes
.furnitureHome décor and furnishing stores, department stores, home designers, vintage stores, antique dealers—Identity Digital[ID 70]YesYes
.fyi"for your information"—Identity DigitalYesYes

G

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.galleryGalleries, professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online—Identity Digital[ID 71]YesYes
.gamegamingUniregistry, Corp.[11]YesYes
.gamesGaming sites, forums & reviews, online or brick & mortar game stores/clubs, sports events, clubs—professional & recreational, casinosIdentity DigitalYesYes
.gardengardening—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.gaygay individuals or supportive organisations—Top Level Design[ID 72]YesYes

[42]

.gdngeneral—GDN RegistryYes[43]Yes
.giftgift-giving—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.giftsGift buyers, discount sites, corporate HR departments, bargain hunters—Identity Digital[ID 73]YesYes
.givesPhilanthropic organizations and foundations, charities, nonprofits, corporate giving initiatives, volunteer organizations—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.glassGlass & glass repair shops, glass departments within home supply stores, contractors, windshield repair & auto glass businesses, DIYers/artists—Identity Digital[ID 74]YesYes
.gleGoogle abbreviationsIn use for some URL abbreviations related to Google such as forms.gle and goo.gle.Charleston Road Registry Inc. (a Google subsidiary)[44]Un­knownYes
.globalgeneral, companies or individuals with a global focus or presence—Dot GLOBALYesYes
.gmbhGerman limited liability companies—Binky Moon, LLC
.goldJewelers, gold traders and dealers, coin sellers and traders, trophy and awards shops—Identity DigitalYesYes
.golfProfessional & amateur golf organizations, golf courses, equipment suppliers & manufacturers, golf travel & event companies, golf players, enthusiasts & spectators, sports networks—Identity DigitalYesYes
.googleGoogleIn use for some websites related to Google such as blog.google.Alphabet Inc.Un­knownYes
.gopRepublican Party politics—Republican State Leadership CommitteeSpanish[45]Yes
.graphicsWeb design firms, freelance designers, graphic artists—Identity Digital[ID 75]YesYes
.greenthe environmentally-focused"As a Registrant you may not ... use a .green name or its content in a way that negatively affects the mission, purpose of the .green TLD, or its brand."[46]Identity DigitalUn­knownYes
.gripeOnline complaint sites, online forums, customer service providers, feedback sites, blogs about scams—Identity Digital[ID 76]YesYes
.groceryReserved for WalmartWal-Mart Stores, Inc.[11]
.groupGroups based on hobbies or interests (running, crafts, gaming), group-based businesses (medical practices, law firms, financial advisors), professional associations, support groups—Identity DigitalYesYes
.guideCity resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions & guides, outdoor adventure companies—Identity Digital[ID 77]YesYes
.guitarsGuitars—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.guruMindfulness & yoga practices, spiritual leadership sites, any training program, work-for-hire sites, freelancers, consultants, & subject matter experts—Identity Digital[ID 78]Yes[47]Yes

H

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.hairhaircare products and servicesXYZ.com[11]
.hangoutReserved for Google HangoutsCharleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11]
.hausGerman housing and real estate—Identity DigitalYes
.healthhealth and related topics DotHealth, LLC[11]
.healthcarePrimary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare insurance providers & brokers, company HR/benefits departments—Identity Digital[ID 79]YesYes
.helphelp sites—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.heregeneric geographic—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.hiphopHip hop culture—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.hivAIDS and HIV awareness—dotHIVUn­knownYes
.hockeySports media, sporting goods stores & hockey equipment suppliers, professional, minor league & amateur hockey teams, hockey fans, fantasy leagues, sponsors, coaches & referees—Identity DigitalYesYes
.holdingsHolding companies, private equity firms, real estate developers—Identity Digital[ID 80]YesYes
.holidayAirline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, city guides & resource sites, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging—Identity Digital[ID 81]YesYes
.homegoodsReserved for HomeGoodsThe TJX Companies, Inc.[11]
.homesreal estate professionals—Dominion EnterprisesUn­knownYes
.homesenseReserved for HomeSenseThe TJX Companies, Inc.[11]
.horsehorse-related businesses and interest—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.hospitalHospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, medical, dental, or vision specialists, insurance providersIdentity DigitalYesYes
.hostnetwork companies—Radix RegistryUn­knownYes
.hosting—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.hotAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.hotelsReserved for Booking.comBooking.com B.V.[11]
.houseReal estate brokers/agents, mortgage companies, home builders, construction/home improvement suppliers, home improvement sites & blogs—Identity Digital[ID 82]YesYes
.howhow-to guides—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes

I

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.iceReserved for Intercontinental ExchangeIntercontinentalExchange, Inc.[11]
.icu entrepreneurs and business owners — ShortDot SA
.inc Corporations Intercap Registry Inc.
.industriesMachine or equipment manufacturers, manufacturers, tech or biotech companies, professional associations, businesses with “industries” in their names—Identity Digital[ID 83]YesYes
.infoinformation—Identity DigitalGerman[12]Yes
.ingVerbal suffix: e.g., "jump.ing"—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.inkcreative printing or tattooing[48]—Top Level DesignYesYes
.institute[49]Educational institutions, training programs, foundations, research organizations, military schools—Identity Digital[ID 84]YesYes
.insuranceinsurance companiesfTLD Registry Services LLC[11]
.insureInsurance companies (life, auto, homeowners, renters), insurance divisions of larger companies (car rentals, warranties), insurance brokers & advisors—Identity Digital[ID 85]YesYes
.internationalAny organization with an international presence, international consultants, import/export businesses, international travel organizations—Identity Digital[ID 86]YesYes
.investmentsInvestment services (institutional, private), wealth management services, financial planners, brokerage firms—Identity Digital[ID 87]YesYes
.irish Airline-related products or services, domestic/International travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, Ireland travel guides & resource sites, seasonal opportunities (St. Patrick's Day) — Identity DigitalYesYes

J

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.jewelryJewelers, jewelry buyers, online retailers, department stores—Identity DigitalYesYes
.jobsEmploymentFor websites with job opportunities and job listings.[50]Employ MediaNoYes
.joy—Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]

K

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.kimKim (Korean surname)—Identity DigitalUn­knownYes
.kitchenRestaurants, cafes, & delis, food stands & mobile vendors, meal services & personal chefs, kitchen supply stores, food blogs & recipe sites—Identity Digital[ID 88]YesYes
.kosher Kosher food certification and regulations — OK Kosher Certification
.kpn Dutch Telecom Company Only available to KPN.

L

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.landReal estate brokers and agents, residential/commercial land developers, home builders, mortgage companies, traditional “classified” sites—Identity Digital[ID 89]YesYes
.latLatin American communities and usersECOM-LAC[11]
.lawpractitioners and educators in lawRestricted to qualified lawyers, courts of law, law schools, and legal regulators.[51]Minds + Machines Group Limited[11]
.lawyerIndependent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.leaseReal estate brokers/agents, property managers, condo/apartment developers, real estate law firms—Identity Digital[ID 90]YesYes
.leclercReserved for E.LeclercA.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc
.legalAttorneys, lawyers & law firms, corporate legal teams, paralegals, legal advocates, committees, associations and interest groups associated with the law—Identity DigitalYesYes
.lgbtthe lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community"Registrants are prohibited from using the .LGBT domain in a manner that is harmful, threatening, abusive, harassing, defamatory, or hateful with respect to the LGBT community."[52]Identity DigitalUn­knownYes
.lifeWellness and health experts, charities, coaches & personal development enthusiasts, lifestyle bloggers, anyone who wants to share personal stories—Identity Digital[ID 91]YesYes
.lifeinsurancelife insuranceAmerican Council of Life Insurers[11]
.lightingLighting & lighting repair shops, lighting departments within home supply stores, contractors, commercial/residential architects, DIYers—Identity Digital[ID 92]YesYes
.likeAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.limitedPrivate companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products—Identity Digital[ID 93][53]YesYes
.limoAirline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, lodging, weddings, party and occasion-related services—Identity Digital[ID 94]YesYes
.linkconnecting to information[54]—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.liveLive streaming sites, entertainment/music venues, news sites/blogs, ticket sale/resale sites, video production companies—Identity DigitalYesYes
.livingLifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11]
.loanbanks and lenders—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.loansMortgage companies, personal loan agencies, auto loan agencies & car dealerships, credit consolidation services—Identity Digital[ID 95]YesYes
.lockerReserved for DISH DBS CorporationDish DBS Corporation[11]
.lolLOL: laughing out loud (humorous or comedic content)—Uniregistry[55]Un­knownYes
.lottolottery—Identity DigitalUn­knownYes
.lovedating sites—Un­knownYes
.ltdPrivate companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products —Identity DigitalYesYes
.luxurybusinesses catering to the wealthy—Luxury PartnersYesYes

M

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.makeup XYZ.com[11]
.managementProperty managers, wealth management firms, money management, systems & network managers, leadership teams—Identity Digital[ID 96]YesYes
.mapmaps and navigationCharleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11]No
.marketOnline retailers, independent or chain grocery stores, buyer and seller communities, discount sites & coupon sites—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.marketingAdvertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), staffing agencies, marketing consultants—Identity Digital[ID 97]YesYes
.marketsDonuts[ID 98]Un­knownYes
.mbaColleges, universities, & graduate programs, online educational sites, job search sites, MBA candidates—Identity DigitalYesYes
.medmedicine and related topicsMedistry LLC[11]
.mediaAdvertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), news outlets, media bloggers, celebrity publications, digital publishers & graphic designers—Identity Digital[ID 99]YesYes
.meetsocial gatherings, meeting new people—Identity DigitalUn­knownYes
.memeInternet memes—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.memorialNews site obituaries, personal tribute sites, floral & funeral arrangement companies—Identity DigitalYesYes
.menmen—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.menurestaurants—Wedding TLD2YesYes
.mintReserved for Intuit MintIntuit Administrative Services, Inc.[11]
.mobimobile devicesMust be used for mobile-compatible sites in accordance with standards.Identity DigitalYesYes
.mobileDish DBS Corporation[11]
.mobilyReserved for MobilyGreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[11]
.moeJapanese otaku culture; see moe (slang)—InterlinkYesYes
.mommothersUniregistry, Corp.[11]
.moneyLenders, financial services businesses, money blogs & news sites, investment bankers & brokers, financial planners & experts—Identity DigitalYesYes
.monsterXYZ.comYesYes
.mortgageMortgage brokers, real estate brokers/agents, home buyers, traditional “classified” sites—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.motorcyclesmotorcycles—DERMotorcyclesUn­knownYes
.movdigital video—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.movieStreaming movie services, movie studios & distributors, movie theaters & entertainment outlets, ticket sale/resale sites, movie review sites—Identity DigitalYesYes
.museummuseumsMust be verified as a legitimate museum.Museum Domain Management AssociationLatin script[12]Yes
.music Music dissemination and appreciation — Under contention

N

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.nameindividuals, by nameOpen TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not by individuals (or the owners of fictional characters) in accordance with the domain's charter.VerisignYes[12]Yes
.navyNaval training schools, navy supply stores, military recruiters, credit unions, navy members and veterans—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.networkIT professionals, tech consultants, career sites, industry-specific professional groups, social networks—Identity Digital[ID 100]YesYes
.newWebsites where people can create somethingThe second-level domain name must be the thing to be created immediately when a user visits the .new website. Most likely, the .new will redirect to a company's main website.Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.newsNews organizations, educational publications, trade publications, neighborhood news blogs—Un­knownYes
.nexusGoogle[n 2]Un­knownYes
.ngoNon-governmental organizations.
Sold packaged with .ong.		Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.[56]Public Interest RegistryUn­knownYes
.ninjaSites promoting specialized skills, repair services (auto, appliance, etc.), gaming sites, martial arts organizations —Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.nowAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.ntt Restricted to use by NTT Japan.[57] Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation.[11]YesYes

O

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.observerDonuts[ID 98]
.orggeneral—Public Interest Registry
.onegeneral—One RegistryUn­knownYes
.ongNon-governmental organizations.
Sold packaged with .ngo.		Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.[56]Public Interest RegistryUn­knownYes
.onlgeneric—I-REGISTRYUn­knownYes
.onlinegeneric—Radix RegistryUn­knownYes
.ooogeneralInfibeamYesYes
.openprivate to the "Registry Operator and its qualified Affiliates and Trademark Licensees"[58]American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.[11]
.organicorganic gardeners, farmers, foods, etc.Registrants must be verified as a member of the organic community.[59]Identity DigitalUn­knownYes
.originsReserved for OriginsThe Estée Lauder Companies Inc.[11]

P

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.page Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11]
.partnersLaw firms, real estate agencies, investment firms, accounting firms, nonprofit organizations—Identity Digital[ID 101]YesYes
.partsAppliance wholesalers & service, tool rentals & service businesses, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses—Identity Digital[ID 102]YesYes
.partynightclubs and social gatherings—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.payelectronic paymentsAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.petanimals and petsIdentity Digital[11]
.pharmacypharmacies"All registrants within the .pharmacy gTLD are vetted prior to registration to confirm that they meet all applicable regulatory standards, including pharmacy licensure and valid prescription requirements, in the jurisdictions where they are based and where they serve patients."[60]National Association of Boards of PharmacyUn­knownYes
.phonetelephone-related businessesDish DBS Corporation[11]
.photophotography and photo-sharing—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.photographyProfessional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online—Identity Digital[ID 103]YesYes
.photosProfessional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online—Identity Digital[ID 104]YesYes
.physiophysical therapistsMust be eligible for membership within an association that is a member of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, have proper training as a physical therapist outside WCPT's reach, or otherwise supports physical therapy.[61][62]PhysBizUn­knownYes
.picsphotography and photo-sharing—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.picturesProfessional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online—Identity Digital[ID 105]YesYes
.pidpersonal identification—Top Level SpectrumUn­knownYes
.pinAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.pinkthose who like the color pink—Identity DigitalYesYes
.pizzaPizzerias, take & bake pizza shops, Italian or Greek restaurants, pizza brands found in grocery stores—Identity Digital[ID 106]YesYes
.placeAirline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, tourist attractions, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging—Identity Digital[ID 107]YesYes
.plumbingPlumbers & plumbing repair businesses, plumbing departments within home supply stores, contractors/subcontractors, DIYers—Identity Digital[ID 108]YesYes
.plusConsumer commodity stores & sites, clothing (plus, big & tall), service-based businesses, any entity wanting to show their competitive advantage—Identity DigitalYesYes
.pokerPoker players and sites—Identity Digital[ID 109]Un­knownYes
.pornadult entertainment (pornography)For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.Identity DigitalYesYes
.postpostal servicesThe .post TLD is restricted to Postal Administrations as defined in the Universal Postal Union constitution, and their large customers who wish to provide "Trusted Postal Services".[63]Universal Postal UnionNo[64]Yes
.presspublishing and journalism—Radix RegistryUn­knownYes
.primeReserved for Amazon PrimeAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.proprofessions/professionals—Identity Digital[65]NoYes
.productionsAdvertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), video production services, anyone in the film industry—Identity Digital[ID 110]YesYes
.profProfessors, teachers and learning—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.promoadvertisingIdentity Digital[11]
.propertiesReal estate brokers/agents, residential/Commercial land developers, property (condo/apartment) managers, home builders, mortgage companies—Identity Digital[ID 111]YesYes
.propertyreal estate—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.protectionsecurity XYZ.COM LLC[11]
.pubPubs, bars & nightclubs, burger joints, breweries & taphouses, beer distributors, restaurant & bar suppliers

publications

 —Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes

Q

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.qponcoupons—dotCOOLUn­knownYes
.quebecPeople and businesses in Quebec——Un­knownYes

R

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.racingracing—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.radioradio stations, amateur radio operators European Broadcasting Union (EBU)[11]
.read Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.realestatereal estate dotRealEstate LLC[11]
.realtorrealtorsTo be restricted to members of the National Association of Realtors and the Canadian Real Estate Association, and related associations.[66]Real Estate DomainsUn­knownYes
.realtyrealty and housingFegistry, LLC[11]
.recipesRecipe sites, food & beverage grocery brands, health & fitness organizations, cooking enthusiasts, personal/professional chefs—Identity Digital[ID 112]YesYes
.redthose who like the color red[67]
Also Spanish variant of .net
Also likely to be attractive for domain hacks for words that end with '-red'.		—Identity DigitalYesYes
.rehabPhysical and occupational therapists and professionals, drug, alcohol and gambling addiction counselors, rehabilitation facilities and recovery centers, online health directories, physical or emotional health associations—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.reitreal estate investment trustsRestricted to REITs, as determined by national law.[68]National Association of Real Estate Investment TrustsUn­knownYes
.rentReal estate professionals and small businesses—xyz.xyzUn­knownYes
.rentalsReal estate brokers/agents, city guides, college housing centers, & community centers, vehicle, equipment, or entertainment/event rentals, property managers, condo/apartment developers—Identity Digital[ID 113]YesYes
.repairGeneral or specialty repair shops, construction contractors/subcontractors, DIYers, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat businesses—Identity Digital[ID 114]YesYes
.reportNews and current events sites, financial reporting sites, financial or business analysts, consumer product reviews, police, school, or other community report listings—Identity Digital[ID 115]YesYes
.republicanPolitical candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.restRestaurants and related industry—Punto 2012Yes[69]Yes
.restaurantCasual eateries, gourmet restaurants, suppliers, chains, review sites, reservation sites & services—Identity Digital[ID 116]YesYes
.reviewpublic reviews—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.reviewsNews media, food publications, travel publications, literary publications, any product & service with online reviews—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.richbusinesses catering to the wealthy—I-REGISTRYUn­knownYes
.ripLoved ones seeking to memorialize the deceased, funeral homes and cemeteries, businesses that support the funeral industry, obituary websites[70]—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.rocksPop culture sites, niche and fan sites, musicians, gemstone & jewelry companies—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.rodeoRodeo interest—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.roomlodging or room designAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.rugbyrugbyWorld Rugby Strategic Developments Limited[11]
.runRunners, running shoe retailers, specialty running gear shops, running event organizers—Identity DigitalYesYes

S

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.safesecurity and safetyAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.saleOnline and brick-and-mortar retailers and wholesalers, automotive and motorcycle dealers, discount, flash sale, and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need—Identity DigitalYesYes
.salon Hair salons, nail salons, beauty product companies, beauty schools — Identity DigitalYesYes
.saveAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.sbiState Bank of India
.scholarshipsscholarship related—Scholarships.com[71][72]Un­knownUn­known
.schoolPublic schools, private & charter schools, specialty and trade schools, online learning sites, resource sites for teachers—Identity Digital[ID 117]YesYes
.sciencescience-related sites—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.searchsearch enginesCharleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11]
.securesecurityAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.securityXYZ.COM LLC[11]
.selectiSelect Ltd[11]
.servicesService division of any company, home services (cleaning, landscaping, plumbing, pet care), business services (tech support, interior design, translation services), community service organizations—Identity Digital[ID 118]YesYes
.sexadult entertainment (pornography)For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.ICM RegistryYesYes
.sexyadult entertainment—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.shoesShoe stores, department stores, online retailers, athletic shoe retailers, discount shoe stores—Identity Digital[ID 119]YesYes
.shopGMO Registry, Inc.[11]
.shoppingOnline retailers, shopping centers, personal shoppers, discount sites & coupon sites, shopping blogs & product reviewsIdentity DigitalYesYes
.showTicket sale/resale sites, performance halls, music clubs/bars, streaming video services, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides—Identity DigitalYesYes
.showtimeReserved for ShowtimeCBS Domains Inc.[11]
.silkReserved for Amazon SilkAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.singles(Tickets) Ticket sale/resale sites, gaming agencies, movie review sites, city guides, sports sites

(Dating) Dating & matchmaker sites, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, travel sites & city guides

 —Identity Digital[ID 120]YesYes
.sitegeneral—Radix RegistryUn­knownYes
.skiskiingSTARTING DOT LIMITED[11]
.skinXYZ.com
.skySky International AG[11]
.slingReserved for Sling MediaHughes Satellite Systems Corporation[11]
.smileAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.sncf Reserved to the SNCF company. SNCF
.soccerProfessional & amateur soccer clubs, soccer equipment suppliers & manufacturers, soccer & sports media networks, soccer players, enthusiasts, & spectators, soccer camps, coaches, & training organizations—Identity DigitalYesYes
.socialAdvertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), blogs & forums, event & meetup groups, any person or organization driving awareness of their social presence

(Actual use also includes Fediverse services, such as Mastodon)

 —Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.softwareSoftware testing, support, & consulting companies, software product developers & manufacturers, software training & educational institutions, software resellers—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.solarRenewable & sustainable energy producers, solar panel, roof tile, & storage producers, solar cell battery, chargers, lights, speakers, & generator manufacturers, sunglass, shades, UV clothing, sunblock & other solar protection products—Identity Digital[ID 121]YesYes
.solutionsSaaS providers, people who offer do-it-yourself tips and tutorials, consultants, any business focused on providing the right solutions to their customers’ problems.—Identity Digital[ID 122]YesYes
.songAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.spa Spas — Asia Spa and Wellness Promotion Council Limited
.spaceas a creative space—Radix RegistryUn­knownYes
.spreadbettingSpread bettingDOTSPREADBETTING REGISTRY LTD[11]
.spotAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.sport sport institutions Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF)
.srlSpanish/Italian/Romanian/French limited liability companiesInterNetX GmbH
.storageSelf storageSelf Storage Company LLC[11]
.storestores—Radix RegistryYesYes
.streamstreaming mediaGlobal Registry Services Ltd[10]
.studioAdvertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, creative freelancers, other creative agencies (i.e., animation, production), dance, yoga, or fitness studios—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.studyeducationOPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD[11]
.styleFashion bloggers, department stores, designers, online retailers—Identity DigitalYesYes
.sucksgripe sites—Vox PopuliUn­knownYes
.suppliesContractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, home services retailers—Identity Digital[ID 123]YesYes
.supplyContractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses—Identity Digital[ID 124]YesYes
.supportIT/Tech support services, social services, customer service & support departments, independent consultants & consulting firms, staffing services—Identity Digital[ID 125]Yes[73]Yes
.surfsurfing—Minds + Machines[n 3]Un­knownYes
.surgerySurgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, insurance providers—Identity Digital[ID 126]YesYes
.systemsIT businesses, other tech-focused businesses, businesses that sell electronics or home security systems, organizational consultants—Identity Digital[ID 127]YesYes

T

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.talkAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.tattootattoo aficionados—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.taxAccounting & bookkeeping firms, tax advisors, auditors, financial experts & advisors—Identity DigitalYesYes
.taxiAirline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions—Identity DigitalYesYes
.teamProfessional & amateur sports teams, sports equipment suppliers & manufacturers, sports media, athletes & fans, clubs, online communities & business organizations—Identity DigitalYesYes
.techtechnology—Radix RegistryYesYes
.technologyTech-focused businesses & tech startups, businesses that sell to tech companies, developers, coders, programmers, computer retailers, technology blogs, news sites, & review sites, hardware & software companies, R&D companies, tech product manufacturers—Identity DigitalYesYes
.telinternet communication servicesA contact directory housing all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System.Yes[74]Yes
.tennisTennis courts, clubs & other venues, tennis equipment suppliers and retailers, professional & amateur tennis players, sports media—Identity DigitalYesYes
.theaterEntertainment & movie theater outlets, live performance theaters, professional performer associations, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides—Identity DigitalYesYes
.theatretheatreXYZ.COM LLC[11]
.ticketsticket resaleXYZ.COM LLC[11]
.tipsTravel, hotel & hospitality companies, cooking & recipe publications, parenting & and relationship publications, manufacturers of any product with assembly instructions, publications that provide advice on gratuity practices around the world—Identity DigitalYesYes
.tiresTire wholesalers, tire retailers, auto repair shops—Identity DigitalYesYes
.todayNews & current event sites, websites that publish daily content, daily inspiration sites, sites with daily rotating deals or offers, anyone who wants to spur immediate action—Identity DigitalYesYes
.toolsTool shops, tool departments within home supply stores, contractors, subcontractors, construction-related businesses—Identity DigitalYesYes
.topgeneral—Jiangsu BangningUn­knownYes
.toursAirline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, tourist attractions, outdoor adventure companies, private plane/helicopter tours & services—Identity DigitalYesYes
.townTravel agencies, resources & services, local business associations, city guides & resource sites, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging—Identity DigitalYesYes
.toysToy stores, online retailers, department stores, game companies, sporting goods companies—Identity DigitalYesYes
.tradebusinesses—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]YesYes
.tradingDOTTRADING REGISTRY LTD[11]
.trainingPersonal trainers & nutrition coaches, gyms and fitness centers, sports medicine practitioners, business that sell sports gear or apparel, or fan merchandise, animal trainers, career or vocational training centers—Identity DigitalYesYes
.travelAirline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, any other travel or transportation businessMust be verified as a legitimate travel-related entity.NoYes
.travelersinsuranceReserved for Travelers InsuranceTravelers TLD, LLC[11]
.trustUNR Corp.[11]
.tubeLatin American Telecom LLC[11]
.tunesAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]

U

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.uconnectNot assigned[11][75]
.universityOnline universities, brick-and-mortar universities, university-related clubs & organizations—Identity DigitalYesYes
.unogeneral, Spanish and Italian speakers, Uno (card game)

V

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.vacationsAirline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging—Identity DigitalYesYes
.venturesVenture capital investment firms, business financial services, business consultants, programs & services for entrepreneurs—Identity DigitalYesYes
.vetVeterinarians, veterinary clinics and hospitals, wholesale suppliers for veterinary supplies—Identity DigitalYesYes
.videoVideo production & media companies, videographers, video editors, script writers, & producers, streaming video sites services, creative agencies—Identity DigitalYesYes
.villasInternational real estate brokers/agents, international travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, traditional “classified” sites—Identity DigitalYesYes
.vin Wineries, wine shops & wine bars, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites and apps — Identity DigitalYesYes
.vipVery important personsMinds + Machines Group Limited[11]
.visionOpticians & optometry clinics, healthcare providers, insurance provider, glasses retailers, online and brick & mortar—Identity DigitalYesYes
.vodkavodka-related businesses and interest—YesYes
.volvoOnly Volvo Holding Sverige Aktiebolag and its Affiliates are eligible to register a Domain Name under the .volvo Domain [76]AB VolvoUn­knownYes
.votedemocratic elections and campaign websitesMust use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[77]Identity DigitalUn­knownYes
.votingpolling sites—Latin and Cyrillic scripts[12]Yes
.voyageAirline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging—Identity DigitalYesYes

W

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.wanggeneral
Wǎng is a Chinese Mandarin pinyin rendering of 网 (traditional 網) meaning "web" or "portal".[78]
Wang is also a common surname in mainland China.		—Zodiac RegistryYes[79]Yes
.watchWatchmakers, jewelry stores, watch repair shops, neighborhood watch groups—Identity DigitalYesYes
.watcheswatchesIdentity Digital[11]YesYes
.weatherReserved for The Weather ChannelInternational Business Machines Corporation[11]
.webcamweb cam shows and video sharing—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]YesYes
.websitegeneral—Radix RegistryUn­knownYes
.wedengaged couples and wedding-oriented businessesThis TLD is intended primarily for engaged couples on a short-term basis (two years with large third-year renewal fees for second-level domains).[80]
And although the registry is advertising for multiple world languages, all domains appear to need to be in Latin script.[81]		NoYes
.weddingwedding-oriented businesses—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.whoswhoWho's Who (general)An open TLD, any person or entity is permitted to register. Conceived for those cited in one of the Who's Who reference titles published around the world, the registry was opened for use by private individuals, and for-profit and nonprofit entities, including those with social media aspirations. Registry policies allow for rapid takedown of non-compliant domains, for violations including imposturous registration of another's names, and proscribed uses, including pornography or adult services/applications.Who's Who RegistryYesYes
.wikiwikis"An open TLD for anyone interested in community resource creation"Top Level DesignYesYes
.wingames, Microsoft Windows—Global Registry Services Ltd[10]Un­knownYes
.wineWineries, wine bars, wine shops, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites—Identity DigitalYesYes
.winnersReserved for TJX CompaniesThe TJX Companies, Inc.[11]
.workgeneral—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.worksContractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, companies with solution based products or services—Identity DigitalYesYes
.worldBrands with an international presence, nonprofits and charities, travel agencies & adventure companies, world travelers & global communities, any business with “world” in its name—Identity DigitalYesYes
.wowAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.wtfBargain websites, photo & video aggregators, meme sites, news of the weird—Identity DigitalYesYes

X

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.xxxadult entertainment (pornography)For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.UniregistryYesYes
.xyzgeneral—XYZ.comYes[82]Yes

Y

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.yachtsyachtsDERYachts, LLC[11]
.yogayoga—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.youAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.youtubeReserved for YouTubeGoogle, LLC

Z

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.zeroAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.zip digital storage information, providers, and related entities. Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11]
.zoneSports fans, technology groups & followers, entertainment, fairs, destinations with a “zone”, city planners & zoning regulators, any topic with a following—Identity DigitalYesYes

Chinese

Name Chinese term Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.ren人 rén"people/person" in Mandarin pinyinRestricted TLD[83](Cancelled)[84]Un­knownYes
.shouji手机 shǒujīmobile phoneQIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.tushu图书 túshūbooksAmazon Registry Services, Inc.
.wanggou网购 wǎnggòuonline shoppingAmazon Registry Services, Inc.
.weibo微博 wēibómicrobloggingSina Corporation
.xihuan喜欢 xǐhuānlikeQIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.xin信 xìncredit; honestAlibaba Group

French

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.arte"ARTE means Association relating to European television"Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E.[11]
.clinique"clinic or hospital" The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.[11]
.luxe"luxury" —Minds + Machines[n 3]Un­knownYes
.maison"house"—Identity Digital[ID 128]YesYes
.moi"me" Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.rsvpInvitations and replies—Google[n 2]Un­knownYes
.sarlSociété à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company—Identity Digital[ID 129]YesYes

German

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.eposte-mailDeutsche Post AG
.gmbhGmbHUpon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. Identity DigitalYesYes
.haus"house"—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.immobilien"real estate"—Identity Digital[n 1]Yes[12]Yes
.jetzt"now"—Identity DigitalYesYes
.kaufen"buy"—Identity Digital[n 1]Yes[12]Yes
.kinder"children"restricted .brand TLDFerrero Trading Lux S.A.
.reise"travel"Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.[85]Identity DigitalYes[12]Yes
.reisen"traveling"—Identity Digital[ID 130]Yes[12]Yes
.schule"school"—Identity Digital[ID 131]YesYes
.versicherung"insurance"—Latin script[12]Yes

Hindi

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.desiदेसी, Hindi for the peoples and cultures of South Asia
See also Desi		—Desi NetworksUn­knownYes
.shikshaशिक्षा, Marathi and Hindi for "education".—Identity DigitalUn­knownYes
.भारत

Italian

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.casa"house"—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes
.immoFrench, German,[86] and Italian abbreviation for "real estate"—Identity Digital[ID 132]YesYes
.moda"fashion"—Identity Digital[n 1]Yes[12]Yes
.voto"vote", for election and campaign websitesMust use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[87] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.[88]Identity DigitalUn­knownYes

Portuguese

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.bomgoodNúcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
.passagensticketTravel Reservations SRL

Spanish

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.abogado"lawyer"To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.[89]Minds + Machines[n 3]Un­knownYes
.futbol"Football" (soccer)—Identity Digital[n 1]YesYes
.gratis"free"—Identity Digital[ID 133]YesYes
.hoteles"hotels"Travel Reservations SRL
.juegos"games"—UniregistryYes[18]Yes
.ltdacompanies in South AmericaDomains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador.[90]InterNetXUn­knownYes
.soy"I am"
Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives		—Google[n 2]Latin script, Japanese[91]Yes
.tienda"shop", "store"—Identity DigitalYesYes
.uno"one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers—SpanishYes
.viajes"travel" or "trips"—Identity DigitalSpanishYes
.vuelos"flights"Travel Reservations SRLYesYes

Internationalized generic top-level domains

All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

Arabic script

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--4gbrim[92].موقعArabicArabicmawqiʿ "site" or "location"Open TLDYes
xn--fhbei[92].كومArabickwmcomOwned by: VeriSign Sarl[11]
xn--mgbb9fbpob[92].موبايليArabicmūbāylīMobilyOwned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[11]
xn--mgbi4ecexp[92].كاثوليكArabickāthūlīkCatholicOwned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)[11]
xn--ngbc5azd[92].شبكةArabicArabicshabaka"network"Open TLDYes
xn--ngbe9e0a[92].بيتكArabicbaytak your homeOwned by: Kuwait Finance House[11]
xn--mgbab2bd[92].بازارPersianArabicbâzâr"market", "bazaar"Open TLDYes

Chinese characters

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--3ds443g[92].在线ChineseChinese (Simplified)zàixiàn"online"Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.[93]		Yes
xn--fiq228c5hs[92].中文网ChineseChinese (Simplified)Zhōngwén wǎng"(written) Chinese (language) network"Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.[93]		Yes
xn--ses554g[92].网址ChineseChinese (Simplified)wǎngzhǐ"network address" or "website"Open TLDYes
xn--5tzm5g[92].网站ChineseChinese (Simplified)wǎngzhàn"website"Open TLDYes
xn--io0a7i[92].网络ChineseChinese (Simplified)wǎngluò"network"Open TLDYes
xn--55qx5d[92].公司ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)gōngsī"business organization" or "company"Open TLDYes
xn--czru2d[92].商城ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)shāngchéng"mall"Open TLDYes
xn--nqv7f[92].机构ChineseChinese (Simplified)jīgòu"agency"Open TLDYes
xn--6qq986b3xl[92].我爱你ChineseChinese (Simplified)wǒ ài nǐ"I love you"Open TLDYes
xn--czr694b[92].商标ChineseChinese (Simplified)shāngbiāo"trademark"Open TLDYes
xn--rhqv96g[92].世界Chinese and JapaneseChinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai)shìjiè
sekai		"world"Open TLDYes
xn--3bst00m[92].集团ChineseChinese (Simplified)jítuán"conglomerate"Open TLDYes
xn--30rr7y[92].慈善Chinese and JapaneseChinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Kyūjitai and Shinjitai)císhàn
jizen		"philanthropy"Open TLDYes
xn--45q11c[92].八卦ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)bāguà"gossip"Open TLDYes
xn--55qw42g[92].公益Chinese and JapaneseChinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai)gōngyì
kõeki		"philanthropy"Open TLDYes
xn--g2xx48c[92].购物ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)gòuwù"shopping"Open TLDYes
xn--kput3i[92].手机ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)shǒujī"cell phone"Open TLDYes
xn--mxtq1m[92].政府Hani ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)zhèngfǔ"public affairsSecond level restricted to ISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions[94]Yes

Cyrillic script

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--d1acj3b[92].детиRussianCyrillic (Russian)dyeti"kids" or "children"Open TLDYes
xn--80aqecdr1a[92].католикCyrillicKatolik"сatholic" (as noun)Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications)[11]
xn--j1aef[92].комRussianCyrillic (Russian)kom"com"Owned by: VeriSign Sarl
xn--80asehdb[92].онлайнRussianCyrillic (Russian)onlain"online"Open TLDYes
xn--c1avg[92].оргRussianCyrillic (Russian)org"org" or "organization"Open TLDYes
xn--80aswg[92].сайтRussianCyrillic (Russian)sait"site"Open TLDYes

Japanese characters

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--q9jyb4c[92].みんなJapaneseHiraganaminnaeveryoneOpen TLD[95]Yes
xn--1ck2e1b[92].セールJapaneseKatakanasērusaleOwned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c[92].ファッションJapaneseKatakanafasshonfashion
xn--cck2b3b[92].ストアJapaneseKatakanasutoastore
xn--eckvdtc9d[92].ポイントJapaneseKatakanapointopoint
xn--gckr3f0f[92].クラウドJapaneseKatakanakuraudocloud
xn--tckwe[92].コムJapaneseKatakanakomucomOwned by: VeriSign Sarl[11]

Other script

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--54b7fta0cc[96] .বাংলা Bengali Bengali Bānlā Bangla Open TLD
xn‑‑h2brj9c[97] .भारत Hindi Devanagari bharat India
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e[92].संगठनMarathi, HindiDevanagarisaṅgaṭhana"organization"Open TLDYes
xn--11b4c3d[92].कॉमMarathi, HindiDevanagarikomcom
xn--c2br7g[92].नेटMarathi, HindiDevanagarinetnet
xn--mk1bu44c[92].닷컴KoreanHanguldatkeom / tatk'ŏmdotcom
xn--t60b56a[92].닷넷KoreanHanguldatnet / tatnetdotnet
xn--9dbq2a[92].קוםHebrewHebrewqwmcomOpen TLDYes
xn--42c2d9a[92].คอมThaiThaikhomcom

Geographic top-level domains

Africa

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.africaAfrica[11][98]Yes
.capetownCape Town, South Africa[99]Un­knownYes
.durban Durban, South Africa[100]Un­knownYes
.joburg Johannesburg, South Africa[101]Un­knownYes

Asia

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.abudhabi Abu Dhabi[11]
.arab League of Arab States[11]
.asiaAsia-Pacific regionThis is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific.Chinese, Japanese, Korean[12]Yes
.dohaDoha[11]
.dubaiDubai[11]
.krd KurdistanThis is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan[102][103]KurdishYes
.kyoto Kyoto, Japan[104]
.nagoya Nagoya, Japan[105]Japanese[12]Yes
.okinawa Okinawa, Japan[106]JapaneseYes
.osaka Osaka, Japan[11]
.ryukyuRyukyu Islands, Japan[107]Un­knownYes
.taipeiTaipei, TaiwanIntroduced in September 2014[108]Un­knownYes
.tokyo Tokyo, Japan[109]YesYes
.yokohama Yokohama, Japan[110]JapaneseYes

Europe

Geographic TLDs in France
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.alsace Alsace"The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."[111]Un­knownYes
.bzh  Brittany; Breton language and culture Breizh in Breton.[112] This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton cultureFrench[12]Yes
.corsica  Corsica TLD Related to Corsican CultureUn­knownYes
.cat  Catalonia; Catalan language and culture This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[113]Catalan[12]Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[114]Un­knownYes
.paris  Paris "Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"[115]YesYes
Geographic TLDs in Spain
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bcn Barcelona[11]
.barcelonaUn­knownYes
.cat  Catalonia; Catalan language and culture This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[113]Catalan[12]Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[114]Un­knownYes
.gal  Galicia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.[116]Un­knownYes
.madrid  Madrid [117]Un­knownYes
Geographic TLDs in Germany
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bayern Bavaria[118]YesYes
.berlin BerlinMust have a connection to Berlin, Germany for example a company based in Berlin or a person from Berlin etc.[119]Latin and Cyrillic scripts[12]Yes
.cologne  Cologne [120]YesYes
.koeln [121]YesYes
.hamburg  Hamburg Latin script[12]Yes
.nrw  North Rhine-Westphalia [122]YesYes
.ruhr Ruhr [123]German[12]Yes
.saarland  Saarland [124]Un­knownYes
Other European Geographic TLDs
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.eu EU, European Union[125] Available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union.YesYes
.amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands[126]Un­knownYes
.bar Bar, Montenegro[11] Mostly used for bars and other alcohol facilities worldwideUn­knownUn­known
.brussels Brussels, Belgium[127]Latin script[12]Yes
.cymru Wales, United Kingdom[128]Welsh[12]Yes
.wales [128]Welsh[12]Yes
.frl Friesland, NetherlandsFryslân in (West) Frisian, one of the twelve provinces in the Netherlands.[129]Un­knownYes
.gent Ghent, Belgium [130]Un­knownYes
.helsinki Helsinki, FinlandUn­knownUn­known
.irish Ireland; global Irish communityUn­knownYes
.istİstanbul, TurkeyUn­knownUn­known
.istanbulUn­knownUn­known
.london London, United Kingdom [131]YesYes
.moscow Moscow, Russia[132]YesYes
.scot  Scotland, United Kingdom [133]Un­knownYes
.stockholm Stockholm, Sweden[11]Yes[134]
.swiss  Switzerland[11]Yes[135]Yes
.tatarTatar peoples and placesTatarstan is a region in Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.[136]Un­knownYes
.tirol Tyrol, Austria[137]Yes[12]Yes
.vlaanderen  Flanders, Belgium [138]Latin script[12]Yes
.wien Vienna, Austria[139]Latin script[12]Yes
.zuerich Zurich, Switzerland[140]Un­knownYes

North America

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC Alternatives
.boston Boston, Massachusetts[11].boston.ma.us
.miami Miami, Florida[141]Un­knownYes.miami.us
.nyc New York City, New York[142]Spanish[12]Yes.new-york.ny.us
.quebec Quebec, Canada[143]Un­knownYes.qc.ca
.vegas Las Vegas, Nevada[144]YesYes.las-vegas.nv.us

Oceania

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.kiwiNew Zealand New Zealanders[145]Latin script[12]Yes
.melbourne Melbourne, Australia[146]Un­knownYes
.sydney Sydney, Australia[147]Un­knownYes

South America

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.lat Latin America[148]Spanish[149]Yes
.rio Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[150]Un­knownYes

Internationalized geographic top-level domains

DNS name Display name Entity Language Script Transliteration Notes Other TLD IDN DNSSEC
xn--1qqw23a[92].佛山Foshan, ChinaChineseChinese (Simplified)fat6 saan1[151]YesYes
xn--xhq521b[92].广东Guangdong, ChinaChineseChinese (Simplified)gwong2 dung1[11]
xn--80adxhks[92].москваMoscow, RussiaRussianCyrillic (Russian)moskva[152].moscowRussian[12]Yes
xn--p1acf[92].русRussian language, post-Soviet statesRussianCyrillic (Russian)rus[11].su
xn--mgbca7dzdo[92].ابوظبيAbu DhabiArabicArabicAbū Ẓabī[11].abudhabi
xn--ngbrx[92].عربArabArabicArabic‘Arab[11]

Brand and corporate top-level domains

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.aaa American Automobile Association[11]
.aarp AARP[11]
.abarthFiat Chrysler Automobiles (Abarth)[11]
.abbABB[11]
.abbottAbbott Laboratories[11]
.abbvieAbbVie[11]
.abcAmerican Broadcasting Company[153][11]
.accentureAccenture[11]
.acoACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG[11]
.aegAktiebolaget Electrolux[11]
.aetnaAetna[11]
.aflAustralian Football League[11]
.agakhanAga Khan Foundation[11]
.aigAmerican International Group[11]
.aigoAigo[11]
.airbusAirbus[11]
.airtelBharti Airtel[11]
.akdnAga Khan Foundation[11]
.alfaromeoFiat Chrysler Automobiles (Alfa Romeo)[11]
.alibabaAlibaba Group[11]
.alipayAlibaba Group[11]
.allfinanzAllfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft[154]Un­knownYes
.allstateAllstate[11]
.allyAlly Financial[11]
.alstomAlstom[11]
.amazon Amazon
.americanexpressAmerican Express[11]
.amexAmerican Express[11]
.amicaAmica Mutual Insurance[11]
.androidGoogle (Android)[155]Un­knownYes
.anzAustralia & New Zealand Banking Group[11]
.aolAOL[11]
.appleApple[11]
.aquarelleAquarelle.com Group[156]Un­knownYes
.aramcoAramco[11]
.audiAudi[11]
.auspostAustralia Post[11]
.awsAmazon Web Services[11]
.axaAxa[157]Yes[12]Yes
.azureMicrosoft[11]
.baiduBaidu[11]
.bananarepublicGap (Banana Republic)[11]
.barclaycardBarclays[158]Un­knownYes
.barclaysBarclays[158]Un­knownYes
.basketballFIBA[159]
.bauhausWerkhaus GmbH[11]
.bbcBBC[11]
.bbtBB&T[11]
.bbvaBanco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria[11]
.bcgBoston Consulting Group[11]
.bentleyBentley[11]
.bhartiBharti Enterprises[11]
.bingMicrosoft (Bing)[11]
.blancoBLANCO GmbH + Co KG[11]
.bloombergBloomberg[160]Un­knownYes
.bmsBristol-Myers Squibb[11]
.bmwBMW[161]NoYes
.bnlBanca Nazionale del Lavoro[162]Un­knownYes
.bnpparibasBNP Paribas[163]Un­knownYes
.boehringerBoehringer Ingelheim[11]
.bondBond University[11]Later became a gTLD on 26 November 2019
.bookingBooking.com[11]
.boschRobert Bosch GmbH[11]
.bostikBostik[11]
.bradescoBradesco[164]Un­knownYes
.bridgestoneBridgestone[11]
.brotherBrother Industries[11]
.bugattiBugatti[11]
.calGoogle (Google Calendar)[165]Un­knownYes
.calvinkleinPVH[11]
.canonCanon[11]
.capitaloneCapital One[11]
.caravanCaravan International[166]Un­knownYes
.cartierRichemont DNS[11]
.cbaCommonwealth Bank[11]
.cbnChristian Broadcasting Network[11]
.cbreCBRE Group[11]
.cbsCBS[11]
.cernCERN[167]Un­knownYes
.cfaCFA Institute[11]
.chanelChanel[11]
.chaseChase Bank[11]
.chintaiChintai Corporation[11]
.chromeGoogle (Google Chrome)[168]Un­knownYes
.chryslerChrysler[11]
.ciprianiHotel Cipriani Srl[11]
.ciscoCisco Systems[11]
.citadelCitadel Domain[11]
.citiCitigroup[11]
.citicCITIC Group[169]NoYes
.clubmedClub Med[11]
.comcastComcast[11]
.commbankCommonwealth Bank[11]
.creditunionCUNA Performance Resources[11]
.crownCrown Equipment Corporation[11]
.crsFederated Co-operatives
(Co-Operative Retailing System)		[170]Un­knownYes
.csc DXC Technology
.cuisinellaSociété Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisinella)[171]Un­knownYes
.daburDabur[11]
.datsunNissan (Datsun)[11]
.dealerDealer Dot Com[11]
.dellDell[11]
.deloitteDeloitte[11]
.deltaDelta Air Lines[11]
.dhlDeutsche Post[11]
.discoverDiscover Financial Services[11]
.dishDish Network[11]
.dnpDai Nippon Printing[172]Un­knownYes
.dodgeChrysler (Dodge)[11]
.dunlopGoodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Dunlop Tyres)[11]
.dupontDuPont[11]
.dvagDeutsche Vermögensberatung[173]Un­knownYes
.edekaEdeka[174]Un­knownYes
.emerckMerck Group[175]Un­knownYes
.epsonSeiko Epson[11]
.ericssonEricsson[11]
.erniERNI Group Holding AG[11]
.esuranceEsurance[11]
.etisalatEtisalat[11]
.eurovisionEuropean Broadcasting Union (Eurovision)[11]
.everbankEverBank[176]Un­knownYes
.extraspaceExtra Space Storage[11]
.fageFage[11]
.fairwindsFairWinds Partners[11]
.farmersFarmers Insurance Exchange[11]
.fedexFedEx[11]
.ferrariFiat Chrysler Automobiles (Ferrari)[11]
.ferreroFerrero[11]
.fiatFiat Chrysler Automobiles[11]
.fidelityFidelity Investments[11]
.firestoneBridgestone[11]
.firmdaleFirmdale Holdings[177]Un­knownYes
.flickrYahoo! (Flickr)[11]
.flirFLIR Systems[11]
.flsmidthFLSmidth[178]Un­knownYes
.fordFord[11]
.foxFox Broadcasting Company[11]
.freseniusFresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH[11]
.forexDotforex Registry Ltd[11]
.frogansOP3FTSolely for use by the Frogans technology[179]Yes[12]Yes
.frontierFrontier Communications[11]
.fujitsuFujitsu[11]
.fujixeroxFuji Xerox[11]
.galloE & J Gallo Winery[11]
.gallupGallup[11]
.gapGap[11]
.gbizGoogle[180]Un­knownYes
.geaGEA Group[11]
.gentingGenting Group[11]
.givingGiving Limited[11]
.gleGoogle[181]Un­knownYes
.globoGrupo Globo[182]NoYes
.gmailGoogle (Gmail)[183]Un­knownYes
.gmoGMO Internet[184]Un­knownYes
.gmx1&1 Mail & Media (GMX, Global Message Exchange)[185]Un­knownYes
.godaddyGo Daddy[11]
.goldpointYodobashi Camera[11]
.goodyearGoodyear Tire and Rubber Company[11]
.googGoogle[186]Un­knownYes
.googleGoogle[187]Un­knownYes
.graingerGrainger Registry Services, LLC[11]
.guardianGuardian Life Insurance Company of America[11]
.gucciGucci[11]
.hboHBO[11]
.hdfcHousing Development Finance Corporation[11]
.hdfcbankHDFC Bank[11]
.hermesHermès[11]
.hisamitsuHisamitsu Pharmaceutical[11]
.hitachiHitachi[11]
.hktHong Kong Telecom[11]
.hondaHonda[11]
.honeywellHoneywell[11]
.hotmailMicrosoft (Hotmail)[11]
.hsbcHSBC[188]Un­knownYes
.hughesHughes Network Systems[11]
.hyattHyatt[11]
.hyundaiHyundai Motor Company[11]
.ibmIBM[189]Un­knownYes
.ieeeInstitute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers[11]
.ifmifm electronic gmbh[11]
.ikanoIkano[11]
.imdbAmazon (IMDb)[11]
.infinitiNissan (Infiniti)[11]
.intelIntel[11]
.intuitIntuit[11]
.ipirangaIpiranga[11]
.iselectiSelect[11]
.itauItaú Unibanco[11]
.itvITV[11]
.ivecoCNH Industrial (Iveco)[11]
.jaguarJaguar Land Rover[11]
.javaOracle (Java)[11]
.jcbJCB[11]
.jcpJCP Media[11]
.jeepChrysler (Jeep)[11]
.jpmorganJPMorgan Chase[11]
.juniperJuniper Networks[11]
.kddiKDDI[11]
.kerryhotelsKerry Trading Co. Limited[11]
.kerrylogisticsKerry Trading Co. Limited[11]
.kerrypropertiesKerry Trading Co. Limited[11]
.kfhKuwait Finance House[11]
.kiaKia Motors Corporation[11]
.kinderFerrero (Kinder Surprise)[11]
.kindleAmazon (Amazon Kindle)[11]
.komatsuKomatsu[11]
.kpmgKPMG[11]
.kredKredTLD[190]Un­knownYes
.kuokgroupKerry Trading Co. Limited[11]
.lacaixaCaixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona[191]Un­knownYes
.ladbrokesLadbrokes[11]
.lamborghiniLamborghini[11]
.lancasterLancaster (Coty)[11]
.lanciaFiat Chrysler Automobiles (Lancia)[11]
.lancomeL'Oréal[11]
.landroverJaguar Land Rover[11]
.lanxessLanxess[11]
.lasalleJLL[11]
.latrobeLa Trobe University[192]Un­knownYes
.ldsThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[193][194]Un­knownYes
.leclerc E.Leclerc [195]
.legoLego Group[11]
.liaisonLiaison Technologies[11]
.lexusToyota (Lexus)[11]
.lidlLidl[11]
.lifestyleLifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11]
.lillyEli Lilly & Company[11]
.lincolnFord (Lincoln)[11]
.lindeLinde[11]
.lipsyLipsy Ltd[11]
.lixilLixil Group[11]
.locusLocus Analytics[11]
.lotteLotte Holdings[11]
.lplLPL Financial[11]
.lplfinancialLPL Financial[11]
.lundbeckLundbeck[11]
.lupinLupin Limited[11]
.macysMacy's[11]
.maifMutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF)[11]
.manMAN[11]
.mangoMango[196]Latin script[12]Yes
.marriottMarriott International[11]
.maseratiFiat Chrysler Automobiles (Maserati)[11]
.mattelMattel[11]
.mckinseyMcKinsey & Company[11]
.metlifeMetLife[11]
.microsoftMicrosoft[11]
.miniBMW (Mini)[197]NoYes
.mitMassachusetts Institute of Technology[11]
.mitsubishiMitsubishi Corporation[11]
.mlbMLB Advanced Media[11]
.mmaMMA IARD[11]
.monashMonash University[198][199]NoYes
.mormonThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[193][200]Un­knownYes
.motoMotorola[11]
.movistarTelefónica (Movistar)[11]
.msdMSD Registry Holdings, Inc.[11]
.mtnMTN[11]
.mtrMTR Corporation[11]
.mutualNorthwestern Mutual[11]
.nadexNadex[11]
.nationwideNationwide Mutual Insurance Company[11]
.naturaNatura & Co[11]
.nbaNational Basketball Association[11]
.necNEC[11]
.netflixNetflix[11]
.neustarNeustar[201]NoYes
.newhollandCNH Industrial (New Holland Agriculture, New Holland Construction)[11]
.nflNational Football League[11]
.nhkNHK[202]Un­knownYes
.nicoDwango (Niconico)[203]Un­knownYes
.nikeNike[11]
.nikonNikon[11]
.nissanNissan[11]
.nissayNippon Life[11]
.nokiaNokia[11]
.northwesternmutualNorthwestern Mutual[11]
.nortonNortonLifeLock[11]
.nraNational Rifle Association of America[204]Un­knownYes
.nttNippon Telegraph & Telephone[11]
.obiOBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA[11]
.officeMicrosoft (Microsoft Office)[11]
.omegaSwatch Group (Omega)[11]
.oracleOracle[11]
.orangeOrange[11]
.otsukaOtsuka Pharmaceutical[205]Un­knownYes
.ovhOVH[206]French[12]Yes
.panasonicPanasonic[11]
.pccwPCCW[11]
.pfizerPfizer[11]
.philipsPhilips[11]
.piagetPiaget[207]Un­knownYes
.pictetPictet[11]
.pingPing[11]
.pioneerPioneer Corporation[11]
.playGoogle (Google Play)[11]
.playstationSony (PlayStation)[11]
.pohlDeutsche Vermögensberatung
(founder Reinfried Pohl)		[208]Un­knownYes
.politiePolitie Nederland[11]
.praxiPraxi[209]Un­knownYes
.prodGoogle (products)[210]Un­knownYes
.progressiveProgressive Corporation[11]
.pruPrudential Financial[11]
.prudentialPrudential Financial[11]
.pwcPwC[211]Un­knownYes
.questQuest Software[11]
.qvcQVC[11]
.redstoneRedstone Haute Couture Co[11]
.relianceReliance Industries[11]
.rexrothRobert Bosch GmbH[11]
.ricohRicoh[11]
.rmitRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology[11]
.rocherFerrero (Ferrero Rocher)[11]
.rogersRogers Communications[11]
.rweRWE[11]
.safetySafety Registry Services, LLC.[11]
.sakuraSakura Internet[11]
.samsungSamsung SDS[11]
.sandvikSandvik[11]
.sandvikcoromantSandvik Coromant[212]Un­knownUn­known
.sanofiSanofi[11]
.sapSAP[213]
.saxoSaxo Bank[11]
.sbiState Bank of India[11]
.sbsSpecial Broadcasting Service[11]Later became a gTLD on 15 June 2021
.scaSvenska Cellulosa[214]Un­knownYes
.scbSiam Commercial BankThai[12]Yes
.schaefflerSchaeffler Technologies[11]
.schmidtSociété Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisines Schmidt)[215]Un­knownYes
.schwarzSchwarz Gruppe[11]
.scjohnsonSC Johnson & Son[11]
.scorSCOR[11]
.seatSEAT[11]
.senerSener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A.[11]
.sesSES[11]
.sewSEW Eurodrive[11]
.sevenSeven West Media[11]
.sfrSFR[11]
.seekSeek[216]NoUn­known
.shangrilaShangri-La Hotels & Resorts[11]
.sharpSharp Corporation[11]
.shawShaw Cablesystems G.P.[11]
.shellShell[11]
.shriramShriram Capital[11]
.sinaSina Corp[11]
.skySky Group[11]
.skypeMicrosoft (Skype)[11]
.smartSmart Communications[11]
.sncfSNCF[11]
.softbankSoftBank[11]
.sohuSohu[217]Un­knownYes
.sonySony[11]
.spiegelDer Spiegel[218]Un­knownYes
.stadaStada Arzneimittel[11]
.staplesStaples[11]
.starDisney Star[11]
.starhubStarHub[11]
.statebankState Bank of India[11]
.statefarmState Farm[11]
.statoilStatoil[11]
.stcSaudi Telecom Company[11]
.stcgroupSaudi Telecom Company[11]
.suzukiSuzuki[219]Un­knownYes
.swatchSwatch Group[11]
.swiftcoverSwiftcover[11]
.symantecNortonLifeLock[11]
.taobaoAlibaba Group (Taobao)[11]
.targetTarget[11]
.tatamotorsTata Motors[11]
.tdkTDK[11]
.telecityTelecityGroup[11]
.telefonicaTelefónica[11]
.temasekTemasek Holdings[11]
.tevaTeva Pharmaceuticals[11]
.tiffanyTiffany & Co[11]
.tjxTJX Companies[11]
.torayToray Industries[11]
.toshibaToshiba[11]
.totalTotal[11]
.toyotaToyota[11]
.travelchannelLifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. (Travel Channel)[11]
.travelersTravelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies)[11]
.tuiTUI[220]Un­knownYes
.tvsT V Sundram Iyengar & Sons Private Limited[11]
.ubsUBS[11]
.unicomChina Unicom[11]
.uolUniverso OnlineDelegated to UOL subsidiary UBN Internet.[221]Un­knownYes
.upsUnited Parcel Service[11]
.vanguardVanguard Group[11]
.verisignVeriSign[11]
.vigVienna Insurance Group[11]
.vikingViking River Cruises[11]
.virginVirgin Group[11]
.visaVisa[11]
.vistaVistaprint[11]
.vistaprintVistaprint[11]
.vivoTelefónica Brasil[11]
.volkswagenVolkswagen Group of America[11]
.volvoVolvo[11]
.walmartWalmart[11]
.walterSandvik[11]
.weatherchannelIBM (The Weather Company)[11]
.weberSaint-Gobain[11]
.weirWeir Group[11]
.williamhillWilliam Hill[222]Un­knownYes
.windowsMicrosoft (Microsoft Windows)[11]
.wmeEndeavor[223]Un­knownYes
.wolterskluwerWolters Kluwer[11]
.woodsideWoodside Petroleum[11]
.wtcWorld Trade Centers Association[224]Un­knownYes
.xboxMicrosoft Xbox[11]
.xeroxFuji Xerox[11]
.xfinityComcast[11]
.yahooYahoo![11]
.yamaxunAmazon (Amazon China)[11]
.yandexYandex[225]Un­knownYes
.yodobashiYodobashi Camera[11]
.youtubeGoogle (YouTube)[226]Un­knownYes
.zapposAmazon (Zappos)[11]
.zaraInditex (Zara)[11]
.zippoZippo[11]

Internationalized brand top-level domains

DNS nameIDN TLDEntityScriptTransliterationCommentsDNSSEC
xn--mgba3a3ejt.ارامكوAramco Services CompanyArabic[11]
xn--mgbaakc7dvf.اتصالاتEmirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat)Arabic[11]
xn--8y0a063a.联通China United Network Communications Corporation LimitedChinese (Simplified)Liántōng[11]
xn--6frz82g.移动China Mobile Communications CorporationChinese (Simplified)Yídòng
xn--fiq64b.中信CITIC GroupChinesezhōngxìn[227]Yes
xn--5su34j936bgsg.香格里拉Shangri‐La International Hotel Management LimitedChineseXiānggélǐlā[11]
xn--b4w605ferd.淡马锡Temasek Holdings (Private) LimitedChinese (Simplified)Dànmǎxī[11]
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a.大众汽车Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd.Chinese (Simplified)Dàzhòngqìchē[11]
xn--vermgensberater-ctb.vermögensberaterDeutsche Vermögensberatung AktiengesellschaftLatin[228]Yes
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb.vermögensberatungDeutsche Vermögensberatung AktiengesellschaftLatin[229]Yes
xn--qcka1pmc.グーグルGoogleKatakanagūguru[230]Yes
xn--flw351e.谷歌GoogleChinesegǔgē[231]Yes
xn--estv75g.工行Industrial and Commercial Bank of China LimitedChineseGōngháng[11]
xn--w4rs40l.嘉里Kerry Trading Co. LimitedChineseJiālǐ[11]
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra.嘉里大酒店Kerry Trading Co. LimitedChineseJiālǐdàjiǔdiàn[11]
xn--kcrx77d1x4a.飞利浦Koninklijke Philips N.V.Chinese (Simplified)Fēilìpǔ[11]
xn--jlq61u9w7b.诺基亚Nokia CorporationChinese (Simplified)Nuòjīyà[11][232]
xn--fzys8d69uvgm.電訊盈科PCCW Enterprises LimitedChinese (Traditional)din6 soen3 jing4 fo1[11]
xn--cg4bki.삼성SamsungHangulsamseong[233]Yes

Special-Use Domains

ICANN/IANA has created some Special-Use domain names which are meant for special technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the Special-Use domain names.[234]

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.exampleNot installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example.
(example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.)		 Un­known
.invalidNot installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work.Un­known
.localLocal network. Must be used with an mDNS server.[235]Un­known
.localhostPoints back to own computer.Un­known
.onionConnection to the Tor network.Un­known
.testMeant for testing DNS software.Un­known

Non-IANA domains

Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Blockchain-registered

Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Often times, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.[236] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

Name Blockchain Notes
N/A Handshake Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. Though it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.[237]
.ethEthereum Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,[238] though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made.
.crypto, .zilEthereum, Zilliqa Both .crypto and .zil aim to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the two TLDs are the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domains as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.[239]
.bitNamecoin Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.[240]

Alternate roots

In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

Name Root Notes
N/A Handshake The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here.
.bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirateOpenNIC
.furFurNIC
.lib .coin .emc .bazarEmercoin
.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rmNew Nations

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See .
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)

Internet Domain Notes

  1. ↑ Operating as Half Oaks, LLC
  2. ↑ Operating as Knob Town, LLC
  3. ↑ Operating as Steel Falls, LLC
  4. ↑ Operating as Baxter Hill, LLC
  5. ↑ Operating as Half Hallow, LLC
  6. ↑ Operating as Grand Hollow, LLC
  7. ↑ Operating as Over Galley, LLC
  8. ↑ Operating as Atomic Madison, LLC
  9. ↑ Operating as Spring Cross, LLC
  10. ↑ Operating as Half Sunset, LLC
  11. ↑ Operating as Atomic Maple, LLC
  12. ↑ Operating as Delta Dynamite, LLC
  13. ↑ Operating as Delta Mill, LLC
  14. ↑ Operating as Foggy Hollow, LLC
  15. ↑ Operating as Goose Cross, LLC
  16. ↑ Operating as Wild Corner, LLC
  17. ↑ Operating as Delta Lake, LLC
  18. ↑ Operating as New Falls, LLC
  19. ↑ Operating as Tin Mill, LLC
  20. ↑ Operating as Sand Cover, LLC
  21. ↑ Operating as Holly Fields, LLC
  22. ↑ Operating as Snow Sky, LLC
  23. ↑ Operating as Black Corner, LLC
  24. ↑ Operating as Fox Shadow, LLC
  25. ↑ Operating as Goose Park, LLC
  26. ↑ Operating as Steel Lake, LLC
  27. ↑ Operating as Puff Willow, LLC
  28. ↑ Operating as Trixy Cover, LLC
  29. ↑ Operating as Fox Orchard, LLC
  30. ↑ Operating as Silver Avenue, LLC
  31. ↑ Operating as Pine Mill, LLC
  32. ↑ Operating as Pine House, LLC
  33. ↑ Operating as Fox Dynamite, LLC
  34. ↑ Operating as Magic Woods, LLC
  35. ↑ Operating as Koko Lake, LLC
  36. ↑ Operating as Snow Shadow, LLC
  37. ↑ Operating as Binky Frostbite, LLC
  38. ↑ Operating as Spring Way, LLC
  39. ↑ Operating as Pine Fest, LLC
  40. ↑ Operating as Sand Sunset, LLC
  41. ↑ Operating as Steel Station, LLC
  42. ↑ Operating as Tin Birch, LLC
  43. ↑ Operating as John Edge, LLC
  44. ↑ Operating as Dash Park, LLC
  45. ↑ Operating as Half Trail, LLC
  46. ↑ Operating as Extra Madison, LLC
  47. ↑ Operating as Holly Hill, LLC
  48. ↑ Operating as Sugar Cross, LLC
  49. ↑ Operating as Brice Way, LLC
  50. ↑ Operating as Spring Madison, LLC
  51. ↑ Operating as Binky Birch, LLC
  52. ↑ Operating as Romeo Canyon.
  53. ↑ Operating as Snow Oaks, LLC
  54. ↑ Operating as Corn Station, LLC
  55. ↑ Operating as Trixy Park, LLC
  56. ↑ Operating as Pioneer Maple, LLC
  57. ↑ Operating as Spring Falls, LLC
  58. ↑ Operating as Magic Pass, LLC
  59. ↑ Operating as Victor Beach, LLC
  60. ↑ Operating as Atomic Pipe, LLC
  61. ↑ Operating as Just Maple, LLC
  62. ↑ Operating as Cotton Cypress, LLC
  63. ↑ Operating as Just Cover, LLC
  64. ↑ Operating as Fox Woods, LLC
  65. ↑ Operating as Brice Orchard, LLC
  66. ↑ Operating as Fox Station, LLC
  67. ↑ Operating as Half Cypress, LLC
  68. ↑ Operating as John Dale, LLC
  69. ↑ Operating as John Castle, LLC
  70. ↑ Operating as Lone Fields, LLC
  71. ↑ Operating as Sugar House, LLC
  72. ↑ Operating as Top Level Design
  73. ↑ Operating as Goose Sky, LLC
  74. ↑ Operating as Black Cover, LLC
  75. ↑ Operating as Over Madison, LLC
  76. ↑ Operating as Corn Sunset, LLC
  77. ↑ Operating as Snow Moon, LLC
  78. ↑ Operating as Pioneer Cypress, LLC
  79. ↑ Operating as Silver Glen, LLC
  80. ↑ Operating as John Madison, LLC
  81. ↑ Operating as Goose Woods, LLC
  82. ↑ Operating as Sugar Park, LLC
  83. ↑ Operating as Outer House, LLC
  84. ↑ Operating as Outer Maple, LLC
  85. ↑ Operating as Pioneer Willow, LLC
  86. ↑ Operating as Wild Way, LLC
  87. ↑ Operating as Holly Glen, LLC
  88. ↑ Operating as Just Goodbye, LLC
  89. ↑ Operating as Pine Moon, LLC
  90. ↑ Operating as Victor Trail, LLC
  91. ↑ Operating as Trixy Oaks, LLC
  92. ↑ Operating as John McCook, LLC
  93. ↑ Operating as Big Fest, LLC
  94. ↑ Operating as Hidden Frostbite, LLC
  95. ↑ Operating as June Woods, LLC
  96. ↑ Operating as John Goodbye, LLC
  97. ↑ Operating as Fern Pass, LLC
  98. 1 2 Operating as Dog Beach, LLC
  99. ↑ Operating as Grand Glen, LLC
  100. ↑ Operating as Trixy Manor, LLC
  101. ↑ Operating as Magic Glen, LLC
  102. ↑ Operating as Sea Goodbye, LLC
  103. ↑ Operating as Sugar Glen, LLC
  104. ↑ Operating as Sea Corner, LLC
  105. ↑ Operating as Foggy Sky, LLC
  106. ↑ Operating as Foggy Moon, LLC
  107. ↑ Operating as Snow Galley, LLC
  108. ↑ Operating as Spring Tigers, LLC
  109. ↑ Operating as Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited.
  110. ↑ Operating as Magic Birch, LLC
  111. ↑ Operating as Big Pass, LLC
  112. ↑ Operating as Grand Island, LLC
  113. ↑ Operating as Big Hollow, LLC
  114. ↑ Operating as Lone Sunset, LLC
  115. ↑ Operating as Binky Glen, LLC
  116. ↑ Operating as Snow Avenue, LLC
  117. ↑ Operating as Little Galley, LLC
  118. ↑ Operating as Fox Castle, LLC
  119. ↑ Operating as Binky Galley, LLC
  120. ↑ Operating as Fern Madison, LLC
  121. ↑ Operating as Ruby Town, LLC
  122. ↑ Operating as Silver Cover, LLC
  123. ↑ Operating as Atomic Fields, LLC
  124. ↑ Operating as Half Falls, LLC
  125. ↑ Operating as Grand Orchard, LLC
  126. ↑ Operating as Tin Avenue, LLC
  127. ↑ Operating as Dash Cypress, LLC
  128. ↑ Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC
  129. ↑ Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC
  130. ↑ Operating as New Cypress, LLC
  131. ↑ Operating as Outer Moon, LLC
  132. ↑ Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC
  133. ↑ Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 "IANA — Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  2. 1 2 "IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  3. ↑ "Daily TLD DNSSEC Report". icann.org. ICANN. 31 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  4. ↑ "Root Zone file". Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  5. ↑ "IANA root zone database". Iana.org. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  6. ↑ "Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  7. ↑ National Research Council, Committee on Internet Navigation and the Domain Name System: Technical Alternatives and Policy Implications; National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (7 August 2005). Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09640-9. {{cite book}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  8. ↑ "RFC 920: Domain requirements". rfc-editor.org. October 1984. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  9. 1 2 Postel, Jon (March 1994). "RFC 1591: Domain Name System Structure and Delegation". rfc-editor.org. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "FFM acquired by GRS, immediate price changes". 3 September 2018.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 "IANA Root Zone Database". Iana.org. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  13. ↑ ".app". get.app. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  14. ↑ ".apple". Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  15. ↑ "Legal - .Apple TLD Policies - Apple". Apple Legal. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  16. ↑ ".ARCHI Online Visibility for Architects Worldwide". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  17. ↑ ".ARCHI policies". Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  18. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ↑ ".bio: Why .bio?". domains.bio. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  20. ↑ ".bio: Eligibility Requirements". domains.bio. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020.Identity Digital
  21. ↑ "IFOAM Organics International: Principles of Organic Agriculture". IFOAM Organics International. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  22. ↑ "Afilias Limited: Afilias Acquires Premium TLDs .ARCHI, .BIO and .SKI". afilias.info. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  23. ↑ "Why .BLACK?". Black/why-black. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  24. ↑ "About Knock Knock, WHOIS There". 13 April 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  25. ↑ "Why .BLUE?". Dotblue.blue. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  26. ↑ "Register your .bot domain". www.amazonregistry.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023.
  27. ↑ "Amazon Registry". www.registry.amazon.
  28. ↑ "Transfer Report for cam". www.iana.org. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  29. ↑ "CancerResearch launch Site". Home.cancerresearch. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  30. ↑ ".CEO Domain Names : .CEO Domains : Register New TLDs". dynadot.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  31. ↑ "DotClub FAQ - DotClub". Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  32. ↑ "Amendment to Registry Agreement" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  33. ↑ ".cyou - A New Domain Extension For Gen Z individuals And Brands". shortdot.bond. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  34. ↑ "Transfer Report for cyou". www.iana.org. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  35. ↑ Who is .eco for? .eco Registry. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  36. ↑ About the .eco System .eco Registry. Retrieved 26 June 2017
  37. ↑ [ Big Room Inc.] Retrieved on 26 June 2017
  38. ↑ "application for .ESQ". ICANN. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  39. ↑ §18.b.iv, application for .FLY, ICANN. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  40. ↑ ".foo". Icannwiki.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  41. ↑ "Setting a Higher Bar: Our .gay Commitment Is an Industry-First". www.circleid.com.
  42. ↑ "Why .GDN". Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  43. ↑ ".gle Registry Agreement". Icann.org. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  44. ↑ "Resources". Icann.org. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  45. ↑ Acceptable use and anti-abuse policy Archived 25 November 2014 at archive.today, nic.green, accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  46. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. ↑ "Why .ink? - .ink". Nic.ink. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  48. ↑ "Registry Agreement institute". www.icann.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  49. ↑ "What is .jobs?". Nic.jobs. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  50. ↑ "Join Law FAQ". join.law. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  51. ↑ ".LGBT Acceptable Use Policy". Archived from the original on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  52. ↑ "Check website's whois information".
  53. ↑ ".link Official - Uniregistry". Nic.link. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  54. ↑ "Uniregistry extensions and domains". Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  55. 1 2 "Registration Policies | OnGood".
  56. ↑ "ntt Registration Policies". Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  57. ↑ "TLD Registration Policies — Registration Policy - .OPEN" (PDF). American Express Travel Related Services Co., Inc. (nic.open). Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  58. ↑ ".ORGANIC Eligibility". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  59. ↑ nic.pharmacy Archived 25 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  60. ↑ "physio - Network Information Centre". Nic.physio. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  61. ↑ ".physio Eligibility Policy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  62. ↑ UPU. "Description of TLD Policies: Criteria for Registration". E17. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  63. ↑ UPU. "Description of TLD Policies:TLD String". E2. Retrieved 1 January 2013. Only ASCII characters are used
  64. ↑ ".pro Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  65. ↑ NAR Announces Launch of .REALTOR Top-Level Domain Archived 14 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, realtor.org. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  66. ↑ "Why .RED?". Get.red. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  67. ↑ nic.reit. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  68. ↑ "CentralNic Account Manager". Manage.centralnic.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  69. ↑ "A respectful domain name for remembering loved ones". Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  70. ↑ "scholarships Registry Agreement". ICANN. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  71. ↑ "Scholarships Domain Names | The .Scholarships Registry". Nic.scholarships. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  72. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  73. ↑ Telnic. "IDN.tel". Archived from the original on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  74. ↑ "Termination of the Registry Agreement for .UCONNECT" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2019.
  75. ↑ ".volvo Registration Policy" (PDF).
  76. ↑ ".VOTE Registration Policy". DotVote.
  77. ↑ "Zodiac Holdings Limited". En.nic.wang. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  78. ↑ "Daily list of new gTLD domain name registrations". Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  79. ↑ "Weirdest new gTLD launch yet? .wed launches with a single registrar". DomainIncite - Domain Name News & Opinion. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  80. ↑ ".WED Third Level Extensions". Atgron, Inc Introduces .WED. A New Top Level Domain for Your Wedding. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  81. ↑ "Resources". Icann.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  82. ↑ "New TLDs this week: .London, .Global and more". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  83. ↑ "关于拟注销北京千橡网景科技发展有限公司".ren"顶级域域名注册管理机构许可的公示" (in Chinese). 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  84. ↑ §5, Policy for the Registration of .reise Domain Names Archived 20 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, dotreise GmbH. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  85. ↑ "'Immo' as abbreviation for 'immobiliën'". Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  86. ↑ ".VOTO Registration Policy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  87. ↑ "Registrant FAQs". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  88. ↑ General Eligibility Requirements and Principles for the new .LAW and .ABOGADO top-level domains Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  89. ↑ "Why choose .LTDA?". .LTDA advantages. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  90. ↑ "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  91. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 "Delegated Strings". Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  92. 1 2 "Chinese government buys 20,000 new IDN domain names". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  93. ↑ ".政府 - ICANNWiki". Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  94. ↑ "Google Registry – Google". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  95. ↑ "Report on the Delegation of the .বাংলা ("bangla") domain representing Bangladesh in Bengali script to the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Division". www.iana.org. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  96. ↑ "Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In". www.registry.in. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  97. ↑ ".africa Domain Frequently Asked Questions". .africa - Registry Africa. 16 May 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  98. ↑ "dotCapeTown - .CapeTown - The new domain extension for the City of Cape Town". Nic.capetown. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  99. ↑ "dotDurban - .Durban - The new domain extension for the City of Durban". Nic.durban. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  100. ↑ "dotJoburg - .Joburg - The new domain extension for the City of Johannesburg". Nic.joburg. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  101. ↑ IANA - .krd Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  102. ↑ .krd Network Information Centre, accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  103. ↑ "About .kyoto". The Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  104. ↑ "「.nagoya」名古屋のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  105. ↑ IANA - .okinawa Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 August 2022.
  106. ↑ IANA - .ryukyu Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  107. ↑ ".taipei Net Top City". Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  108. ↑ "「.tokyo」東京のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  109. ↑ "「.yokohama」横浜のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  110. ↑ "Book your extension .alsace".
  111. ↑ ".BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne". .BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne.
  112. 1 2 (in Catalan) Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  113. 1 2 ".eus Domeinua - .eus - Euskara eta Euskal Kultura Interneten". Nic.eus. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  114. ↑ ".paris Registration Policy" (PDF). cdn.paris.fr. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  115. ↑ "Dominio .gal". Dominio.gal. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  116. ↑ IANA - .madrid Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  117. ↑ "Startseite - .bayern - Das Web wird weiß-blau". nic.bayern.
  118. ↑ (in German) berlin Top-Level-Domain Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Nic.berlin. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  119. ↑ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  120. ↑ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.koeln. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  121. ↑ IANA - .nrw Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  122. ↑ ".ruhr". Dot.ruhr. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  123. ↑ "dotSaarland GmbH". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  124. ↑ EURid.
  125. ↑ amsterdam Top-Level-Domain.
  126. ↑ ".brussels is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.brussels. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  127. 1 2 ".cymru .wales Our Home Online". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  128. ↑ (in Dutch) frl Top-Level-Domain. Nic.frl. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  129. ↑ "Official website of .GENT". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  130. ↑ "The New London Code". Nic.london. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  131. ↑ "About TLDs .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА - dotMoscow: .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА TLDs for Russian Capital". Nic.moscow. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  132. ↑ "Register .scot domains - Calico .scot domains - dotscot is the new Scottish top level domain". Calico.scot. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  133. ↑ "Zonemaster växer.stockholm". Zonemaster. The Swedish Internet Foundation.
  134. ↑ "Zuteilung und Verwaltung der Domain-Namen der zweiten Ebene, die der Internet-Domain ".swiss" untergeordnet sind" (in German). BAKOM. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  135. ↑ "Mission". Tatar Internet. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  136. ↑ "Tirol Domain" (in German). Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  137. ↑ ".vlaanderen is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.vlaanderen. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  138. ↑ ".wien: punktwien". Nic.wien. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  139. ↑ ".zuerich Registry Operator Website". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  140. ↑ IANA - .miami Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  141. ↑ ".NYC Domain Name Extension - Official Website". .NYC - The Official Website for the Ultimate New York City Address. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  142. ↑ ".QUEBEC". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  143. ↑ "Dot Vegas, Inc". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  144. ↑ "About". Hello.kiwi. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  145. ↑ Twenty4. "nic.melbourne - Home page". nic.melbourne. Retrieved 21 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  146. ↑ IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  147. ↑ ".LAT Domain - About us". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  148. ↑ ".LAT Domain - FAQs". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  149. ↑ "IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  150. ↑ IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  151. ↑ "О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  152. ↑ ".abc Domain Registration - .abc Domains - American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc - Register American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc". 101domain.com. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  153. ↑ IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  154. ↑ IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  155. ↑ IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  156. ↑ "dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  157. 1 2 "Barclays begins using .Barclays and .Barclaycard top level domains". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  158. ↑ "FIBA launches .basketball as new digital identity of the global basketball community" (Press release). FIBA. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  159. ↑ IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  160. ↑ "Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  161. ↑ IANA — .bnl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 June 2015.
  162. ↑ "nic.bnpparibas". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  163. ↑ "IANA — .bradesco Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  164. ↑ IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  165. ↑ IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  166. ↑ IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  167. ↑ IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  168. ↑ "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  169. ↑ IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  170. ↑ IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  171. ↑ IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  172. ↑ IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  173. ↑ IANA — .edeka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
  174. ↑ IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  175. ↑ IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  176. ↑ IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  177. ↑ IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  178. ↑ "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  179. ↑ IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  180. ↑ IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  181. ↑ ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  182. ↑ IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  183. ↑ IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  184. ↑ IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  185. ↑ IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
  186. ↑ IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  187. ↑ ".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  188. ↑ IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  189. ↑ IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  190. ↑ IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  191. ↑ IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  192. 1 2 This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
  193. ↑ IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  194. ↑ "IANA — .leclerc Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  195. ↑ "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  196. ↑ "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  197. ↑ ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  198. ↑ "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  199. ↑ IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  200. ↑ "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  201. ↑ IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  202. ↑ ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  203. ↑ IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  204. ↑ IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  205. ↑ "The New OVH Code" (PDF). Nic.ovh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  206. ↑ "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  207. ↑ IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  208. ↑ IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  209. ↑ IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  210. ↑ NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  211. ↑ "Site:.SANDVIKCOROMANT - Google Search". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  212. ↑ ".sap - ICANNWiki". icannwiki.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  213. ↑ ".sca". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  214. ↑ IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  215. ↑ IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
  216. ↑ IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  217. ↑ IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  218. ↑ IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  219. ↑ IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  220. ↑ IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  221. ↑ IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  222. ↑ IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  223. ↑ IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  224. ↑ "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  225. ↑ IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  226. ↑ "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  227. ↑ IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  228. ↑ IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  229. ↑ IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  230. ↑ IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  231. ↑ "DNSViz — 诺基亚 Retired 2022-12-06". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  232. ↑ "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  233. ↑ "Special-Use Domain Names". Iana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  234. ↑ Multicast DNS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6762. RFC 6762.
  235. ↑ Werbach, Kevin (11 December 2018). The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34978-9.
  236. ↑ "A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  237. ↑ "The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names". www.vice.com. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  238. ↑ Francisco, Kieren McCarthy in San. "Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  239. ↑ Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.