utu
English
Noun
utu (uncountable)
- (New Zealand) Recompense, payback; revenge.
- 2008, Christina Thompson, Come on Shore and We Will Kill and Eat You All, Bloomsbury, published 2009, page 129:
- Utu demanded that both favors and grievances be repaid in kind, but it was the grievances, naturally, that caused the most trouble.
- 2011 September 19, Andrew Alderson, New Zealand Herald:
- The match had been touted as a chance for utu after the 1999 and 2007 All Blacks World Cup defeats.
Buginese
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu, from Proto-Austronesian *kuCu.
Finnish
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Utu.
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *utu, probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (compare Icelandic úði (“drizzle”)).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈutu/, [ˈut̪u]
- Rhymes: -utu
- Syllabification(key): u‧tu
Usage notes
- The words sumu, usva and utu all describe "water vapor lightly suspended near the ground", but – strictly speaking – at different degrees. However, they may often be used synonymously with no discretion.
- Utu describes very light vapor near the ground, especially that occurring in the morning and therefore it is translated usually as "mist" or "haze".
- Usva describes a bit thicker vapor than utu near the ground, especially when considering the water travelling conditions. Therefore, it is translated usually as "mist", "haze" or "fog".
- Sumu describes very thick vapor obscuring the visibility near the ground and thus, it is translated usually as "mist" or "fog".
- utu is used for haze caused by water vapor - if the haze is caused by something else, it is called auer.
Declension
| Inflection of utu (Kotus type 1*F/valo, t-d gradation) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | utu | udut | ||
| genitive | udun | utujen | ||
| partitive | utua | utuja | ||
| illative | utuun | utuihin | ||
| singular | plural | |||
| nominative | utu | udut | ||
| accusative | nom. | utu | udut | |
| gen. | udun | |||
| genitive | udun | utujen | ||
| partitive | utua | utuja | ||
| inessive | udussa | uduissa | ||
| elative | udusta | uduista | ||
| illative | utuun | utuihin | ||
| adessive | udulla | uduilla | ||
| ablative | udulta | uduilta | ||
| allative | udulle | uduille | ||
| essive | utuna | utuina | ||
| translative | uduksi | uduiksi | ||
| abessive | udutta | uduitta | ||
| instructive | — | uduin | ||
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | |||
| Possessive forms of utu (Kotus type 1*F/valo, t-d gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References
- Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “utu”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja (in Finnish), retrieved 2024-01-01
Further reading
- “utu”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-04
Anagrams
Ingrian
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈutu/, [ˈutu]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈutu/, [ˈud̥u]
- Rhymes: -utu
- Hyphenation: u‧tu
Declension
| Declension of utu (type 4/koivu, t- gradation, gemination) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | utu | uut |
| genitive | uun | uttuin, utuloin |
| partitive | uttua | utuja, utuloja |
| illative | uttuu | uttui, utuloihe |
| inessive | uus | uuis, utulois |
| elative | uust | uuist, utuloist |
| allative | uulle | uuille, utuloille |
| adessive | uul | uuil, utuloil |
| ablative | uult | uuilt, utuloilt |
| translative | uuks | uuiks, utuloiks |
| essive | utunna, uttuun | utuinna, utuloinna, uttuin, utuloin |
| exessive1) | utunt | utuint, utuloint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 620
Maori
Etymology
From Proto-Polynesian, from Proto-Oceanic, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *utuŋ (compare Hawaiian uku, Malay untung).
Usage notes
- Describes reciprocal obligations.
References
- “utu” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.
Pali
Alternative forms
Declension
Declension table of "utu" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | utu | utavo or utū |
| Accusative (second) | utuṃ | utavo or utū |
| Instrumental (third) | utunā | utūhi or utūbhi |
| Dative (fourth) | utussa or utuno | utūnaṃ |
| Ablative (fifth) | utusmā or utumhā | utūhi or utūbhi |
| Genitive (sixth) | utussa or utuno | utūnaṃ |
| Locative (seventh) | utusmiṃ or utumhi | utūsu |
| Vocative (calling) | utu | utave or utavo |
Declension table of "utu" (neuter)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | utu | utūni or utū |
| Accusative (second) | utuṃ | utūni or utū |
| Instrumental (third) | utunā | utūhi or utūbhi |
| Dative (fourth) | utussa or utuno | utūnaṃ |
| Ablative (fifth) | utusmā or utumhā | utūhi or utūbhi |
| Genitive (sixth) | utussa or utuno | utūnaṃ |
| Locative (seventh) | utusmiṃ or utumhi | utūsu |
| Vocative (calling) | utu | utūni or utū |
Declension
Declension table of "utu" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | utu | utavo or utū |
| Accusative (second) | utuṃ | utavo or utū |
| Instrumental (third) | utunā | utūhi or utūbhi |
| Dative (fourth) | utussa or utuno | utūnaṃ |
| Ablative (fifth) | utusmā or utumhā | utūhi or utūbhi |
| Genitive (sixth) | utussa or utuno | utūnaṃ |
| Locative (seventh) | utusmiṃ or utumhi | utūsu |
| Vocative (calling) | utu | utave or utavo |
References
- Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “utu”, in Pali-English Dictionary, London: Chipstead
Sumerian
Swahili
Pronunciation
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Ternate
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈu.tu]
Conjugation
| Conjugation of utu | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Inclusive | Exclusive | |||
| 1st | toutu | foutu | miutu | |
| 2nd | noutu | niutu | ||
| 3rd | Masculine | outu | iutu, youtu† | |
| Feminine | moutu | |||
| Neuter | iutu | |||
| † - archaic | ||||
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈu.tu]
References
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Votic
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *utu.
Pronunciation
- (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈutu/, [ˈutu]
- Rhymes: -utu
- Hyphenation: u‧tu
Inflection
| Declension of utu (type II/võrkko, t-d gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | utu | udud |
| genitive | udu | utujõ, utui |
| partitive | uttua | utuitõ, utui |
| illative | uttusõ, uttu | utuisõ |
| inessive | uduz | utuiz |
| elative | udussõ | utuissõ |
| allative | udulõ | utuilõ |
| adessive | udullõ | utuillõ |
| ablative | udultõ | utuiltõ |
| translative | udussi | utuissi |
| *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. | ||
References
- Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “utu”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
West Makian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈu.t̪u/
Conjugation
| Conjugation of utu (action verb) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |||
| inclusive | exclusive | |||
| 1st person | toutu | moutu | autu | |
| 2nd person | noutu | foutu | ||
| 3rd person | inanimate | iutu | doutu | |
| animate | ||||
| imperative | nuutu, utu | fuutu, utu | ||
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈu.t̪u/
Ye'kwana
Etymology
From Proto-Cariban *utu (“to give, to put”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [utu]
References
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “utu”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon
- Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) “utu:du”, in The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, page 315
- Hall, Katherine (2007) “utūdu”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors, The Intercontinental Dictionary Series, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published 2021
Zazaki
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