Živnostenská banka, a.s.
IndustryFinancial services
PredecessorPrager Creditbank Edit this on Wikidata
Founded1868
Defunct2006
SuccessorUniCredit Bank Czech Republic
HeadquartersPrague, Czech Republic

Živnostenská banka (Full name until 1910 Živnostenská banka pro Čechy a Moravu v Praze, lit. 'Small Business Bank for Bohemia and Moravia in Prague', German: Gewerbebank, in short ŽB or ZIBA) was a major commercial bank operating in the Habsburg Monarchy, then Czechoslovakia until absorption into the State Bank of Czechoslovakia in 1950. It restarted activity in the late 1950s, was privatized in 1992, and after 1993 was one of the largest banks in the Czech Republic. In 2002 it was purchased by UniCredit, and in 2006 was renamed UniCredit Bank Czech Republic.

Austro-Hungarian era

War poster, 1916

Živnostenská banka was established in 1868 as a joint-stock company, acting as a middleman between the Austro-Hungarian Bank and smaller savings banks.[1] It was the first bank in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to be financed entirely by Czech capital, and aimed at supporting the development of newly established Czech businesses. In 1896, it opened a first branch in Vienna, and in 1908 another one in Trieste.[2] In 1900, it sponsored the creation of the Ljubljana Credit Bank in which it held half of the initial equity capital. In 1909, ZIBA was one of the founding investors of the Croatian Landesbank in Osijek, which in 1920 was relocated to Zagreb and renamed Jugoslavenska Banka.[3] Prior to the World War I, ZIBA also took a minority holding in the Serbian Credit Bank in Belgrade.

Just before the outbreak of World War I, ZIBA had 1,068 employees, 11 branches in Bohemia and Moravia, and branches in Vienna, Kraków, Lviv, and Trieste. At that time ZIBA alone accounted for almost a third of the total capital of the Czech banking system.

During World War I, it had to liquidate its branches in Kraków and Lemberg (now Lviv), whose businesses were transferred to local players.[2]

Independent Czechoslovakia

Jaroslav Preiss (1870-1946) joined ZIBA in 1907 and led it from 1917 to 1938

ZIBA grew rapidly in the wake of the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic in late 1918. In 1919, it took over control of the Böhmische Escompte-Bank (BEB) from the expropriated Austrian bank Niederösterreichische Escompte-Gesellschaft, and the BEB in turn acquired the operations of Austria's Creditanstalt in Czechoslovakia. At the same time, ZIBA opened branches in Bratislava and Košice which had become part of the new country.[4]

ZIBA's managing director Jaroslav Preiss was instrumental in formulating Czechoslovakia's economic-nationalistic "nostrification" policy, [5] which forced the transfer of ownership of assets in Czechoslovakia to domestically-headquartered companies. This law also protected Czech banks from foreign competition. ZIBA consequently developed its investment banking activity. In 1922, it established a branch in London. It fostered mergers among large Czech industrial corporations, for example the creation of the mechanical engineering colossus ČKD, and systematically built up a dominant industrial portfolio, controlling 60 companies. In 1925, it shored up the Czech Bank in Prague (Czech: Česká banka v Praze) jointly with the National Bank of Czechoslovakia, and eventually took it over in 1939.[6]

In 1928, ZIBA sold its Trieste branch and Opatija branch office to the Banca d'America e d'Italia.[2] In 1938, it opened a branch in Žilina.[4]

Nazi era

Former head office of Czech Bank in Prague, taken over by ZIBA in 1939

On 12 March 1938, Nazi Germany annexed Austria. The new German authorities in Vienna merged ZIBA's Austrian business into the Dresdner Bank–owned Mercurbank, together with the Austrian operations of the Paris-headquartered Zentral-Europäische Länderbank. On 29 September 1938, as a result of the Munich Agreement in which Czechoslovakia handed over the Sudetenland, Dresdner Bank further took over ZIBA's branches in Liberec, Ústí nad Labem, Karlovy Vary and Teplice. On 1 January 1939 following the First Vienna Award, ZIBA's branch in Košice was taken over by the Hungarian Commercial Bank of Pest At the same time, ZIBA took over the Petschek family business.[2]

During Nazi occupation from 1939 and World War II, ZIBA was the only Czech bank that escaped direct annexation by German interests. Even so, it was forced to accept German control and to contribute heavily to financing the Nazis' war expenditures. It purchased almost a billion crowns' worth of Reich treasury bills, a sum about three times the ZIBA's capital stock. In June 1939, it fully took over the Czech Bank in Prague at the German authorities' request.[6]

Postwar nationalisation and Communist era

In 1945, the new Czechoslovak government nationalized ZIBA, together with all other Czechoslovak banks.[7]: 108  In 1948 ZIBA absorbed Prague Credit Bank, the former Anglo-Czechoslovak and Prague Credit Bank, and took over its New York office which it closed in 1949; at the same time, its Bratislava branch was closed and its activity transferred to Tatra Banka.[4] ZIBA was eventually merged in 1950 into the State Bank of Czechoslovakia, which was headquartered in its former head office.

A London Office of Zivnostenska Banka existed at No.48 Bishopsgate, managed by Bruno Pollack and his deputy Leonard Dunstan. The bank continued to exist on that site into the 1950s when it moved to another part of the City.

Between 1950 and 1956, ZIBA continued to exist as a legal entity. Starting in 1956, ZIBA's past international and foreign exchange experience led the government to revive it and make it the primary Czechoslovak bank for Comecon import and export business, in which its London branch played a significant role. ZIBA was the repository for all foreign currency accounts maintained by expatriates, foreign firms operating in Czechoslovakia, and state agencies facilitating "invisible" trade such as tourism. In 1988, ZIBA resumed corporate business.

Post-Communist transition and merger into UniCredit

ZIBA logo under UniCredit ownership in the 2000s

In 1992, ZIBA became the first bank in Central and Eastern Europe to be privatized.[8] Germany's BHF Bank took up 40% of the shares, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) acquired 12%, and the remaining 48% went to private individuals and Czech investment funds. Six years later, Bankgesellschaft Berlin became the largest shareholder in ZIBA after taking over BHF's now 47% equity stake. Other significant shareholders were the IFC and Crédit Commercial de France. In 2000, Bankgesellschaft Berlin increased its stake in ZIBA to 85.16%. At the time, the bank had branches in Prague, Brno, České Budějovice, Karlovy Vary, Liberec, Ostrava, Pardubice and Zlín. It also had a representative office in Bratislava to handle operations in Slovakia.

In 2002, UniCredit acquired Bankgesellschaft Berlin's stake. In 2006 it merged ZIBA with HVB Bank Czech Republic, delisted it from the Prague Stock Exchange,[9] and renamed the merged entity as UniCredit Bank Czech Republic.

Buildings

In the late 19th century, ZIBA erected a new head office on the prestigious Na příkopě thoroughfare of Prague, designed by Osvald Polívka and completed in 1900. In the 1930s, it tore it down and from 1935 to 1942 built a much expanded headquarters designed by architect František Roith, who reused the allegoric sculpture that had crowned Polívka's building. The complex was taken over by the State Bank of Czechoslovakia after it absorbed ZIBA in 1950, and has remained the central office of the Czech National Bank after 1992. It was comprehensively renovated in 1997-2000.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Susanne Wurm (6 February 2017). "Types of banks in the Habsburg Empire". Central European Economic and Social History.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Živnostenská banka (Gewerbebank), Živnobanka, dříve Živnostenská banka pro Čechy a Moravu". SecurityPrinting.org.
  3. ↑ "Hrvatska zemaljska banka d.d." National Archive of Croatia.
  4. 1 2 3 František Chudják. "Živnostenská Banka in Slovakia" (PDF). National Bank of Slovakia.
  5. ↑ Chris Johnstone (8 September 2011). "Jaroslav Preiss: banking and business colossus of inter-war Czechoslovakia". Radio Prague International.
  6. 1 2 "Česká banka v Praze". Czech National Bank.
  7. ↑ Rudolf Štancl (1967). "Die Entwicklung des Kreditsystems der Tschechoslowakischen Republik von 1945 bis 1948" (PDF). Masaryk University. Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity.
  8. ↑ Rick Jervis (15 April 2002). "Interest in Czech Bank Heats Up As More Suitors Express Interest". Wall Street Journal.
  9. ↑ "UniCredit: Squeeze out of minority shareholders of Zivnostenska banka a.s." UniCredit. 9 January 2006.
  10. ↑ "The Czech National Bank returns to its headquarters on Na příkopě". Czech National Bank. 4 February 2000.
  11. ↑ Václav Vondra. "bankovnictví". Encyklopedie Českých Budějovic.
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